I want information about Qiantang River.

The largest river in Zhejiang Province, China. Qiantang River is one of the main rivers in the southeast coastal area of China and the largest river in Zhejiang Province. Because the river winds zigzag near Hangzhou, it is also called Jiang, Qujiang and Zhejiang.

Water system composition

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Qiantang River twists and turns, and the upstream is a mountain stream. Beam-to-beam alternation; The middle reaches are hills; The downstream estuary is trumpet-shaped, and the estuary gradually widens. The main tributaries are Wuxi River, Wujiang River, Xin 'anjiang River, Fenshui River, Puyangting River and Caoejiang River.

(1) Wuxi River: Originated in the eastern mountainous area of Pucheng County, Fujian Province. East flows through the northwest of Longquan County, Zhejiang Province, and joins Qujiang River in Zhangtan Town, Quxian County. The total length of runoff 150km, and the drainage area is 2590km2. The average annual runoff for many years is 3.076 billion m3. The natural drop is 802m, and the theoretical reserve of water energy is 183800 kW. Rivers develop, and the main tributaries are Zhougongyuan and Hushan.

(2) Xin 'anjiang; Originated in the southern foot of Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province. Southwest flows through Shexian County and Xiuning County, and is named Xin 'anjiang River after meeting in Linxi Town of Huangshan City. The winding southeast flows to the east. It passes through the southern border of Anhui Province, Chun 'an County of Zhejiang Province and other counties, passes through Xin 'anjiang Reservoir, passes through the southwest of jiande city City, and flows into the Lanjiang River system to the east of Meicheng Town. The east flow is called Fuchunjiang River. The total length of the main stream is 26 1km, and the drainage area is 1 1772km2. The average annual flow in Anhui Province is 166m3/s, and the total natural drop is 1240m. The theoretical reserve of hydropower is 552,000 kilowatts. The main tributaries are Shouchangjiang River, Dongyuan River, Fengle River, Wuqiangxi River, Changxi River and Xiuning River. Xin 'anjiang is a perennial river with small sediment concentration and clear bottom. Before the completion of Xin 'anjiang Hydropower Station, the river bed gradient was large, and there were many canyons and shoals along the river. After the power station is completed, A Xin Anjiang Reservoir (also known as Qiandao Lake) with an area of 580 square kilometers will be formed under Zijin Beach. After the completion of Fuchunjiang Hydropower Station, the backwater of Fuchunjiang Reservoir has reached Yangxi. The water level in Meicheng is stable between 22-23 and 5m. The rapids below Zijin Beach have disappeared, and 50t freighters and 200 passenger ships can reach Baisha from Meicheng. The flood is controlled by the regulation and storage of Xin 'anjiang Hydropower Station, with the maximum discharge of13200m3/s. ..

(3) Puyang River: It originates from Dayuan Bay in Pujiang County, flows through the north of Shaoxing in Zhuji City, and joins Qiantang River near Yan Wen Town in Xiaoshan City. The total length is 50 kilometers. The drainage area is 343 1km2. The average annual runoff for many years is 2.46 billion m3. The upstream river is 22-75m wide and the downstream river is 80- 120m wide. The main tributaries are Chen Jiang, Hua Kai and Qiao Feng. There are small and medium-sized reservoirs such as Anhua, Qingshan and Shibi in the upper reaches 1037. The total storage capacity is 3 1 10000 m3; There is a high lake flood diversion gate in the middle reaches; Downstream cutting and straightening, excavation of new rivers, irrigation area of 230,000 mu.

(4) Wujiang: also known as Jinhua River and Youxi. Shangyuan River is formed by the confluence of Dongyang River and Wuyi River into Jinhua City. The main stream flows northeast along the boundary (boundary river) between Jinhua City and Wuyi County, and joins Lanjiang River in the northwest suburb of Lanxi City. Liu Yu is 33 kilometers long. The total length from the source is 179km, the drainage area is 655 1km2, the annual average flow is 153.4m3/s, and the annual runoff is 5.3 billion m3. The natural drop is 458m, and the theoretical reserve of water energy is 23,700 kW. It is possible to develop an installed capacity of 37,500 kW.

(5) Fenshui River: The main source is Tianmu River, which originates from the mountainous area near Jingzhou, Jixi County, Anhui Province and flows eastward into Lin 'an County, Zhejiang Province through Tianmu Mountain Canyon. The main channel turns south, and the flow direction is Danxi. Nanhui Bukou Creek, crossing Changhua Town, is called Tianri Creek. In Tonglu County, the name of Fenshui River began. It flows into Fuchun River in the south, with a total length of 174km, of which the length in Anhui Province is 1 1.6 km, with a total drainage area of 3430km3. The average annual runoff for many years is 365,438+300 million m3. Natural fall 1 142m. Theoretical reserves of hydropower) 0.7 million kilowatts. Two hydropower stations have been built in the basin with a total installed capacity of 7500 kilowatts. The main tributaries are Baduxi and Eleven Xi Du.

(6) Cao 'e River: It originates from Tiantai Mountain in the south of Shandong Province, in the east of Pan 'an County, passes through the northwest of Xinchang County to Shengxian County, accepts tributaries on the left and right banks, and then passes through Shangyu County to Hangzhou Bay, a native of Shaoxing City. Total length 192km, with a drainage area of 5922km2. The average annual runoff for many years is 4.53 billion m3. The natural drop is 5 15m. Theoretical reserve of hydropower196,000 kilowatts. The basin is mountainous and the water system is developed. The main tributaries are Xinchang River, Changle River, Xiaoshunjiang River and Huangzejiang River.

The total water resources in the whole basin is 38.9 billion m3, and the theoretical reserve of hydropower is 2,628,400 kW (including 477,400 kW in Anhui). The installed capacity that may be developed is 200 1 0.4 million kW, and the annual power generation is 6.038 billion kW·h. The installed capacity of built hydropower stations (including Anhui1) is 146.5 1 10,000 kW, and the annual power generation is 4.338 billion kW·h, among which Xin 'anjiang, Kloc-0/0, etc.

Most undeveloped hydropower stations are concentrated on tributaries in high mountain areas. These hydropower stations have small storage capacity, low energy index and installed capacity of less than 50 thousand kilowatts. In the future development of Qiantang River, the main stream should be built with low-head runoff hydropower station with shipping as the main stream and power generation as the auxiliary. Select a number of water conservancy projects with good topographic and geological conditions and superior development conditions on the first-class tributaries; The possibility and economic rationality of the expansion and installation of pumped storage units of existing hydropower stations such as Xin 'anjiang are studied in order to give full play to the role of existing hydropower stations.

Characteristics of Qiantang hole

Cross tide

55 kilometers away from Hangzhou Bay, there is a place called Daguan, which is an excellent place to watch the tide. Due to the long-term deposition of sediment, a sandbar is formed in the river channel, which divides the tidal wave from Hangzhou Bay into two waves: the east tide and the south tide. After bypassing the sandbar, the two tidal heads crossed and embraced like two brothers, forming a varied and spectacular cross tide, showing a spectacular scene of "thunder gathering on the sea and waterfalls crossing the river". At the moment when the two tides collided, a water column was stirred up, which was as high as several feet, splashing and stirring. By the time the water column fell back into the river, there were already two tidal heads on the river, which were cross-shaped and quickly ran west. At the same time, the intersection moved northward like an avalanche, hitting the straight seawall, causing huge splash and landing on the top of the pond, scaring tide watchers to scream and avoid.

Yixianchao

After seeing the tide crossing in the Great Gorge, I suggest you drive to Yan Guan as soon as possible and wait for the first tide. No tide shadow, smell the tide first. There was a loud noise in my ear, and the river remained calm. The noise is getting louder and louder, like drumming on all sides, which is deafening. In the distance, a white line appeared on the foggy river, which moved rapidly to the west, just like "Pingchuan crossing the river, Changpingsha starting from Bai Hong". Closer, the white line becomes a water retaining wall and gradually rises. "If you want to know how high the tide is, you must cross the mountains and waves first." With the rapid advance of a white wall, the tidal bore came to our eyes. With the trend of Ma Benteng, the power of thunder was unstoppable.

The first-line tide is not unique to salt officials. Where the river is straight and there is no sand, the tides are all on the same line, but it is not as good as the salt official. The reason is that the position of Yan Guan not far from the upstream and the width of the river channel shrink sharply, and the east and south tides just meet in a straight line, and the tidal level energy is concentrated, and the tidal range is particularly large, usually 1-2 meters, sometimes reaching more than 3 meters. Magnificent and spectacular tidal scene.

Huitouchao

The tide in the upper reaches of Yanguan will reach the next tidal spot, Laoyancang. The geographical environment of the old salt warehouse is different from that of the dry salt official. The river is straight and the tidal bore advances westward without any obstacles. For the purpose of reclamation and seawall protection, a 660-meter-long groin was built on the river course of the old salt warehouse. After encountering obstacles, the roaring tide will be reflected back, where it will violently hit the opposite dam, and then turn back with the tide of Mount Tai and fall on the rapids moving westward, forming a row of "snow mountains".

The spring tide of Qiantang River is magnificent during the day and poetic at night. Watching the tide is a kind of enjoyment, and listening to the tide is a daydream. No wonder some people say that "the Qiantang national ceremony is not enough to see the hipsters until they are bald."

Guide to tidal observation in Qiantang

"August 18th tide, spectacular world." This is an eternal famous sentence of Su Dongpo, a great poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, praising the autumn tide in Qiantang. For thousands of years, Qiantang River has attracted many tourists with its unique and extraordinary trend.

Every year around August 18th of the lunar calendar is the best time to watch the tide. During this period, the autumn is sunny and the golden wind is pleasant. On the seawall at the mouth of Qiantang River, tourists gathered together to watch this spectacle with great interest. There are three best places to enjoy the autumn tide in Qiantang. A seawall in the southeast of Yan Guan Town, Haining County is the first good place to go. The tide here is the most abundant, characterized by the first line, so it is called "the first line tide of Haining Pagoda". At the beginning of the tide, a white river flashed across the horizon, accompanied by a rumbling sound, like a dull thunder rolling on the horizon. The tide is coming from all directions. Like a flock of white swans in a row, flapping their wings and flying. The tide rises and falls, and the singing skills are getting stronger and stronger. In an instant, the white training peak came into my eyes. A water wall three or four meters high stood upright on the river, pouring waves and splashing pearls and jade. This is Malik Pentium. The tide rushed to the seawall and set off a 9-meter-high tidal peak. Sure enough, "the sky is full of turbid waves, crossing the river and destroying the mountains!" This radiant spray swallows the sound, and the scenery is spectacular and powerful. It is said that one year, a one-ton "Zhenhai Xiongshi" was rushed out 100 meters away. When the tide caused great repercussions, it flew away peacefully. Someone wrote: "The tide comes to splash the snow and the sky floats, and the tide goes to Lei Wusheng", which accurately describes the spectacular scene of the tide.

At Babao, the second scenic spot 8 kilometers east of Yan Guan Town, you can see the spectacle of tidal head collision. After the tide rises into the estuary, due to the different topography of the north and south banks, the tide speed is faster in the south and slower in the north, and the tide head is gradually divided into two sections. The fast-moving part of the south is called the south tide; The delayed northern tidal head comes from the east in the view of tidal watchers on the north shore, so it is called the East Tide. The southern tide rushed to the south bank and was thrown back, turning around and rushing north, just hitting the late East tide. At the moment, there was a loud noise, like a landslide, and thousands of snow peaks crossed the river. It was really shocking!

In the third scenic spot, Laoyancang, which is located at 12km west of Yan Guan Town, you can enjoy the tide of repeat customers. There is a "T-shaped dam" with a height of 9 meters and a length of 650 meters, which goes straight into the middle of the river like a giant arm to turn the tide. At this point, the momentum of the tide has been slightly reduced, but when rushing to the T-shaped dam head, it is still like a lion leaping, screaming and choppy. Then the tide turned around and fled back to the shore of xiang tang, and people came up to watch the tide on the top of xiang tang. The sudden attack of low tide often makes the tide watchers unprepared, terrified and lose their manners.

In addition, there is tide watching day and night in Haining. Watching the tide during the day is very interesting, with a wide field of vision and a panoramic view of the surging tide. It is also wonderful to watch the night tide in the bright moon. In recent years, accidents involving personnel have occurred from time to time in the tidal waters of Qiantang River. Among them, on August 2, 2007 16: 30, an incident occurred in the waters near Xiasha Qibao 1 in Jianggan District, Hangzhou, which resulted in the death of1.

History of Qiantang hole

Watching autumn tide in Qiantang has become a custom as early as the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, especially in the Tang and Song Dynasties. According to legend, August 18 of the lunar calendar is the birthday of the tide god, so the tide peak is the highest. The court of the Southern Song Dynasty stipulated that this day would be a day to inspect the navy on the Qiantang River, and later it became a tide festival. Pan Lang, a poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, wrote in a poem:

Long memories of watching the tide, full of people vying to see the river.

I suspect that the sea is empty and drums are beating all around.

Xiang Tao, the frolic in the frolic, stands upright and keeps the red flag wet.

I don't see the dream a few times, but I am still chilling.

This poem is a true portrayal of the activities of "making waves" and "watching the tide" in those years.

Confuse Qiantang hole.

Why is the autumn tide in Qiantang so spectacular and punctual?

This is a question that many people naturally think of. In this regard, a legend goes like this: During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there was a State of Wu in Anhui, Jiangsu Province today, and Fu Cha, the king of Wu, defeated the State of Yue in Zhejiang Province today. On the surface, Gou Jian, the king of Yue, surrendered to the State of Wu, but secretly he was ready to restore it. Wu Zixu, the minister of the State of Wu, knew about it and persuaded the king of Wu to kill Gou Jian many times. Because some treacherous court officials have slandered Wu Zixu many times in front of the prince of Wu. Regardless of treachery and loyalty, the prince of Wu gave Wu Zixu a sword to commit suicide, boiled his body, put it in a leather bag and threw it into the Qiantang River. Nine years after Wu Zixu's death, Gou Jian, the King of Yue, really destroyed the State of Wu under the planning of the doctor Wen Zi. However, the King of Yue also believed the rumor and forced Wen Zi to commit suicide. Although Wu Zixu and Wen Zhong, the heroes of the two enemy countries, are separated by the Qiantang River, each protecting his master, but the ending is the same, attached to hatred. Their resentment turned into huge waves and set off an angry tide in Qiantang.

Of course, legends are just legends. The reason why the autumn tide in Qiantang is so prosperous is mainly the unique geographical conditions.

Hangzhou Bay outside Qiantang River is a typical trumpet-shaped bay with wide outside and narrow inside, deep outside and shallow inside. The estuary is 100 km wide, reaching Ganpu in the west, and the river suddenly shrinks to 20 km. When we arrived in Yan Guan Town, Haining, the river was only 3 kilometers wide. At high tide, the wide and deep bay mouth swallowed a lot of seawater at once. With the rapid contraction of the river, it becomes narrower and shallower, and the rushing tide on the road can't rise evenly, so the waves behind push the waves in front, and each wave is higher than the other. Near Dajiashan, there is a huge underwater sandbar, and the tide swarms in, setting off a towering and amazing wave, forming a steep water wall and forming the initial tidal peak.

Do all trumpet-shaped bays produce tidal bore?

The answer is no, there are other reasons for the spring tide in Haining. On the coast of Zhejiang, at the turn of summer and autumn, the southeast wind prevailed, and the wind direction was roughly the same as that of tidal waves, which helped the tide and added fuel to the fire; Tidal waves spread fast in deep water and slow in shallow water, and Qiantang River is very prominent from deep to shallow. This special condition can make the back wave catch up with the front wave quickly, and the layers of huge waves overlap to form a tidal head. In addition, tidal bore is also related to the gravity of the moon and the sun. Wang Chong, a thinker in the Eastern Han Dynasty, said in Lun Heng: "Tao rises and falls with the moon, and it is full of loss." Because the sun, the moon and the earth are lined up in a line around the first and fifteenth day of each month in the lunar calendar, the tides on the first and fifteenth day of each month are particularly large, while around the eighteenth day of the lunar calendar, the earth is closest to the sun, with the greatest gravity in a year, and the tidal bore at this time is naturally the most violent.

Someone asked, will the autumn tide in Qiantang change?

In fact, the autumn tide in Qiantang has been changing. Due to the change of the peak position of tidal current, people's tidal observation points have also changed. The tidal observation point in the Song Dynasty is the right-angled river section over Hangzhou. After the Ming Dynasty, Yan Guan Town in Haining became a tidal scenic spot nearby. With the changes of modern rivers and seas, the highest tide level once moved to Toupeng in the west, and in recent years it moved to Babao in the east. The most interesting thing is the decline of 1985 Qiantang autumn tide.

1985 The eighth day of the eighth lunar month is an auspicious day for tide watching. On this day, a dozen tourists went to Yan Guan Town to watch the tide. However, when the tide came, I saw a very thin money line approaching slowly, and the silver line appeared and disappeared. The closer we get, the more we can't get in touch, only the waves stop. The height of the tidal bore is only 50 to 60 cm, which makes the tidal watchers disappointed. Some people worry that the autumn tide in Qiantang will disappear.

In fact, the autumn tide in Qiantang River has not disappeared, but what is worrying is that the autumn tide has indeed gradually weakened in the past decade. And 1985 is particularly prominent. According to the analysis of relevant people, the main reason is that 800,000 mu of land was reclaimed from the sea to the west of Ganpu, which narrowed the river channel above Babao, resulting in the decrease of tidal inflow and the elevation of river bed. In addition, in the rainy season of 1985, the discharge of Qiantang River decreased by 1/3 compared with the average of previous years, and the scouring force on sediment was greatly weakened. A large amount of sediment brought by the tide is deposited on the river surface in the same area, which makes the deposition in this area thicker and forces the main river line to move southward. In this way, when the tide rushes to Qiantang River, it only turns south and goes upstream. Because the flow path is lengthened, the energy consumption of tides is too large. When the tide reached Yan Guan Town, it was "exhausted" and became a "spent force".

According to this conclusion, the Qiantang River tide will not disappear, because the shape of the bell mouth of the whole Hangzhou Bay has not changed. However, as the river channel narrows year by year, the qiantang bore Interchange will gradually move eastward. In the future, the best place to watch the tide is from Ding Qiao to Shibao in the east of Yan Guan. Nan 'an reclaimed seventeen sections in Xiaoshan County, Hangzhou.

Qiantang river spring tide:

The best place to watch the tide is Yan Guan Town, Haining County, and the best time to watch the tide is from August 15th to August 18th of the lunar calendar every year. The tides of Qiantang River are known as the wonders of the world, and only the tidal bore of Amazon River in Brazil can match it. The action of tides, together with the unique geographical and geomorphological features here, constitute the natural conditions for the formation of the Qiantang River spring tide. From the upper reaches of Qiantang River estuary, you can see the landscape of crossing the lake (crossing the lake), turning tide and first-line tide in turn. At high tide, surfing on the shore is spectacular.

Tide-checking day schedule of Qiantang River [sharing] Tide-checking point of Yanguan in Haining: 15th day of each lunar month: [Spring: 1 1:45 (tide) 23:40 (sunseeker)] [Summer: 1 1:30 (tide) 23. [Winter: 1 1:20 (tide) 23: 10 (sunset)] On the sixteenth day of the lunar month, the first day of the lunar calendar: [Spring: 12: 15 (tide) 0:/kloc-. [Winter: 1 1:45 (tide) 23:35 (sunseeker)] On the 17th and 2nd days of the lunar calendar every year [Spring: 12:48 (tide) 0:43 (sunseeker)] [Summer:/kloc-0] 5th [spring: 65438] [autumn: 14:35 (tide) 2:20 (sunset)] [winter: 14: 15 (tide) 2: 10 (sunset).