Can you tell me something about yurts? They are badly needed.

Mongolian yurt is a kind of house where Mongolian herders live. Convenient construction and relocation, suitable for animal husbandry production and nomadic life. In ancient times, Mongolian yurts were called vaults, "felt bags" or "felt tents". According to "A Brief Introduction to Black Tatar", "There are two kinds of vaults: Yanjing's system, with Vitamin bone, just like southern thinking, can be rolled up, opened in front of the door, like umbrella bone, and opened at the top, which is called skylight. Both of them are made of felt and can be installed immediately. The grass is made of willow and the diameter is fixed with felt. Can't be rolled up and carried in the car. " With the development of animal husbandry economy and the improvement of herdsmen's living standards, domes or felt tents are gradually replaced by yurts. The yurt has a circular spire, and the top and periphery are covered with a thick layer or two of felt. The roof height of an ordinary yurt is 100- 150 feet, the wall height is about 50 feet, and the door faces south or southeast. The four major structures in the bag are Hana (Mongolian yurt fence support), skylight (Mongolian "brain cover"), rafters and doors. Mongolian yurts are usually divided into 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 hanas according to the number of hanas. 120 Hana's yurt is rare on the grassland, covering an area of more than 6,000 square meters, and looks like a castle from a distance. In the past, dozens of such big yurts got together, which was very spectacular.

Traditional residence of Mongolian nomads. In ancient times, it was called vault, also known as felt tent and nomadism. It has appeared since the Xiongnu period and has been in use ever since. The yurt is round, and the surrounding side wall is divided into several pieces, each about 1600 meters high, and the cover is built with wooden strips. Most nomadic areas are dominated by swimming. Swimming can be divided into separable and inseparable types. The former is carried by livestock, while the latter is carried by herdsmen such as Niu Cheke, who also live in yurts when they are nomadic.

On the vast Mongolian plateau, the cold wind roared, and many white tents were dotted on the ground. They are yurts.

Mongolian yurts are the daily residence of many Mongolians. Most Mongolians chase their goats, sheep, yaks, horses and camels all year round, looking for new pastures. Mongolian yurts can be packed into luggage, transported to the foothold by several camels, and tents can be set up again.

Traditional folk houses of ancient people. Popular in pastoral areas such as Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. A smoky round sky. The door is small and faces south or southeast. It has the characteristics of simple manufacture, convenient transportation, cold resistance and suitability for grazing. Often used in the meaning of "home" and "home". In ancient times, yurts were called "vault", "felt tent" or "felt house".

Mongolian yurts are round, large and small, and large ones can accommodate more than 600 people; Small enough to hold 20 people. The construction of yurts is very simple. It is generally built in a place suitable for the growth of aquatic plants. Draw a circle according to the size of the yurt first, and then you can start building it according to the size of the circle.

After the yurt was built, people decorated it. Spread a thick carpet and hang picture frames and posters around it. Now some furniture and electrical appliances have also entered the yurt, and life is very comfortable and happy.

The biggest advantage of yurts is that they are easy to assemble and disassemble. Easy to move. When it is erected, the Hannah will be opened to form a circular fence. When dismantled, Hannah will be reduced in size when folded back, and can also be used as a cow and a board. A yurt only needs 40 humped camels or 10 two-wheeled ox carts, and it can be built in 20 hours.

Although the yurt looks small in appearance, it has a large use area, good indoor air circulation, good lighting conditions, warm in winter and cool in summer, and is not afraid of wind and rain. It is very suitable for people who often move to pasture to live and use.

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Traditional residence of Mongolian nomads. In ancient times, it was called vault, also known as felt tent and nomadism. It has appeared since the Xiongnu period and has been in use ever since. The yurt is round, and the surrounding side walls are divided into several pieces, each about 13 meters high, and covered with wooden strips. Most nomadic areas are dominated by swimming. Swimming can be divided into separable and inseparable types. The former is carried by livestock, while the latter is carried by herdsmen such as Niu Cheke, who also live in yurts when they are nomadic.

Mongolian yurt is mainly composed of wooden frame, felt and rope. No cement, adobe and bricks are used for production, and the raw materials are either wood or wool, which is a wonder in the history of architecture and a great contribution of nomadic people.

1. The scaffolding of yurts: The scaffolding of yurts includes Taonao, Wuni, Hana and Threshold.

(1) Taonao

There are two types of yurts: connecting type and inserting type. Need good wood, generally made of sandalwood or elm. The difference between the two kinds of cladding is that the crossbars of the composite cladding are separated, and the inserted rafters are not separated. There are three rings in the coupling sleeve, and many small sticks protrude from the outer ring to connect Wuni. This set of nao and Wu Ni are connected. Camels are very convenient to transport because they can be divided into two parts.

(2) Uni

Unatong is translated as a rafter, which is the shoulder of a Mongolian yurt, connected to the top and Hana. Its length, size and thickness should be unified, and the requirements for wood should be consistent. The length should be determined by the number of sets of nao, and its number should also change with the number of sets of nao. Only in this way can the yurt be shoulder-length round. Black mud is a slender wooden stick, oval or round. The upper end should be inserted into or connected with the sleeve, and the head must be smooth and slightly bent, otherwise the felt bag will be prone to deflection and dumping. There is a rope buckle at the lower end to put Hannah together. The thickness is determined by Hana, and it is usually stuck in the fork at the end of Hana, and the upper end is just flush. Black mud is usually made of pine or red willow.

(3) Asiana

Hana sockets are equipped with nau and uni, and the size of felt bags is determined, at least four, and the number is determined by the size of nau. Hana has three magical features:

One is its flexibility. The height can be adjusted relatively, unlike the fixed size of peach brain and black mud. Generally speaking, it is customary to say that there are many heads and nails, not to mention a few feet and inches. Leather nails generally have ten leather nails, eleven leather nails and so on (referring to a Hannah). The more leather nails, the higher Hana stands, and the less likely it is to be stretched; The fewer leather nails, the lower Hana stands, and the greater the possibility of elongation. There are generally fourteen, fifteen and sixteen heads. Add a header, the grid will increase and the width of Hana will also increase. This function provides the possibility of expanding or contracting yurts. When Hana is made, wickers with the same length and thickness are arranged at equal distances and cross each other to form many small parallelogram grids, and the intersections are nailed with leather nails (preferably camel skin). In this way, yurts can be large or small, high or short. If the yurt is to be built high, the mesh of Hana will be narrow and the diameter of the yurt will be small; If you want to build it short, Hana's mesh will be wide and the bag's diameter will be large. The rainy season should be set higher and the windy season should be set lower. Mongolians are nomadic all the year round, so they don't have to worry about the choice of yurt foundation. This kind of house is incomparable in any case. Because of this feature of Hana, it is very convenient to load, unload, carry and cover.

The second is huge support. Hana's ya-shaped branch mouth, which crosses outward, accepts Wuni's call above, and the one that touches the ground below is called leg, and both sides are juxtaposed with other Hana's calls. After Hana's head bears the gravity from Wuni evenly, it spreads evenly to Hana's legs through each grid. This is the secret that wicker with thick fingers can withstand two or three thousand kilograms of pressure.

Third, the appearance is beautiful. Hana's wood is made of red willow, which is light but not broken, perforated and not cracked, not deformed when it is wet, and has the same thickness, height and mesh number. The felt bag made in this way not only meets the mechanical requirements, but also has a symmetrical and beautiful appearance.

Pay special attention to the radian of Hana. Generally, there are special tools. The head should be bent inward, the face should protrude outward, the legs should be rolled inward, and the upper part should be straight and upright than the lower part. This can stabilize Wuni, and the bag is round and convenient to tie with three ropes.

(4) door

After Hana stands up, resize the grid. The height of Hana is the height of the door frame. The door is framed. Therefore, the door of the yurt should not be too high, and people have to bend down to get in. Bending also shows respect for the owner in the yurt, which is equivalent to bowing to the owner. Felt doors should be hung outside.

(5) Pillars

The yurt is supported by eight Hana pillars. The yurt is too big and its weight increases. A windy day will bend a part of Tao's brain. This is usually the case with connection sleeves. Eighty hana yurts need four pillars. In the yurt, there is a wooden frame surrounded by fire brackets, and holes are made in its four corners for inserting the column feet. At the other end of the column, it is supported on the tie wood on the nao group. Cylinders are round, square, hexahedron, octahedron and so on. The patterns on the pillars include dragons, phoenixes, water and clouds. Your majesty can usually use dragon patterns.

2. Carpet cutting:

It consists of top felt, ceiling, surrounding felt, outer cover, felt door, felt door head, felt wall root, felt curtain, etc.

(1) top felt

The top felt is the top decoration of Mongolian yurts, which has always been valued. The top felt is square, and the four corners should be taped, which can adjust the old and new air, the cold and warm inside the bag and the intensity of light. The size of the top felt is determined by the diagonal length of the square. When cutting, start from the middle of the crossbar and measure one by one on both sides. The four sides should be covered with twisted camel hair, and all kinds of patterns should be taken out at the four corners, or two horsehair and ponytail ropes should be sewn side by side at the four sides, and belts should be nailed at the four corners.

(2) the ceiling

The ceiling is the part of the yurt that covers Wuni. Each half is like a fan and usually consists of three or four layers of felt. The inner layer is called its bouguer or its daily bouguer. Take the distance from the center of Tao nao to Hanatou (half crossbar and Wuni) as the radius, draw the felt as the front of the ceiling, use the part drawn by half crossbar as the collar of the ceiling, and dig a circle equivalent to Tao nao in the middle to cut out the ceiling. Don't show your head when cutting the collar. The production of tarpaulin pays attention to auspicious days. When cutting, it is divided into two pieces, and the seams are not completely aligned, so the cutting must be staggered. Only in this way can we prevent the influx of rain, wind and dust. The felt inside must be wrapped at the intersection of Hana and Wuni's feet, so that the felt outside will not be so tight and the appearance of the yurt will remain unchanged.

After the ceiling is cut, the periphery of the outer layer should be trimmed and pressed. The front should be four fingers wide and the collar should be three fingers wide. Two connected straight lines should also be edged. This can fix the felt edge firmly and look beautiful.

(3) Blankets

The felt around Hana is called a blanket. An ordinary yurt has four blankets. There are three layers inside and outside, and the inner layer is called Hanabuch, which is rectangular.

The tailor was a little taller than Hannah when he wrapped the felt. The collar of the felt should be left with holes and belts. There are also ropes on the felt legs. The exposed part of the felt should be edged and flattened. The northeast carpet intersects with the east crossbar with a layered feeling. Felt with layering should be pressed on felt without layering. Felt lapels have no layering and hemming.

(4) outer cover

The outer cover is called Huleturige in Mongolian, which is the part covering the ceiling. It is an ornament of Mongolian yurts and a symbol of rank.

When tailor Huleturige, his collar was just as big as the outer ring of Tao nao. Huleturige has four legs, which are flush with Wuni's. There are many belts tied on the front of the outer cover. Its collar and lapel should be rimmed. There are moire patterns, lotus flowers and auspicious patterns, and the embroidery is very beautiful. The origin of Huleturige is very early. It used to be owned by ordinary people, and later it became the patent of noble lamas.

(5) door

Door, originally referred to as felt door, is made of three or four layers of felt. The length and width are measured according to the outside of the door frame. Accept two sides on all sides, there are all kinds of patterns. Ordinary doors are white, blue and red. Hanging on the door. The gap between the door head and the ceiling should be blocked with felt, with three tongues (three protruding felt strips), and it should also be wrapped and patterned.

3. Making belts and ropes:

The belt, rope, pressure rope, binding rope and falling rope of the yurt are used to keep the shape of the yurt, prevent Hana from exploding outward, and prevent the ceiling and felt from slipping and raising in the wind. In a word, keeping the yurt firm has a great relationship with prolonging life.

(1) The rope around the rope is the rope around Hannah, made of horse hair and ponytail. Divide the inner rope and the outer rope. Twist the horse's mane and ponytail into six thin strands, three left strands and three right strands into a rope, and then sew two, four and six strands side by side into a flat one. The advantage of this kind of rope is that it can eat hard and does not stretch. The inner rope is a wool rope tied in the middle of naked Hannah when the yurt is erected. Asiana is under great pressure, and the quality of the inner rope must be particularly strong. Once the inner rope is broken or not fastened, Hana will be pulled out and the yurt will be in danger of collapse. The peripheral rope is tied outside the felt and divided into three sections: upper, middle and lower. Some ropes are very colorful. The outer rope can not only prevent Hannah from bulging out, but also prevent the felt from slipping off.

(2) Pressure rope pressure rope is also called belt, which is divided into internal pressure rope and external pressure rope. When erecting a tree, the rope tied around the naked uni is called a pressure rope. There are four or six inner pressure rope yurts, also made of horse hair and ponytail, which are relatively thin. These pressure ropes are as thick as the Wuni pressure ropes to prevent the sleeve from sinking or warping and keep the original shape of the top of the yurt.

External pressure rope can be divided into three types: ordinary eight pressure rope, mesh belt and cover belt. Ordinary pressure rope is thicker than internal pressure rope, and external pressure rope is used outside the felt. Four in the front and four in the back. Different from the common pressing rope, the mesh belt is sleeved on the ceiling and hangs around the bag like a tassel. In particular, the production of the hem of the ceiling is more exquisite, hanging down and sewing on the carpet. The outer cover belt is only suitable for yurts with outer covers. The felt bag with the outer cover does not need other external pressure ropes, and the outer cover itself plays the role of pressing the rope at the top of the bag. The outer cover is not so much a felt as a pressure rope. The strap nailed on the foot of the outer cover is more suitable for pressing the ceiling and the pot bundle, so that the strong wind cannot blow.

(3) Binding rope and falling rope

Binding rope is a thin rope that binds the mouths of two adjacent Hannah chess pieces together to make them into a whole, which is made by rubbing the hair on the camel's knee with horse hair and ponytail. A falling rope is a rope pulled down from the highest point of the rope. Mongolians attach great importance to this kind of belt, which is made of the knee hair or mane tail of male camel and male horse. When the wind is strong, tighten the descending rope to prevent the strong wind from pouring in and blowing the felt house away.

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The vast grassland is a big stage for Mongolian people to March on horseback and graze freely, and the Mongolian yurts are the most suitable for nomadic people to live in. As a unique cultural model of nomadic people, Mongolian yurts have gone through a long time with the Mongolian people.

Mongolian yurts have a process of development and evolution: ancient artificial caves, built with wood and stone along the cave walls, and capped with some cross bars. Leave a hole at the top of the cave for people to go in and out, smoke exhaust, ventilation, lighting and ventilation. Later, it developed into the doors and skylights of yurts. At that time, this cave was called Ulvi, and the original meaning of "ur" was "digging". In modern Mongolian, it has been specifically referred to the roof felt on the skylight of Mongolian yurts, and extended to "home" and "household". In the hunter-gatherer era, Mongols lived in shacks. This circular vault is supported by living trees and covered with birch bark, which is simple to make and easy to discard. With the transition from gathering to hunting, the range of primitive human activities has become wider and wider. At the same time, some herbivores were gradually domesticated into domestic animals, and embryos of animal husbandry appeared. It needs a room that is easy to move, so buildings like shacks came into being. During the transition from hunting age to nomadic age, its residence changed from shack to tent, which was covered with fur and supported by trees. Entering the animal husbandry society, scaffolding becomes Hannah, which is combined with the ceiling mentioned above to form a skylight, and the prototype of yurt is formed. Felt tents also appeared. It looked like a canopy covered with wool rafters. According to the summary of Hulunbeier, "The ordinary Mongolians in Hulunbeier are confined to nomadism, living on aquatic plants, and their migration is impermanent, all of which stop at the dome." This canopy profession can protect you from wind and snow, tigers and wolves. "Manchu vault is Mongolian bo, and the common pronunciation of bo is Bao." At the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhao Liangsi, a Liao native, said in a poem: "The snow blows under the chicken mountain, the candlelight is dark, and the night is cool." He is talking about Mongolian yurts.

Handel in ancient times. This is a Mongolian yurt used by ancient Mongolian nobles. Also known as "Wobaotuo", also known as "palace account". Compared with ordinary yurts, this kind of yurt has three characteristics:

First, it's huge. Ordinary yurts are about thirteen or four feet high and five or six feet wide. In ancient times, Handel was much taller. According to Guillaume de Rubru quis, "They made these tents very big, sometimes up to 30 feet wide. Once, the width between two tracks left by a car on the ground was twenty feet. The tent is placed on the car, with both sides protruding at least five feet from the wheels. There is such a situation that a car pulls the tent of twenty-two cows ... "This giant yurt pulled by twenty-two cows is a very expressive creation.

Secondly, the Handuo used by the ancient nobles was magnificent. Xu Huo recorded in "A Brief Account of the Black Tartars": "When you get to the grassland, set up a gold account. The system is a big felt tent on the grassland, with a wicker as a window in the middle, dragged by more than 1000 lines. The threshold and columns are all wrapped in gold, hence the name. " The Secret History of Mongolia says: "Wang Han has no idea to set up a gold account." The tent is made of fine wool cloth, and here is a gorgeous account made of fine wool cloth. This decorated palace account is also called "Golden Temple".

Third, the shape of the palace tent is slightly different from that of the yurt. The shelf of the palace tent was made by Wu Ni inserting into Harigas and erecting Hana. Shaped like a human neck. Guillaume de Rubru quis called Mongo Khan's palace a "hair room with a neck". The crystal guide says that "the account of the heavenly palace is called the palace account". The palace tent is gourd-shaped, and the gourd symbolizes the truth of Fulu; The bottom is peach-shaped, imitating the heavenly palace. Now Genghis Khan's tomb still has the shape of this palace account. The golden roof of the palace tent shines brightly, and the Mongolian yurts are covered with yellow silks and satins and covered with dark green tassels, which are extremely rich, showing the unique architectural art of the Mongolian nation.