What should peony flowers do if they germinate prematurely?

Peony is a perennial deciduous shrub of Paeonia in Paeoniaceae. Roots are fleshy, thick and long, with a woody center, generally 0. The length is 5 ~ 0.8m. Primary roots are white and then turn yellow (brown). The types of roots include straight roots, oblique roots and intermediate roots. The plant height is mostly between 0.5 and 2 meters, and the branches are round, upright and crisp. In those years, the surface of new branches was smooth, and the surface of perennial branches was brown, which often cracked and fell off. There are five types of plants: erect, evacuated, open, dwarf and solitary. Leaves bipinnately compound, alternate, with dark green or yellowish green at the top and grayish green at the bottom, smooth or hairy. Leaves can be divided into big round leaves, big long leaves, small round leaves, small long leaves and middle leaves. The total length of petiole is 8 ~ 20 cm, and there are grooves on the surface. These flowers are solitary, longer than annual branches. They are bisexual, colorful and diverse. There are ten colors of flowers: white, red, yellow, pink, purple, purple (black), snow blue, green and complex. Flowers are traditionally divided into single petals, double petals and thousand petals, and can be divided into sunflower, lotus, rose, crown, hydrangea and hemisphere flower according to their morphological characteristics. There are many stamens, strong seed setting and high seed maturity. Female and male petals are serious, with few or no seeds. The fruit is pentagonal, with 7 ~ 13 grains per fruit, ovoid, yellow when ripe and brown when old, with a 1000-grain weight of about 400 grams.

Peony, like other plants, has the habit of unifying its growth and development with the surrounding environmental conditions in the process of evolution. Heze Peony (formerly known as Cao Zhou) is located at 35 20 ′ north latitude, which is dry in spring and rainy in summer and autumn. The annual average temperature 13.6℃, the average minimum temperature in June is 2.3℃, and the average maximum temperature in July is 26.89℃. The annual rainfall is 706.68 mm, with 70% concentrated in June-August. The soil layer is deep, and it is sandy loam deposited by the Yellow River flood, with loose soil. Suitable for the growth and development of peony root system, with deep roots, lush leaves, large flowers and bright colors.

Peony plays an irreplaceable role in the comprehensive utilization of its ecological factors-temperature, humidity, precipitation, light, wind and frost and soil, but some factors play a major role in a certain development stage. According to its habits, it can be seen that humidity (soil humidity and atmospheric humidity) plays a leading role in the living conditions of peony. Peony should be dry and wet, and should be planted on neutral or slightly alkaline sandy loam with dry terrain, good drainage, deep soil layer and loose fertility (ph value is 6.5 ~ 7.5), so as to have deep roots and bright flowers. Temperature plays a very important role in the individual development of peony. Without a certain temperature, branches and leaves will not sprout and grow leaves. Without a certain temperature accumulation, flowers will not bloom and seeds will not take root. Peony can tolerate arid and barren soil as a cultivation condition, but it will be more conducive to its growth and development if it is continuously improved to make the soil layer deep, loose and fertile. As a result of natural selection, peony also has the habit of "spreading branches in spring, taking a nap in summer, taking root in autumn and resting in winter".

(1) life cycle and annual cycle. The change of peony life cycle needs to go through five stages: embryo, infancy, weakness, maturity and old age. Embryonic stage begins with embryo formation and ends with seed germination; The germination of a seed proves the emergence of a new peony individual. From this, it grows into a seedling. In the second year, 3 to 5 leaflets are young, and in the third year, the seedling grows into a weak seedling stage. At this time, the aboveground and underground parts grow rapidly, and if the soil is fertile, it can enter the peak period of flowering and fruiting; The 15 years from flowering to growth and development of seedlings is the golden period, when the roots are deep, the ground is flourishing, the trees are beautiful and colorful, and it is the best time for viewing; After 15, it is the old age stage, and the flower farmers sum up: "People born with peony seeds are young for two years, weak for four years, strong for six years and strong for eight years." "The ramets are weak for one year, strong for two years, strong for three years, eight years of love, twenty years of hair and fifteen years old".

The annual cycle of peony is growth and development period (including reproductive period) and relative dormancy period. The general growth and development period starts from the germination of scale buds in February each year to the end of 10, and the relative dormancy period starts from the dead leaves to the germination of spring buds in the following year.

(2) Growth characteristics. When the temperature is stable above 3.6℃ in spring, the buds wrapped in scales begin to germinate and expand, and the top cracks, exposing the tip and appearing buds. When the temperature is above 6℃, leaf buds pull out the stem, flower buds sprout and pull out the flower stem, leaves grow on the stem and the top blooms. After the flowers wither, they begin to divide into flower buds in the axils of leaves, usually starting from April to May and forming in September to 65438+10. Flowering stems are annual branches with annual growth of 10 ~ 30cm. They can't be lignified in those days, and often dry up before winter, so there is a saying that "an old foot shrinks by eight inches". Bud marks left by scales falling off when peony buds germinate can be used to identify the age of peony plants.

(3) Flowering characteristics. Peony in the Central Plains of China, usually in normal years, mostly around the "rain", scales began to sprout and expand. Before and after the "fright", it broke and sprouted. Around the "vernal equinox", the flower stems are pulled out and the leaves are unfolded. "Qingming" buds expanded rapidly, and "Grain Rain" began to blossom. Because of the high temperature in the south, flowers can bloom in March and April, and the humidity in the north rises late, and most of them bloom in May. It takes 55-60 days for early flowering varieties, more than 65 days for late flowering varieties, 7- 15 days for flowering and 5-7 days for full flowering. The required temperature conditions are: 3-5℃ for winter bud germination, 6-8℃ for budding, budding and budding, 12 ~. It can be seen that temperature can affect the whole process of peony flowering, and controlling temperature can achieve the purpose of advancing or delaying flowering. The biological threshold temperature of Paeonia suffruticosa is 3.6℃, and the total accumulated temperature is 3 15.2℃. Therefore, when peony flowers are cultivated at different temperatures, the flowering temperature should be 16 ~ 18℃, and it will not bloom below 16℃.

(4) Root growth characteristics. When peony seeds are sown in the "part", the radicle will grow into a young root in about 30 days, the root will grow to 5-7 cm in 60 days, the lateral root will grow to 3-5, and the root will grow to 7- 10 cm in 90 days. When the ground temperature drops to 4℃, the seedlings germinate and at the same time, the underground roots begin to grow. With the increase of temperature, the growth is accelerated. When the temperature is high in summer (30 ~ 35℃), the root system enters a semi-dormant state, and when the temperature drops below 30℃ in autumn, the root system grows fastest, and then weakens, so that it stops growing.

(5) Thirteen periods of annual growth and development. After years of observation and practice, peony growers in the Central Plains are used to dividing the annual cycle of peony from spring germination to autumn dormancy into thirteen periods, namely: in the germination period, the overwintering scale buds begin to expand and crack (the average temperature is stable at 3 ~ 5℃); In the germination stage, the top of the scale bud expands and cracks, exposing the scale bud; In budding stage, the diameter of bud is about 65438±0cm, and the length of young branches is about 30 cm. In the small wind chime stage, the diameter of the bud is between 1.5 ~ 2 cm, which is similar to that of the small wind chime; At the end of 5 ~ 7 days after the big wind chime stage, the buds are mature and hard as peaches. At flowering stage, the bud blooms until the petals wither; Leaves are released in the early stage, and after the flowers wither, the leaves quickly become larger, thicker and darker. In the stage of scale bud differentiation, the scale bud bred between leaf axils began to differentiate from May to July. When the seeds mature, the fruit turns from green to yellow, showing crab yellow; In the flower bud differentiation stage, from mid-September to 65438+1October, the flower bud basically differentiated and formed, full, smooth and round; During the defoliation period, from 10 to165438+1early October, the leaves gradually turned yellow and delaminated. During the relative dormancy period, the plants stopped growing in the last ten days of 165438+ and entered the relative dormancy period.

There are two ways to reproduce peony: sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction.

Sexual reproduction is also called seed reproduction. Generally, a flower bears many seeds, and peony plants propagated with seeds begin to blossom and bear fruit after three years. 4-5-year-old Feng Dan varieties can bear 30-50 seeds per flower, up to more than 80 seeds, 20-50 seeds per plant and 400-600 seeds. Seed collection time is mostly after high temperature in summer and before beginning of autumn. Seeds should be harvested in batches, and the horns of crab roe should be picked and placed on the wet ground in the house to complete the physiological maturity process. They should be turned every 2-3 days until the outside is dry and hard. After 10 ~ 15 days, the endothelium of the fruit shell cracked by itself, exposing the seeds. Don't sun the seeds separately at this time, and then pick them out when sowing.

Methods of vegetative propagation, plant division, grafting, cutting and tissue culture of peony;

(1) Lamian Noodles. This is a method of dividing a peony into several small peony plants. Branching is mostly carried out during the period from "autumn equinox" to "cold dew". When branching, 4-5-year-old peony trees can be dug out, and the attached soil can be removed to dehydrate and soften the roots for 1-2 days. According to the natural growth trend, they can be divided into several trees from the roots (in Wuhuatou), each tree needs some fine roots, and the plants with large plants and many buds can be branched. Prune old branches according to the number of buds on Wuhuatou. The old branches with 2 ~ 3 buds are 10 cm, and the old branches with 5 ~ 7 buds are 5 ~ 7 cm. Only one bud cannot be pruned. After pruning, the roots should also be pruned, and the thick roots and middle roots should be cut off (peony bark is used for medicinal processing), and the small roots or fine roots should be left. If there are few small roots and fine roots, the thick roots can be kept or not cut. If a diseased plant is found, it can be planted after soaking the roots with drugs.

(2) grafting. Grafting is the use of rare varieties or different colors on the same plant. The grafting time can be from "summer" to "cold dew", and the survival rate can reach 80% ~ 90% around the best period of "white dew". Rootstocks can be peony roots and peony seedlings, and scions should be annual strong branches growing in the lower part of the plant, with a length of 6 ~ 10 cm, stout terminal buds and 2 ~ 3 lateral buds. The main scion varieties selected are Zhushanlei, Lu Shengdan, Zhao Fen, Zhuangyuanhong and Yao Huang. Grafting methods include splicing or splitting. Rootstock can be embedded when its diameter is large, and split when its scion thickness is similar. Either way, it is better to combine the scion closely with the cuticle cambium of the rootstock.

(3) cutting. Peony cutting is not easy to take root, so it is very important to master the right time. During the period from "White Dew" to "Autumn Equinox", the cut branches of 1 ~ 3-year-old peony are inserted into moist soil, and 1 ~ 3 new roots can grow in15 days, with a length of 0.3 ~ 0.5 cm, and1in 60 days. In order to ensure the high survival rate, the branches were treated with 500× 10-6 ~1000×10-6 gibberellin or 500×10-6 naphthylacetic acid solution in northern producing areas, and the effect was very good.

(4) Tissue culture method. Tissue culture of Paeonia suffruticosa by bioengineering technology: Cultivating new strains of Paeonia suffruticosa is an advanced means to highly propagate precious varieties of Paeonia suffruticosa. Shoot tips (2 ~ 3 mm), tender leaves (1cm× 1cm) and petioles (1cm) on the axillary buds of Paeonia suffruticosa are generally used for in vitro culture. First, differentiate the buds, divide them into clusters, then induce the cluster buds to take root, and then transplant the test-tube seedlings.

Peony is a precious ornamental and medicinal plant, which needs strict cultivation techniques. Whether the technical measures from seedling raising to planting management are scientific and appropriate will directly affect the normal growth, development and life span of plants. Therefore, peony must be carefully and scientifically managed according to its growth and development characteristics and different cultivation uses. The following focuses on field cultivation and briefly describes various management measures.

(1) Select land and apply fertilizer. Because peony should be cold-resistant and afraid of heat, like high dryness and evil low humidity, and afraid of strong wind and cool sun, the land where peony is planted should be sandy loam with loose soil, deep soil layer, high sun and good drainage. Irrigation conditions, do not replant. 1~ Before planting peony in a large area in February, the land should be deeply fertilized with a depth of 0.5 ~ 0.8 meters, so that the roots are deep and leafy. Plantar fertilizer should be applied before ploughing, preferably fermented and decomposed human and animal manure or cake fertilizer. It is advisable to apply 2500 ~ 3000 kg of human and animal manure or 250 kg of cake fertilizer per mu, and the amount of soil miscellaneous fertilizer can be more, generally 3000 ~ 4000 kg per mu. Before planting, you should prepare the deeply ploughed land. The general requirements are: the middle is slightly raised, and there are ridges around it to prevent soil erosion. The inner bottom of the frame should be flat, 2-3m wide and10m long. Open a ditch up and down the ridge to facilitate water flow on one side and water seepage on all sides.

(2) Seeding and seedling raising. Soak the seeds in water for 1 ~ 2 hours, take out the seeds with full grains that have sunk into the water, and discard the floating grains. Relatively full seeds can reach 2600 ~ 3000 seeds per kilogram, and dry seeds of 1 kg can be absorbed by soaking for 24 hours 1.2 kg. Before sowing, the seeds should be treated, that is, soaked in warm water at 50℃ for 24 ~ 30 hours, so that the seed coat is degummed, swollen and germinated. The soaked seeds can be mixed with proper amount of plant ash for sowing. In case of rainy day or timely sowing, the soaked seeds can be covered with wet cloth and put into the house, and then sown after the weather is fine. The sowing time should be from "summer" to "Bailu" (the end of July of the lunar calendar), and the rate of seedling emergence is low when it is too late, with few roots before the year and poor seedlings after the year. In order to relieve the dormancy of hypocotyl, seeds can be soaked with 500×10-6 ~1000×10-6 gibberellin for 24 hours before sowing, and the dormancy period can be relieved after one week, and the buds and roots grow at the same time. Seedling cultivation should adopt low-high border. Generally, dry soil is scraped off the surface first, and wet soil is used for small height borders. The height of the border is 10 ~ 15cm, and the width of the border is 35 ~ 50cm. Seedling raising is carried out in 2 ~ 3 rows on the border, and the row spacing is 6 ~ 9cm× 05cm. 25 ~ 35 kilograms of seeds are used for row sowing, and 50 kilograms of seeds are used for sowing. When sowing, if the soil moisture is insufficient, it is necessary to "secretly pour" water in the border to ensure that the seeds need water for germination. And pay attention to post-seedling management. After sowing, if the humidity and temperature are suitable, young roots with a length of 0.5 ~ 0.8 cm can germinate in 30 days. Before and after the "winter solstice", you can water the ditch and secretly water the winter to make use of the growth of roots. In the second year after the rain, the plastic film should be removed in time to loosen the topsoil and promote the growth of seedlings. Before and after the "fright", the seedlings are basically in full bloom, and there is little snow and dryness in winter, so you can secretly pour "germination water". In spring, it is necessary to strengthen the management of seedling fields, mainly by timely topdressing and watering. If there is a persistent drought before the wheat harvest, water should be secretly poured every 7 ~ 10 days, and soil should be loosened in time to preserve moisture. Combined with watering and fertilization, quick-acting fertilizer is the main fertilizer, and decomposed dung, sesame cake, rapeseed cake, etc. It should be applied 3 times. Attention should also be paid to weeding, pest control and ensuring strong seedlings. When the annual seedlings grow to 0.3 ~ 0.4 meters high, they can be transplanted in the same year, and weak seedlings can be transplanted after 2 ~ 3 years.

(3) planting. The cultivation time and methods of Paeonia suffruticosa are quite different between north and south. In the north, it is planted around the "Autumn Equinox", and the planting method is vertical planting. In the south, plants are mostly planted from "first tree" to "Bailu", and the planting method is oblique planting (the angle between plants and the ground is 25 ~ 35). Medicinal peony 1500 ~ 2000 plants per mu, and ornamental peony 1000 plants per mu. Luoyang and Heze are the representative planting methods of peony in the Central Plains of China. The two places are mostly planted around the "Autumn Equinox". At this time, there is still a period of time before the land freezes, and the underground roots can grow for a period of time, which is very beneficial to ensure the survival and growth in the coming year. Generally, the length of new roots can reach 12 ~ 15 cm. The specific planting method is as follows: firstly, dig pits on the prepared land according to the predetermined row spacing, with the pit size of 30-50 cm square and the depth of 40-50 cm. When digging a hole, the topsoil and raw soil should be separated. Secondly, put the peony seedlings into the holes, let the roots evenly distribute and stretch, then bury the topsoil and fill the raw soil. When the soil is filled to half a hole, it is advisable to gently lift the seedlings by hand and lift them left and right to make the root neck ("Wuhuatou") flush with the ground. After the soil is filled, gently tamp it with a wooden stick and water it immediately. When the soil is dry, you can loosen the soil and keep moisture. The depth of peony planting should be flush with the soil. If the roots are deep, it will not grow and the flowers will not flourish.

(4) water. Practical experience has proved that peony needs enough water before and after germination and flowering in spring, so the rain is not timely and needs watering to ensure its growth and development. "Eight Books on Peony" said: "When you first plant it, water it in the second half of the month, and water it once every ten days during the drought. You don't like more water, but hate less water. Too much, its roots will rot, too little, it will dry up. " Accordingly, the key to watering peony is whether the watering time, frequency and quantity are scientific. The foundation of water is determined by its characteristics of liking dryness and hating dampness. Peony should be watered more when the soil in the north is dry, but not when the soil in the south is wet. Water regularly, avoid watering in summer, water in the early morning or when it is cool in summer, and water in warm days in winter and spring. Water should be accumulated for a long time, pond water is the best, water heating contains fertilizer, followed by other water; Water and fertilizer should be applied lightly in winter before flowering and after withering. In areas with high temperature and long-term rain or water accumulation in summer, peony management should take measures such as shading, rainproof, waterlogging prevention, grass laying on the ground and so on to reduce evaporation and water accumulation and lack of oxygen.

(5) Fertilization. In order to ensure the good development of peony, we must attach great importance to fertilization. Fertilize at least three times a year from the second year after planting, the first time is from "vernal equinox" to "Qingming", that is, before flowering 15 ~ 25 days. To supplement the deficiency of the original nutrient storage of roots or branches, which is beneficial to flowering in the same year. The second time can be carried out within half a month after flowering. To meet the needs of vigorous growth of branches and flower bud differentiation. Lay a material foundation for next year's flowering. The third fertilization should be carried out in autumn and winter, which can not only store nutrients, but also contribute to the wintering protection of peony.

(6) Loosening soil and weeding. Because peony likes mysterious soil and warm ground, it is very important to hoe the ground and kill grass frequently. It should be done 2 ~ 3 times before flowering, 1 ~ 2 times a month from flowering to autumn. After rain or watering, when the soil is slightly dry, hoe the soil. The hoe depth is 5 ~ 10 cm, the first hoe should be shallow, and the second hoe should be deep (10 cm) and thin, leaving no land. After flowers wither, in order to reduce water evaporation and maintain vigorous growth, two-,three-and four-year-old peonies can be dug shallowly, and the depth can reach 15cm to enhance drought resistance. In the hot and rainy season in summer, the soil moisture is high and the surface is easy to harden. Weeds grow easily, so weeding is more important. The period from "beginning of autumn" to "summer" is the key time for weeding. Weeding lightly and carefully before sowing can reduce the harm of weeds in the coming year.

(7) Pruning and bud removal. This is an important technical measure in peony management. Pruning in gardening, so it is also called fixed anvil and bud taking. Its purpose is to maintain plant type, concentrate nutrients and promote flowering and root growth. As the florist said, "When the air gathers, the flowers will be fertile, and when they bloom, they will be magnificent."

The most active parts of Paeonia suffruticosa are shoot tips and root tips. The farther away from here, the slower the growth. Removing terminal buds can change the balance of growth potential and promote the growth and flowering of lateral buds. Fixed inventory is to determine the number of branches to be kept by the factory. Also change the height and position of the branch. The selected branches should be evenly distributed and have the same height. The specific share should be determined according to different varieties and uses. Leave more plants for breeding, less plants for greening, ornamental or medicinal purposes, and leave 5 ~ 8 shares for those who use them concurrently.

Bud removal is to strip useless buds from the root neck or selected rootstocks of plants. Do flower farmers realize whether peony blooms or not from practice? The number of flowers, the size of flowers and the growth quality of roots can all be controlled by pruning and bud removal techniques. Timely and reasonable bud removal will make the plants symmetrical, lush and tidy, and the root growth will meet the requirements of plant segmentation and root collection. Otherwise, the tillering buds are clustered, and there is no flowering or few and small flowering.

Muscle bud fixation is carried out every year from the vernal equinox to Qingming in the second year after peony planting. When the new buds protrude from the soil by 5 ~ 10 cm, they are fixed to germinate, and each plant can maintain 5 ~ 8 branches, grow vigorously and distribute evenly. Remove all buds from the root neck. Also peel off the useless buds on the selected stocks. Only the terminal bud is left for each strand, and the lateral bud can be left when the terminal bud is not good. Bud removal time should not be too early or too late. Premature buds do not germinate and grow, and the buds are not cleaned. Too late, the extra branches and waste buds consume a lot of nutrients, which affects the growth of peony plants and carries out secondary bud removal.

(8) Picking buds and protecting stocks. The beauty of peony is that it is big and bright, so keep one. If a flower counts, it will not only lead to insufficient flowers, but also make the flowers less deformed and affect the stretching of the flowers next year. Therefore, it is very important to pick buds and protect stocks. Therefore, at the end of March every year, when the buds are big, we should remove the small and dense buds and leave the well-developed terminal buds. If the development of peony is weak, all buds can be picked to promote better growth and lay the foundation for next year's flowering.

Raising flowers and protecting the fetus means that after the first frost, there are signs of falling leaves in autumn. When the fetus is about to sprout, it should be tied tightly with filaments to avoid its disaster, otherwise there will be no flowers. In order to make the next year's flowers flourish, you can drop a leaf before the flowers wither to avoid seeds. If it is damaged or cut off, it should be sealed with mud paper to prevent it from becoming a hole and bee flooding. Because medicinal peony does not make it bloom, all buds should be removed in time in spring to promote the growth of roots.

(9) pest control. Diseases and pests are harmful to the normal growth of peony. The growth of peony is weakened, the color is decreased, the output of peony is reduced and the grade is poor. Therefore, timely prevention and control of pests and diseases is very important to ensure the normal growth of peony.

Common diseases in main peony producing areas are:

Leaf spot disease is also called "black spot disease". This disease is a polychaete fungus infection, which mainly infects leaves, stems and flowers. It usually occurs 15 days after anthesis, and becomes more and more serious with the increase of humidity in mid-July. At the beginning of the disease, there are brown spots on the back of the leaves, and the edge color is slightly darker, forming irregular concentric annular withered spots. In July, the spots increased and merged with each other, and the leaves withered and withered. The affected petiole produces a dark green villous layer, and the stem produces a convex lesion. Small pink spots are produced on the corolla of pedicels.

The prevention and treatment of the disease should be combined with garden cleaning and drug control. Before and after "beginning of winter", the dead leaves in peony fields should be cleaned up to reduce the source of pathogens. 1: 1: 160 times bordeaux mixture was sprayed once a day from 10 to 15 until the end of July. Spraying zineb 500 ~ 800 times at the initial stage of the disease, once every 7 ~ 10 day.

Purple feather disease is a fungal disease that spreads through soil and roots. There are purple or white cotton-wool hyphae in the affected area, commonly known as "black pimple head". The light ones do not produce new roots, the branches are thin, the leaves are yellow, and the whole root neck and root rot and the plants die. Most of them occur in hot and rainy seasons.

The most effective way to prevent and control the disease is to choose Gao Qian plot with good drainage for planting; Timely intertillage in rainy season to reduce humidity; Crop rotation and breeding disease-resistant varieties can reduce the harm. Before planting, the roots were smeared with quintozene 500 times solution and soaked with 5% amobam 1000 times solution, which had a good effect.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, anthracnose and rust are also common. The old peony planting area also has the harm of filariasis, so drugs should be chosen for prevention and control.

The pests felt in the main peony producing areas are:

Underground pests include grubs, grubs and cutworms, which mainly harm root bark and buds. In order to control the mole, poison bait and night light are used to trap it. To control grubs and cutworms, phoxim can be added to fermented organic fertilizer and turned into the ground for 20 cm, with good effect.

The pests on the ground, such as scale insects and longicorn beetles, mainly harm the stems and cause the whole plant to die. To control scale insects, the larvae can be sprayed with dichlorvos 1000 ~ 1500 times during the incubation period. For example, spraying fluoroacetamide and brushing the branches with Baume 3-degree sulfur mixture before dormancy or early spring germination also have good effects. The prevention and control of Anoplophora longicorn can be carried out by sulfur powder or Stemona cold point, or by dipping cotton in 50% dichlorvos and 20 times liquid cold point. It is also a good way to fumigate and kill seedlings with aluminum phosphide.

(10) Seal the soil for wintering. Peony is cold-resistant, but in order to avoid man-made injury, sealing the soil for wintering can play a role in drought prevention, heat preservation and harm prevention. After the first frost every year, dig the soil around the plants and seal it. The annual and biennial plants are all buried in the soil, and the three-year and four-year plants are only cultivated on the stems.

According to the characteristics of flower bud differentiation and formation of peony in autumn, and given appropriate humidity, light and other conditions, it will bloom according to people's needs. Thanks to the research and exploration of scientific and technological personnel in the hometown of peony and the comprehensive application of modern science and technology, it has become a reality that peony with national color and fragrance blooms in the north and south of the river and all over the country, so that people can enjoy the gorgeous brilliance of peony without going to the hometown of peony.

(1) forcing flowers in winter in southern China. Taking advantage of the warm climate conditions in southern winter and manually adjusting humidity, humidity and light conditions, we can enjoy the beautiful scenery of peony flowers on New Year's Day and Spring Festival outdoors in southern winter.

After screening, there are more than 60 varieties suitable for forcing flowers, mainly including Zhao Fen, Hu Hong, Lotus, Zhusha Lei, Zierqiao and so on. When choosing the right varieties, we should also choose the right plants. Flower-forcing plants should be compact, with thick branches, large scales and buds, full and full, without pests and diseases, with 6-8 4-6-year-old plants, each with 1-2 buds.

After selecting the plants, the seedling raising time should be determined according to the flowering time. Before seedling raising, the leaves should be cut off, leaving the petiole about 2 cm, lightly tied with straw rope, carefully planed seedlings to reduce root breakage. The planted seedlings should be taken out from the attached soil, aired for 2 ~ 3 days, and then packaged. Generally speaking, it is shipped in strong containers.

The flower-forcing site should be in the leeward and sunny place, and the wind-proof wall of more than 3 meters should be built on the north, east and west sides. Pots for flowers are mostly pottery pots, pottery pots or plastic pots with a height of 25 cm and a mouth of 30 cm. Potted soil should be pond mud or triple soil with good water permeability (mixed with slag ash, garden soil and rotten leaves), or soilless culture. You also need to use a sunshade net to shade the sun and reduce the humidity.

Choosing the right time to put the peony into the pot is the key to ensure that the peony blooms as needed. Peony can be potted 53 ~ 55 days ago in Guangzhou, 43 ~ 45 days in Shenzhen and Hong Kong, and 33 ~ 35 days in Haikou. It is necessary to understand the characteristics and flowering period of each variety to make the flowering period consistent. Divide the roots of peony plants into two parts when they are put into the pot, then rotate in the same direction, dish up the bottom of the pot, then add soil, shake the pot to make the roots closely connected with the soil, tamp it, discharge it into the soil boundary, tie it tightly and manage it.

Manage according to the needs of each growth period. Slow seedling stage: after the basin is drained, water can be poured every 2 ~ 3 days. Spray water 4 ~ 6 times a day, keep scales and branches moist, cut off ropes and recover as soon as possible. In the germination-budding-budding period: continue watering, reduce the number of water sprays, and cover with a shade net. Pedicel elongation-bud stage: this stage is the key period to promote the success or failure of flowering. It is necessary to keep the temperature stable and do a good job of wind prevention and cooling. In case of hot and dry weather, spray water 3 ~ 4 times a day, and add 1 ~ 2 times at noon. Pay attention to cutting off the new tillering buds and bud-free branches at the roots. Young leaves begin to spread (leaf spreading period): this period is a "safe period". In addition to spraying water three times a day, shading measures are also taken to adjust the flowering period. The temperature in the shed shall not exceed 26℃. When the temperature exceeds 26℃, it should be ventilated to cool down, sprayed with foliar fertilizer and added with 0. 1% ~ 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate once every 8 ~ 10 day. Round bud stage (flat bud stage): the key period to adjust the flowering period. According to the different emergence time and row position of different varieties, the row position is re-divided and corresponding technical measures are taken to promote control. In bud stage (color-transparent stage): this period is close to flowering time. In order to make the buds open in time, decisive single technical measures or comprehensive technical measures should be taken, such as shading, adjusting the film covering time, raising the temperature, wiping the buds with gibberellin, etc., to promote the flowers to open quickly. Flowering (initial flowering period): In order to prolong the flower viewing time, the flowers should be placed in a cool place with scattered sunlight, so that the buds will slowly open. Don't spray water on the flowers, water less. You can also water it with brightener to prolong the flowering period.

(2) forcing flowers in greenhouses in the north. Through artificial heating in the greenhouse, peony will germinate, grow and bloom again in winter. Some management methods and technical requirements are similar to those of Southern Catalysis, but there are some differences. The main points are as follows: under the conditions of suitable temperature, sunshine and humidity, the time of raising pots should be 45 days in advance. The management measures in the greenhouse should be based on the growth habits of peony in the field. The daytime temperature is 10 ~ 14℃ and the night temperature is 6 ~ 8℃. After one week, the temperature can be raised to 14 ~ 16℃ in the daytime and 10 ~ 12℃ in the evening. Keep this temperature 15 days, and buds will appear. Reduce water spraying and lightly spray 1 ~ 2 times. After the emergence of peony buds, it enters the normal growth stage, and the temperature rises to 16 ~ 18℃ during the day and 12 ~ 14℃ at night, and enters the "young bud stage" after 20 days. Therefore, the buds are tender and weak, and the stress resistance is poor. Indoor temperature should be kept stable. After 28 days, it will enter the "leaf exhibition period". The temperature should rise to 18 ~ 20℃ during the day and 14 ~ 16℃ at night. According to the situation, open the skylight to ventilate the seedlings. It is still necessary to water and spray foliar fertilizer once every 2 to 3 days. After 35 days, the bud will enter the "bud leveling stage". Buds are more resistant to adversity. If the temperature does not rise or fall too much, it will not affect the flower formation rate. According to the scheduled flowering period, the indoor temperature can be flexibly controlled. Because of the high indoor humidity, 50% carbendazim 500 times solution should be applied together with foliar fertilizer to prevent and control stem rot and other diseases. After 42 days, the flower buds enter the "full flowering period" and can be opened in 2-3 days. At this time, we should move out of the greenhouse according to the number of flowers used. Those that are not used for the time being should be placed in a cold room at 2 ~ 4℃ to delay the flowering time. Peony is a long-day plant, which can be used for artificial light supplement under the condition of shading and insufficient light.

Because peony is the national flower of our country. People in our country love it. Here is a brief introduction to the name of China peony varieties to understand the vastness of peony flower sea. There are more than 500 main varieties of peony. Its name is:

There are 63 kinds of white jade, jade plate supporting gold, fragrant Confucianism, castle peak wearing snow, Venus snow wave, a pile of snow, jade in Yulou, three-way jade, jade carving and so on.

There are 65,438+065,438+06 pink colors, such as unparalleled national color, emerald green dragon, pink e jiao, striving for spring, charming and three changes, baby face, pink crown, green curtain, salty pool striving for spring, Guanyin face, blue waves of spring water, drunken princess Yang, imperial concubine inserting Cui, soft branch hibiscus, lotus-like, and colorful balcony.

Pink Blue (Snow Blue) colors include Blue Jade House, Sapphire, Bibo Sunset, Blue Cymbidium, Frozen Magnolia, Moonlight, Blue Ocean Bibo, Blue Line Jade, Pool Blue, Lake Blue, Emerald Lotus, Pink Blue House, Pink Blue Ball, Sunny after Rain, lantian jade, Flowers in Full Bloom, Blue Hibiscus, Lanzhailan, as beautiful as flowers.

There are 158 red colors, such as Fat Red, Yipin, Chunhong Delicate, Qunying, Ruby, He, Qin Hong, Wan Huasheng, Chaoyanghong, Ardisia cinnabarina, Mountain Flowers Blooming, Peach Blossom Didi Cui, Hongmei Primer, Xinghua Chunyu and Dahuhong.

There are 65,438+065,438+09 purple varieties, including Xia Guang, Wuzhouhong, Zhuangyuanhong, Hongyan, Xizi, Chaoyi, Cenozoic, Shuanghonglou, Xiulihong, Red Hydrangea, Oriental Brocade, Hongguang, Zaoxia, Ziguangge, Zhuanghong and Zifengta.

There are 43 kinds of purple, such as rose purple, lilac purple, eggplant purple, purple crown, purple butterfly, rich purple, late purple, bright purple, cloud purple, emerald purple and purple arhat.

Deep purple has 15, such as Black Swan, Dafugui, Su Mo, Zhongshenghei, Heihuakui, Wujin Yao Hui, etc.

There are 27 yellow varieties, including Yao Huang, Goose Yellow, Huanghuakui, Huangli, Qingyun Yellow, Yuhuchun and Jinlun Yellow.

There are eight polychromatic categories, such as Er Qiao, Zhongshenghua, Pinghu Autumn Moon and Butterfly Flying.

Green is divided into three categories: green ball, lotus green and bean green.