Ask for high school geography knowledge points, which can be quickly remembered.

High school geography? Compulsory 1? Review outline note: bold and bold, which is required by the curriculum standard.

★ Curriculum standard: Describe the cosmic environment in which the earth is located, and use data to show that the earth is an ordinary and special planet in the solar system.

1, (1) celestial system level: "Fill in the blanks"

(2) The order of the eight planets in the solar system from inside to outside is Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars (terrestrial planet), Jupiter, Saturn (giant planet), Uranus and Neptune (distant planet); The asteroid belt lies between Mars and Jupiter.

(3) The earth is an ordinary and special planet in the solar system, and its particularity lies in that it is the only celestial body in the known universe with creatures, especially with highly intelligent creatures. The reasons are: ① a stable and safe cosmic environment: the sun's stable lighting conditions, different planets and complementary interference; ② Earth's own conditions: moderate distance between the sun and the earth, moderate rotation period, primitive ocean formation, appropriate mass and volume, transformation of the atmosphere by green life, and atmospheric heat preservation.

★ Course standard: explain the influence of the sun on the earth.

(1) The main components of the sun are hydrogen and helium, and the sources of solar energy are: nuclear fusion reflection; Its energy is released in the form of electromagnetic waves. Solar radiation energy decreases from the equator to the poles. Areas rich in solar radiation energy: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, northwest inland, typical city Lhasa, and areas poor in solar radiation energy: Sichuan Basin, typical city Chengdu.

(2) The main types of solar activity are sunspots and flares. They are important signs of solar activity. They appear in the photosphere and chromosphere of the solar atmosphere, respectively, and their activity period is 1 1 year. Their synchronous ups and downs reflect the periodicity of solar activity.

(3) The main impacts of solar activities on the earth are as follows: ① The annual cycle of sunspot number changes affecting the earth's climate is related to the interannual variation of precipitation; (2) disturbing the ionosphere of the earth and blocking short-wave radio communication; ③ Disturbing the Earth's magnetic field; (4) produce aurora.

★ Curriculum standard: analyze the geographical significance of the earth movement

3.( 1) number of relative revolutions

Direction periodic angular velocity linear velocity

Rotate from west to east

Sidereal day in the north and south.

A solar day has two poles,

Both are 15/ hour: decreasing from the equator to the poles, and the linear speed of 60 degrees north and south latitude is 1/2 of the equatorial linear speed.

The Revolution from the West to the East

Stellar years in the north and south.

The tropical year is about 1/ day. About 30 km/s

Law: perihelion (65438+1early October) is faster,

Apohelion (early July) is slow.

(2) Termination line: the dividing line between the day and night hemispheres.

The height of the sun on this line is 0 degrees. At the direct point of the sun, the height of the sun at noon is 90 degrees.

Judgment method of terminator line: along the direction of earth rotation, the part of terminator line from night hemisphere to day hemisphere is morning line; Along the direction of the earth's rotation, the part of the termination line that passes through the night hemisphere from the day hemisphere is a dark line.

(3) Time calculation: East plus West minus. (plus or minus) local time: for every longitude difference 1 degree, the time difference is 4 minutes.

Time zone: In order to unify the standards, longitude is divided into one time zone every 15 internationally and 24 time zones globally.

Time zone: the time when all time zones are located at the central meridian of the time zone is taken as the time of the whole time zone.

The time difference between adjacent time zones is 1 hour.

(4) Geostrophic deflection law: the southern hemisphere deflects to the left and the northern hemisphere deflects to the right.

(5) The plane on which the earth rotates is called the equatorial plane, such as 3 (optional 1, 2,3).

The plane around which the earth rotates is called the ecliptic plane. For example, a declination angle of 2 is 23 26'. Such as b (optional a and b)

The intersection angle between the earth's axis and the ecliptic plane is 66 34', such as a.

(6) the regression motion of the direct point of the sun

Reasons: the existence of ecliptic angle, the revolution and rotation of the earth (rotation or revolution).

Solar time (front and back) directly points to the corresponding point in the direction of position movement.

March 2 1, vernal equinox, equatorial northbound b.

Summer solstice, June 22nd, Tropic of Capricorn

On September 23, the autumnal equinox, Chidao went south.

Winter solstice 65438+February 22nd Tropic of Capricorn northward d

(7) Study the characteristics of each solar term.

Summer solstice, winter solstice, vernal equinox or autumnal equinox

The distribution law of noon sun height is decreasing from the tropic of cancer to the north and south sides, and the noon sun height in the tropic of cancer and its north reaches the maximum value in the whole year; The noon sun height in the southern hemisphere reaches the annual minimum, decreasing from the tropic of Capricorn to the north and south sides, and reaching the annual maximum at the tropic of Capricorn and its south. At noon in the northern hemisphere, the height of the sun reaches the minimum value in a year, from the equator to the north and south sides.

The height of the sun decreases at noon in the equatorial region and reaches the maximum throughout the year.

The length of day and night in the northern hemisphere is the longest and the shortest.

The shortest day and the longest night in the southern hemisphere and the shortest day and the longest night in the northern hemisphere.

The longest day and the shortest night in the southern hemisphere are the same as those in the world.

Extreme daily range Extreme sunrise occurs in the Arctic Circle and its northern region, and extreme sunrise occurs in the Antarctic Circle and its southern region. The day and night of the earth are equal in length.

(8) The division of astronomical seasons is based on the seasonal variation of the length of day and night and the height angle of the sun at noon.

Climate division: March, April and May are spring, June, July and August are summer, September, 10, 165438+ 10 are autumn, and 12, 1 and February are winter.

Relationship between the reverse movement of direct solar point and the variation trend of day and night length

Variation trend of day and night length in the direction of direct sunlight time point

Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere

65438+ February 22nd of the following year

Moving north on June 22nd, the days get longer and the nights get shorter, June 22nd.

The days are the longest and the nights are the shortest in all parts of the northern hemisphere. The days are getting shorter and the nights are getting longer and longer.

In the southern hemisphere, the days are shortest and the nights are longest.

June 22-June 22

65438+February 22, moved south, the day became shorter and the night became longer, 65438+February 22.

In the southern hemisphere, the days are shortest and the nights are longest. The days are getting longer and the nights are getting shorter, 65438+February 22nd.

In all parts of the northern hemisphere, the days are the longest and the nights are the shortest.

March 2 1 day

On September 23rd, the world was divided equally between day and night.

★ Curriculum standard: Tell about the circle structure of the earth and summarize the main characteristics of each circle.

Outer ring: located above the surface, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.

Spherical structure of the earth

Inner sphere: located below the surface, including the crust, mantle and core.

Lithosphere: The mantle above the whole crust and asthenosphere (the top of the upper mantle).

★ Curriculum standard: Explain the material circulation process in the earth's crust with schematic diagrams.

As shown in Figure 2 on the right, ① cooling and solidification ② weathering, erosion, handling, deposition and solidification into rocks ③ metamorphism ④ remelting and regeneration.

Magmatic rock: Magma spews out of the surface or stays in the crust, and condenses into magmatic rock due to magmatic activity. (Internal force action)

Sedimentary rocks: The rocks exposed to the earth's surface are formed by external forces (weathering and erosion make them into fragments, which are transported to lower areas for deposition and compaction and solidified into rocks). (external force)

Metamorphic rocks: rocks are transformed into metamorphic rocks by metamorphism under underground high temperature and high pressure. (Internal force action)

★ Curriculum standard: analyze the internal and external factors that cause the change of surface morphology with examples.

Internal and external factors leading to surface morphology changes (see Figure 3).

The forces that cause the change of surface morphology include internal forces from the earth's interior and external forces from the sun, which we collectively call geological processes. Internal and external forces are a pair of contradictions. Internal forces form peaks and valleys, and external forces cut mountains and fill valleys, both of which always work at the same time.

Fold: the landform formed is mountains and valleys, and most of them are folded mountains; The Himalayas

Graben: A narrow depression, such as the Weihe Plain and the Great Rift Valley in East Africa.

Horst: The landform forms massive mountains such as Huashan, Lushan and Taishan.

Main landforms formed by wind and flowing water erosion and deposition;

Wind erosion: wind erosion mushroom, wind erosion depression, wind erosion valley, Gobi, bare rock desert.

Wind deposition: loess accumulation in sand dunes, sand ridges and loess plateau.

Erosion by flowing water: There are thousands of gullies and valleys on the Loess Plateau. Flowing water widens and deepens gullies, waterfalls, canyons and Koster landforms.

Flowing water deposition: piedmont alluvial fan, alluvial plain in the middle and lower reaches of rivers, estuary delta.

★ Curriculum standard: Explain the heating process of the atmosphere with diagrams.

1 and (1) solar radiation is the most important energy source of the earth's atmosphere, and ground radiation is the most important and direct heat source of the near-surface atmosphere.

(2) phenomena related to atmospheric heat insulation

Phenomenon reason

The temperature on cloudy days is stronger than that on sunny days, the reflection of clouds is stronger, and less solar radiation reaches the ground.

The temperature is higher on cloudy days than on sunny days at night. When it is cloudy at night, the atmospheric reverse radiation is stronger and the ground loses less heat.

The anti-freezing effect of artificial smoke can enhance the atmospheric inverse radiation and increase the ground temperature.

In late autumn or cold autumn, first frost appears on a clear night.

On the other hand, "ten foggy and nine sunny nights", the atmospheric inverse radiation is low and the temperature is low, which is prone to weather phenomena such as frost and fog.

Absorption: ozone and oxygen atoms absorb ultraviolet rays, and water vapor and carbon dioxide absorb infrared rays.

(3) Atmospheric movement

(4) Thermal circulation: air circulation formed by uneven ground heat and cold.

Vertical direction law: the heated place is vertical (moving), and high pressure is formed at high altitude (near the ground or high altitude).

Cold places are horizontal (moving), and high pressure is formed near the ground (near the ground or at high altitude).

Horizontal law: On the same horizontal plane, it always flows from high pressure to low pressure.

(5) The direct cause of wind formation: the horizontal movement of the atmosphere.

The wind direction of the upper atmosphere is the result of the combined action of geostrophic deflection force and horizontal pressure gradient force, and the wind direction is finally parallel to the isobar.

The wind direction near the ground is the result of friction, geostrophic deflection force and horizontal pressure gradient force, and the wind direction finally intersects the isobar.

The wind in the northern hemisphere turns right and the wind in the southern hemisphere turns left.

★ Curriculum standard: Draw a schematic diagram of the global distribution of pressure belts and wind belts, and describe their distribution, movement law and their influence on climate.

(1) Atmospheric circulation: water and heat exchange in the ocean distribution between high and low latitudes, and adjust the global water and heat distribution.

(2) The wind zone of the ground pressure belt corresponding to the three-circle circulation: (Note: the wind direction refers to the wind direction in the northern and southern hemispheres)

Low-latitude circulation: subtropical high-pressure area-equatorial low-pressure area: low-latitude trade wind area (wind direction: northeast wind in the northern hemisphere, southeast wind in the southern hemisphere)

Mid-latitude circulation: subtropical high pressure area-subtropical low pressure area: mid-latitude westerly wind area (wind direction: southwest wind in the northern hemisphere, northwest wind in the southern hemisphere)

High latitude circulation: polar high pressure area-sub-polar low pressure area: polar easterly wind (wind direction: northeast wind in the northern hemisphere, southeast wind in the southern hemisphere).

There are 7 pressure zones and 6 wind zones in the world, including 3 low pressure zones.

Due to the seasonal movement of the direct point of the sun, the pressure belt and the wind belt also move periodically within one year.

As far as the northern hemisphere is concerned, it generally moves northward in summer (July) and southward in winter (65438+ 10).

(3) In summer, the continental warming is faster than that of the ocean, and a hot low pressure is formed on the continental, cutting the subtropical high pressure area.

In winter, the mainland cools faster than the ocean, and a cold high pressure forms on the mainland, cutting the sub-polar low pressure area.

Write the names respectively: the Asian depression formed on the Eurasian continent in July; Hawaii high is formed in the Pacific Ocean; The Asian high formed on the Eurasian continent in June+10, 5438; The Aleutian low pressure is formed in the Pacific Ocean.

(4) Monsoon circulation

East Asian Monsoon: Range: East China, Korean Peninsula and Japan.

Wind direction: northwest wind in winter and southeast wind in summer.

Cause of formation: the difference of thermal properties between land and sea.

South Asian Monsoon: Range: Indian, southwest of China.

Wind direction: northeast wind in winter and southwest wind in summer.

Genesis: ① the difference of thermal properties between land and sea ② the seasonal movement of wind zone in pressure zone.

(5) The influence of atmospheric circulation on climate

Climatic characteristics and types of regional pressure zone and wind zone

The equatorial low-pressure area near the equator has a rising airflow and a tropical rainforest climate, which is hot and rainy all year round.

Tropic of Cancer to latitude 30? The subtropical high zone between these two areas sinks with the dry and hot tropical desert climate.

Latitude 30? ~40? Summer between the mainland and the west coast: the subtropical high zone sinks and the Mediterranean climate is hot and rainy.

Winter: westerly belt

Southwest wind (northern hemisphere)

The northwest wind (southern hemisphere) is mild and rainy

Latitude 40? ~60? Between the west coast of the mainland and the southwest wind (northern hemisphere)

Northwest wind (southern hemisphere) is a temperate maritime climate with mild and humid all the year round.

Climate type, genetic distribution and climate characteristics

Tropical rain

The forest climate is controlled by the equatorial low pressure belt, and the updraft prevails near the equator, which is hot and rainy all year round.

the Mediterranean Sea

The climate is influenced by the subtropical high.

Alternately control latitude 30 with westerlies? ~40? The west coast of the mainland is hot and rainy in summer.

Winter is mild and rainy.

Temperate maritime climate westerly belt controls latitude 40? ~60? Between the mainland and the west coast, it is mild and humid all year round.

Subtropical region

Monsoon climate winter and summer monsoon alternately control latitude 25? ~35? The east coast of the mainland is hot and rainy in summer.

In winter, the temperature is low and there is little rain.

Temperate season

Wind climate, winter and summer monsoon alternately control latitude 35? ~55? The east coast of the mainland is hot and rainy in summer.

Winter is cold and dry.

Air pressure zone

Influence of genetic properties of pressure zone distribution

The intense solar radiation near the equator in the equatorial low pressure area continues to heat the earth's surface, and the warm air steadily rises to the thermal low pressure;

hot and humid

The warm air rising in the equatorial region near 30 degrees north and south latitude in the subtropical high zone flows south and north, is deflected by the geostrophic deflector, accumulates and is forced to sink more than 30 degrees, forming a warm high pressure;

dry heat

In the sub-polar low-pressure zone, the two air currents of north and south meet near 60 degrees north and south latitude, and the warm air rises to form a cold low pressure.

Wet and cold

The temperature in the polar high pressure area is low, and the air cools, contracts and sinks, and accumulates at low altitude, forming a cold high pressure in the high pressure area.

Dry and cold

Genetic characteristics of wind direction distribution in wind area

Latitudinal pressure zone between the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere

Subtropical high-pressure area-equatorial low-pressure area Northeast wind low-latitude trade wind area Southeast wind between 30 north and south latitude and the equator deflects the wind flowing from subtropical high-pressure area to equatorial low-pressure area under the action of geostrophic force.

dry heat

The mid-latitude westerly belt is located in the subtropical high belt-sub-polar low belt between 30 and 60 north and south latitudes. The southwest wind and northwest wind flow from the subtropical high belt to the subtropical low belt, and are turned by the influence of geostrophic force.

warm

Polar easterlies polar high pressure belt-sub-polar low pressure belt between 60 and 90 north and south latitudes, with northeast wind, southeast wind and polar high downward flow, running from low altitude to low latitude, and biased to the east wind due to the earth's bias.

Dry and cold

★ Course standard: Using simple weather charts, briefly analyze the characteristics of weather systems such as peak surface, low pressure (cyclone) and high pressure (anticyclone).

(1) front

The previous concepts are illustrated by examples before and after transit.

Cold front and cold air mass initiative

Warm air mass attack

Controlled by a single warm air mass, the warm and sunny warm air mass is lifted by the cold air mass, which often leads to cloudy, rainy, windy and cool weather. The cold air mass replaced the original warm air mass, and the air pressure increased, the temperature plummeted and the weather turned fine. China's rainy weather, northern summer rainstorm, winter and spring gale, sandstorm, cold wave.

Warm front and warm air mass take the initiative

Cold air mass attack

Controlled by a single cold air mass, the temperature is low, the rainfall is clear and continuous, the air pressure drops before (before and after) precipitation, the temperature rises, and the weather turns fine. A spring rain, a warmth.

The intensity of cold and warm air mass at quasi-stationary peak is controlled by a single air mass, with clear weather, small precipitation intensity and long duration, and rainfall is controlled by a single air mass, and the rainy season in Jianghuai area is clear. Guiyang is rainy, cold and wet in winter.

(2) Air pressure system

Meteorological conditions of vertical direction and horizontal movement direction of central pressure

Cyclone pressure rises, and it rains continuously from north to south.

The anticyclone high pressure drops, and the weather in the north and south is fine.

★ Curriculum standard: Tell the process and main links of water cycle with schematic diagram, and explain the geographical significance of water cycle.

4.( 1) Know the names of all links in the water cycle.

Evaporation, plant transpiration, condensation and precipitation (4) every link of inland circulation.

Evaporation, condensation, water and gas transport, precipitation, infiltration and runoff (surface and underground) in all links of land-sea cycle (6).

Evaporation and condensation structures become the internal circulation of the ocean. Precipitation (3)

Typhoon landing belongs to water vapor transport, and rivers entering the sea belong to runoff, both of which belong to land-sea circulation. Tarim River only participates in inland circulation.

(2) the geographical significance of water cycle

Contact all circles, make contact with water, and exchange material migration energy at the same time, thus continuing the natural geographical process. The fresh water resources on which human beings depend are constantly updated and can be used continuously. The water cycle can also shape the surface morphology.

★ Curriculum standard: summarize the distribution law of ocean currents in the world with maps, and explain the influence of ocean currents on geographical environment.

The causes of the four major fishing grounds.

Beihai fishing ground is located at the intersection of the North Atlantic warm current and the East Greenland cold current.

Hokkaido fishing ground is located at the intersection of Japanese warm current and Thousand Island cold current.

Newfoundland fishing ground is located at the intersection of Labrador cold current and Gulf warm current.

Reasons for the formation of Peruvian fishing grounds: cold water flooding in Peruvian waters.

★ Curriculum standards: illustrate the role of a physical geographical element in the formation and evolution of geographical environment with examples.

1. Different climatic characteristics have different main effects on the surface morphology, and then form different surface morphology:

Arid and semi-arid climate zone: the effect of running water is weak, but the effect of wind (wind erosion, transport and deposition) is strong. Surface morphology: mushroom rock, wind erosion castle, sand dunes, Gobi, etc.

Wet area: Strong flowing water action (flowing water erosion, transportation and deposition). Surface morphology: V-shaped valley, river valley, alluvial plain, estuary delta, etc.

2. Climate affects the flow of rivers and their seasonal changes:

If the source of the river is mainly weather precipitation, then the flow of the river is related to precipitation: precipitation affects the flow; The seasonal distribution of precipitation is uneven, which affects the seasonal variation of flow. For example, rivers in the Mediterranean climate area have a large flow in winter; The summer flow of rivers in the eastern monsoon region of China is relatively large.

If the source of the river is mainly meltwater, then the flow of the river is related to the temperature.

★ Curriculum standard: illustrate the interaction of various elements of physical geography with examples to understand the integrity of geographical environment.

1. Geographical environment elements include topography, climate, hydrology, biology and soil.

2. In any geographical area, the five elements are interrelated, infiltrated and restricted, forming an organic whole; Terrain and climate often play a leading role in the formation of environmental characteristics in a certain area.

3. The regional differentiation law of geographical environment generally refers to zonal distribution law and non-zonal distribution law.

There is a law of latitude regional differentiation from low latitude to high latitude in the world;

There is a law of longitude regional differentiation from coastal to inland in mid-latitude areas;

There is a vertical regional differentiation law from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain;

Non-zonal regional differentiation caused by land and sea distribution, topography, rivers and lakes.

★ Curriculum standard: analyze the regional differentiation law of geographical environment by using maps.

★ Curriculum standard: illustrate the influence of surface morphology on settlement and traffic line distribution with examples.

1. Settlements include villages and cities.

2. Most cities in the world are located in plains, tropical plateaus and valleys with good hydrothermal conditions.

The best landform condition for urban construction is a large area with flat terrain and slightly higher terrain; Because it is conducive to reducing construction investment; Agricultural production in the surrounding flat areas meets the needs of urban residents. Therefore, the plain is an ideal terrain for building a city.

Tropical areas: settlements are usually located on plateaus (because lowlands are too hot to live in)

Mountain valley: the development space of settlements is often restricted by topographic conditions, and the shape often becomes long and narrow strips.

3. Flat areas are conducive to the construction of railway, highway and other traffic lines; Surface morphology affects the direction, density, construction investment and technical difficulty of traffic lines.

★ Curriculum standard: According to relevant information, explain the impact of global climate change on human activities.

1. The expression of climate change: alternating cold, warm, dry and wet.

2. The overall trend of climate change in modern times (nearly one hundred or two hundred years): warming, (but the magnitude is different, and some may decrease).

Causes of global warming: a large number of greenhouse gas emissions, vegetation destruction.

3. The impact of global warming

Agriculture: benefits of high latitude (higher temperature, longer growing period and higher yield); Mid-latitude damage (water shortage); The scope of damage caused by pests and diseases has expanded; The distribution of crops has expanded; Grain output has generally declined.

Industry: the energy consumption of heating in high latitudes decreases, while the energy consumption of refrigeration in low latitudes increases, which affects the energy industry; The industrial pressure of producing greenhouse gases is great, and the cultivation technology of water saving, energy saving, cold resistance and heat resistance has a broad market.

Human health: the threat to human health will increase, and the incidence and spread of diseases will increase.

Sea level and coastal zone: leading to sea level rise; Some coastal areas were flooded; The rise of groundwater level and soil salinization affect agriculture; Damage to port equipment and buildings affects shipping; Affect aquaculture and so on.

Ecosystem: the marine ecosystem has been greatly affected, and some fishing grounds have disappeared or expanded; Land desertification in arid and semi-arid areas.

★ Curriculum standard: Take some natural resources (water, land, minerals) as an example to explain the significance of the quantity and quality of natural resources to human survival and development under different productivity conditions.

Concept of natural resources: human beings directly obtain the materials and energy needed for production and life from nature.

Including mineral resources, land resources, climate resources, water resources and biological resources.

Classification: renewable resources and non-renewable resources

Water resources: water resources that are easy to be developed and utilized by human beings, mainly river water, lake water and shallow groundwater.

Distribution of water resources: there are obvious regional differences in the distribution of water resources in the world, and the fundamental reason is the uneven spatial distribution of precipitation.

Features: Uneven distribution in time and space.

Temporal distribution characteristics: precipitation and runoff have obvious seasonal and interannual changes.

-Significant differences in spatial distribution.

Relationship with human beings: The environmental value of water resources is to adjust and improve the local climate and environment.

★ Curriculum standard: Take a natural disaster (such as cold wave, sandstorm, earthquake, etc.). ) as an example, briefly describe its main causes and hazards.

1.

The frequent cold wave season is in winter half a year; The main weather features are strong wind, cooling, rain and snow, and freezing injury.

The harm of cold wave The cold wave is the most harmful to crops in spring and autumn.

2. Causes of cold wave

3. Cold wave season: winter and spring

4. The harm of cold wave and preventive measures:

(1) Harm brought by cold wave

Strong wind: causing capsizing accident at sea;

Heavy snow and freezing: traffic jams, telecommunications and power outages;

Rapid cooling: causing frost, freezing and other freezing injuries, endangering crops; Especially in spring and autumn.

(2) Cold wave has great influence.

(3) the benefits of cold wave

(1) contributes to the heat exchange on the earth's surface;

② It can bring rain and snow, which is the guarantee of good weather;

③ Low temperature is a "natural insecticide";

(4) bringing wind resources;

(4) Cold wave defense: release accurate information and give an alarm; Prepare for cold and wind, and reduce losses.