Brazil introduction

Brazil is the largest country in Latin America, with the fifth population and the fifth area in the world. Located between Central and South America and the Atlantic Ocean, Brazil has a vast territory, second only to Russia, Canada, the United States and China, and borders Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. Brazil has vast farmland and large rainforests. The name of this country comes from Brazilian mahogany. Thanks to its abundant natural resources and abundant labor force, Brazil ranks first in South America, seventh in the world, first in the southern hemisphere, and among the top members of the Union of South American Nations. As a colony of Portugal in history, the official language of Brazil is Portuguese. Football is the mainstream of Brazilian cultural life.

human population

1.9 1 100 million. 53.74% are white, 38.45% are mulatto, 6.2 1% are black, and 1.6% are yellow and Indian. The official language is Portuguese. 73.6% of the residents believe in Catholicism. (20 10) Portuguese: Repúblika Federativa do Brasil National motto: Ordem e Progresso (Portuguese, order and progress) The national flower is Eriocheir pubescens.

national flag

It is a green rectangle with a yellow diamond in the middle and a dark blue round celestial sphere in the middle. On the round white ribbon, the book reads "Order and Progress" in Portuguese. There are white five-pointed stars on the circle, symbolizing the 26 administrative regions in China. The positions of those stars are respectively18: 50 on October the day when the new government was established18891kloc-0/5438, and the positions of the stars are in Rio de Janeiro (the capital of Brazil was originally Rio de Janeiro, but later moved to Brasilia). Green and yellow are the national colors of Brazil. Green symbolizes forest, and yellow symbolizes mineral deposits and resources.

national emblem

A big five-pointed star stands out in the middle of the pattern, symbolizing the independence and unity of the country. There are five small five-pointed stars on the blue circle in the big five-pointed star, representing the Southern Cross. There are 27 small five-pointed stars on the ring, representing Brazilian states and the Federal District. The five-pointed star is surrounded by a garland woven with coffee leaves and tobacco leaves, and a sword stands behind it, with the hilt at the lower end of the five-pointed star. The ribbon reads "Federative Republic of Brazil" and "1889165438+10/0/5" in Portuguese (the founding day of the Republic).

national anthem

Hino Nacional Brasileilo's first national anthem after Brazil's independence was composed by Pedro, the national emblem of Brazil with great musical talent.

The world created it itself. 1On September 7th, 822, Brazil declared its independence. He wrote the song "Motherland, Emperor and People" and sang it in person at the patriotic rally in Sao Paulo that night with a chorus. This song became the first national anthem of Brazil. After Pedro I abdicated, Francisco da silva, the founder of the Brazilian National Conservatory of Music and a famous musician, wrote a song that later became the national anthem of Brazil. 1909, rewritten by the famous poet Orisso Duque Estrada, was examined by the expert committee, and 1922 was designated as the national anthem of Brazil. Memories of the national anthem "Listen to the Voice of Piranga"1On September 7, 822, Pedro I issued "Give me independence or give me death!" The scene of the call praised the independence of the motherland and was full of Brazilian people's love for the motherland.

Important festival

Holiday with fixed date 65438+1 October1New Year's Day 65438+1October 6, I had an epiphany.

April 2 1 Independence Day May 1 Labor Day September 7 National Day (Independence Day, 1 822)10/2 Mother's Day10/2 Children's Day10. People's Republic of China (PRC)'s founding date165438+1October 20th, God's birthday 65438+February 25th, Easter with uncertain Christmas date: the first Sunday after the full moon at the vernal equinox (March 2nd1Sunday), Good Friday: two days before Easter, which must be Friday, Brazil. Carnival is actually a day, but for the carnival atmosphere, the actual holiday lasts for a week.

Edit this geographical section

physical geography

The largest country in South America is also a country with rapid economic development. It is the epitome of the melting pot of nations in the world. Brazil was a Portuguese colony for 300 years in history. /kloc-In the 6th century, when the colonists landed in Brazil, they found a rare tree from which a rare red dye in Europe could be extracted. Therefore, this tree is called "Sequoia" and has evolved into a national name. Brazil covers an area of 8,547,403 square kilometers, accounting for 46% of the total area of South America. It is the fifth largest country in the world, next only to Russia, Canada, China and the United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates: south latitude15 45', west longitude 47 57'. The time zone is UTC/GMT -3 hours (West Zone 3), and the time difference with Beijing is later than China Beijing time 1 1 hour. It faces the Atlantic Ocean in the east and the Pacific Ocean in the west. Brazil's terrain is mainly divided into two parts, one is the Brazilian plateau above 500 meters above sea level, distributed in southern Brazil, and the other is the plain below 200 meters above sea level, mainly distributed in the Amazon River basin in the north and west. The whole territory is divided into Amazon Plain, Paraguay Basin, Brazil Plateau and Guyana Plateau, of which Amazon Plain accounts for about 1/3 of the national area. There are three river systems: Amazon River, parana river River and San Francisco River. The total length of the Amazon River is 67,565,438+0 km, which traverses the northwest of Brazil and covers an area of 3.9 million square kilometers in the Brazilian basin. The parana river system includes the parana river and Paraguay rivers, which flow through the southwest, with many rapids and waterfalls, and are rich in hydraulic resources; The San Francisco water system, with a total length of 2,900 kilometers, flows through the arid northeast and is the main irrigation water source in this area. The coastline is more than 7,400 kilometers long, and the width of the territorial sea is 12 nautical miles, leading to the overseas exclusive economic zone 188 nautical miles. Among them, Amazon Plain is the largest plain in the world, Amazon River is the largest river in the world, and Brazil Plateau is the largest plateau in the world. Sao Paulo is the largest city in the southern hemisphere. Most areas have a tropical climate, while some areas in the south have a subtropical climate. The average annual temperature in the Amazon plain is 25 ~ 28 degrees, and the average annual temperature in the southern region is 16 ~ 19 degrees.

resources geography

The proven iron ore reserves are 33.3 billion tons, accounting for 9.8% of the world's total reserves, ranking fifth in the world; The output is 355 million tons, ranking second in the world; Exports are also among the highest in the world. Pakistan is rich in 29 kinds of minerals, with nickel accounting for 98% of the world's total reserves, and metals such as manganese, bauxite, lead and tin accounting for more than 10% of the world's total reserves. The proven reserves of niobium ore are 4.559 million tons, which can be used worldwide for 800 years according to the current consumption. In addition, there are abundant chrome, gold and asbestos mines. The proven reserves of coal mine are1010 million tons, but the grade is very low. Since 2007, Brazil has discovered large oil and gas fields in the southeast coast. It is estimated that the oil reserves will exceed 50 billion barrels, which is expected to rank among the top ten oil producers in the world. The forest coverage rate is 57%. The timber reserves are 65.8 billion cubic meters. Rich in water resources, accounting for 18% of the world's fresh water, the per capita fresh water possession is 29,000 cubic meters, and the water conservancy reserves reach 65,438+43 million kilowatts per year.

human geography

The Atlantic coast is densely populated and the inland areas are scarce. (referring to "the land is narrow and the people are dense") the Kabaras in southern Brazil.

Brazil's national population186957906 (June 2, 2008) ranks fifth in the world. The southeastern region is the most populous region in Brazil. According to the data of the Brazilian Bureau of Geography and Statistics in 2004, the population of this area is about 78 million, which is equivalent to 42% of the total population of Brazil. The region has three states with the largest population in Brazil (Sao Paulo, population 70 million, Minas Gerais,190,000, Rio de Janeiro,150,000) and two largest cities (Rio and Sao Paulo). At the junction of Sao Paulo and Rio, a business district with Sao Paulo and Rio as its pillars has been formed, which has gathered about 23% of Brazil's population and become the most densely populated area in the country. There are great ethnic and cultural differences between various ethnic groups and immigrants in Brazil. Most residents in the south are of European descent, which can be traced back to immigrants from Italy, Germany, Poland, Spain, Ukraine and Portugal at the beginning of the19th century. Some residents in the north and northeast are locals and some are of European or African descent. The southeast region is the most widely distributed region of Brazilian nationalities. There are mainly white (mainly Portuguese and Italian descendants) hybrids, African-Brazilian hybrids, Asians and Indians in this area. Throughout Brazil, Brazilians, Portuguese and Africans are often mixed together. /kloc-in the 0 th and 9 th centuries, Asian and European immigrants began to be stimulated. Germans began to come here in 18 18, Italians in 1875, Spaniards in 1880, and Japanese, Syrians and Lebanese began to come here one after another in the early 20th century. 19 At the end of the 20th century, the biggest migration wave in Brazil occurred in the southeast, and Italians and Portuguese became the main components of this migration, because the slave liberation movement began at that time, and plantations and emerging Brazilian industries needed a lot of labor. There have been several major waves of migration in the history of Brazil. From 1884 to 1962, more than 4.97 million immigrants moved to Brazil, mainly from Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany, France, Poland and Arab countries. Most yellow people come from Japan, South Korea and China. There are 6.5438+0.3 million Japanese and 250,000 China people in Brazil, mainly in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Due to historical reasons, the ethnic composition of the Brazilian population is very complicated. The Atlantic coast is densely populated and the inland areas are scarce. There are significant racial and cultural differences. Among them, whites account for 69.4%, mixed-race population accounts for 22.3%, Africans account for 7.4%, Asians account for 0.5%, and Indians account for less than 1%. The mixed-race population and black population are growing rapidly. In Brazil, people of different races and colors live together, forming a colorful picture. Indians are the earliest inhabitants of Brazil. Since16th century, immigrants from European countries such as Portugal, Spain, Italy and Germany have entered Brazil. With the rise of plantations and mining in Brazil, starting from 1532, Portugal began to traffic slaves from Africa to Brazil. /kloc-After the 9th century, some China and Japanese immigrated to Brazil. Therefore, some people in Brazil are called melting pots.

historical geography

Indians lived in ancient Brazil. On April 22nd, 1500, Portuguese navigator pedro cabral arrived in Brazil. He named the land "Holy Cross" and declared that it belonged to Portugal. Since the plunder of Portuguese colonists began with the felling of Brazilian redwoods, the word "Brasil" gradually replaced "Holy Cross" and became the name of Brazil, which is still in use today, and its Chinese transliteration is "Brazil". In 1930s, a Portuguese expedition established a colony in Pakistan, and 1549 appointed a governor. After that, the whole colony was integrated along the Atlantic coast under Portuguese rule. 1555, France invaded and occupied the place equivalent to Rio de Janeiro today, with the intention of establishing a French colony in South America. However, because the French could not attract European colonists, they were finally expelled from Rio by the Portuguese in 1565. Two years later, the Portuguese established the city of Rio. It was not until 1630 that the Portuguese sovereignty in the Brazilian colony was challenged again. 1807 Napoleon invaded Portugal and the Portuguese royal family moved to Brazil. 1820, the Portuguese royal family moved back to Lisbon, and Prince Pedro Liuba served as Regent. 1822 On September 7th, it declared its complete independence from Portugal and established the Brazilian Empire. Then he was crowned emperor, known as Pedro I 1824 Brazil promulgated the Constitution. 1825, Portugal recognized the independence of Brazil. During the imperial period (1822 ~ 1889), after the establishment of the Brazilian empire, the system of the Bragansa dynasty and the aristocratic forces of Portugal remained intact, the manor system and slavery still existed, and Brazil relied on Britain economically and politically. Pedro I implemented autocratic rule, forcibly dissolved parliament in 1823, and then suppressed the * * * and factional uprisings in Pernambuco and other northeastern provinces by force. 1889165438+1October 15 General Fonseca staged a coup to overthrow the monarchy and establish the United States of Brazil. 1964 Pakistan military coup came to power, 1967 was renamed Brazil Federation. 1in March, 985, the military government returned to the people. 1989165438+1October15th, Pakistan held its first national direct election in nearly 30 years, and Fernando Collor was elected president. 199212 On February 29th, President Collor was forced to announce his resignation on suspicion of taking bribes, and Vice President itamar franco took over as president that day. 1994 1 On October 3rd, fernando henrique cardoso won the national election, 1995, 1995,1became the 38th president of Brazil. 1998101October 4th, Cardoso was re-elected. 1 999,65438+1October,1,and Kaka became the 39th president of Pakistan. His term of office ended in 65438+February 2002, 3 1.

Administrative geography

* * * It is divided into 26 states and 1 Federal District (Brasilia Federal District), and there are 5,562 cities under the jurisdiction of each state. The state names are as follows: Acre, Alagoas, Amazon, Amapá, Bahia, Ceara, San Espiritu, goias, maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraiba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Pio, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Rond? nia and Romania. New Discoveries in History Today, Brazilian scientists discovered the remains of an unknown civilization in the Amazon Plain based on satellite images. According to analysis, these relics are rectangular or round, which may be a country made of gold in ancient legends. Most of these relics are located on the border between Brazil and Bolivia.

Major city

Capital: Brasilia is located in the central part of the Brazilian Plateau. The climate is divided into dry season and rainy season, with September to April as the rainy season and May to August as the dry season. The wet and dry seasons are obvious, and the temperature difference between morning and evening is also large. The annual average temperature is 19 degrees. The population is 265,438+10,000. Brasilia was built on the plateau at an altitude of 1000 meters in Goias, Brazil in the late 1950s, and it is one of the highest capitals in the world. 1960, the capital officially moved here from the old capital Rio de Janeiro. In order to develop the vast northern region and make the inland and coastal areas develop in a balanced way, Brazil moved its capital from Rio de Janeiro on the Atlantic coast to Brasilia in the middle of the Brazilian plateau in 1956. Considering the high terrain and cool and pleasant climate, the builders designed a modern city with unique architecture and beautiful environment. The designer also cleverly dammed two streams flowing through Brasilia to form an artificial lake with an area of 46 square kilometers to adjust the air humidity in the city. Brasilia, a green garden city, miraculously appeared on the originally desolate red soil plateau in about three years. Brasilia is the shortest city in South America. 1987 12 17, UNESCO approved the city as a "world cultural heritage". The city was built according to the "Aircraft Master Plan" of the famous Brazilian architect Lucio Cospe.

Edit this piece of politics

Government system

Lula's government pays attention to downplaying ideology, balancing the interests of political parties and expanding the ruling foundation; We will implement an economic policy that gives consideration to development, stability and social equity, promote many reforms such as finance, taxation and social welfare, increase social input, and commit ourselves to solving problems such as poverty and employment. Brazil has consolidated its democratic system, sustained economic growth, narrowed the gap between the rich and the poor, enhanced its comprehensive national strength and significantly improved its international status.

constitution

The first imperial constitution was produced in 1882. 1988 10 the eighth constitution in Brazilian history was promulgated, which stipulated that the president was directly elected for a term of five years, and the power of the president to directly issue decrees was abolished. In terms of civil rights, the Constitution guarantees personal freedom, abolishes the system of punishment and censorship, and stipulates that strikes are legal, and citizens above 16 have the right to vote. 1994 and 1997, the parliament passed constitutional amendments to shorten the term of office of the president to four years, and the president, state and mayor can be re-elected.

parliament

It is called Congress and consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate consists of chiefs of indigenous descent, descendants of indigenous white aristocrats or Portuguese aristocrats, as well as meritorious generals, retired government officials and important local leaders. The House of Representatives consists of the big bourgeoisie, the middle class and the petty bourgeoisie. Brazil's Congress originated from the period of the Brazilian Empire, and has hardly changed since 100.

political party

As of June 2009, there are 27 legal political parties registered in the Brazilian High Electoral Court, mainly: (1) partido dos trabalhadores-PT: the main ruling party. Founded in 1979, it is mainly composed of urban and rural workers, trade union leaders and intellectuals. It is the largest left-wing party in Brazil, with more than 800,000 people in party member. Politically, the party advocates reform and protects the rights and interests of workers; Economically, it advocates the fair distribution of social wealth; Foreign countries advocate mutual respect, strengthen international cooperation and safeguard world peace. Chairman Rui falk? O). (2) Brazilian Democratic Party -PMDB: member of the ruling coalition. 1980 1 holds. Its predecessor was the Brazilian Democratic Movement founded in 1965, and it was the only legitimate opposition party for a long time during the military government. Internally, it advocates land reform and protection of national industries, and comprehensively restores the democratic system. It advocates an independent foreign policy and respects the right to self-determination of all countries. Chairman Valdir. (3) Brazilian Labor Party: member of the ruling coalition. Established on 1945. 1964 was forced to stop its activities after the military coup. Reorganized on 1979. President Roberto Jefferson.

government

The current federal government was established in 20111,with 24 ministries. The current cabinet members are as follows: Defense Minister Nelson Jobin and Foreign Minister Antonio Patriot. Nio Patriota), Minister of Finance guido mantega, Minister of Development, Industry and Trade Fernando Pimentel, Minister of Planning, Budget and Management Miriam Belchior, Minister of Health Alexandre Padilha, Minister of Education Fernando Adade, Minister of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Supply Wagner Rossi, Minister of Culture Ana da Hollanda, Minister of Science and Technology Aloizio Mercadante, Minister of Sports orlando silva, Minister of Tourism Pedro Novais and Minister of Mines and Energy Edison. o).[ 1]

Political heavyweight

Dilma rousseff was born in1June, 947+1February, 4. Graduated from the Economics Department of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In the 1960s, he joined the left-wing armed groups and opposed the dictatorship of the Brazilian military government. 1970 was sentenced to prison and released three years later. From 65438 to 0980, he joined the Parliament of rio grande do sul. Since 1985, he has served as the financial director of Porto Alegre, the capital of the state, the chairman of the state economic and statistical foundation, and the director of the state mining and energy transportation. 200 1 Join the Labour Party. In 2002, she became the Minister of Mines and Energy, and in 2005, she became the director of the Civil Affairs Office of the Presidential Office, becoming the first female cabinet chief minister in Brazil. 20 10 10 3 1 was elected president with 56.0 1% of the votes in the second round of the presidential election. 201111010 took office, with a term of four years. In 2004, he visited China twice as Minister of Energy and Mining. Michel temer, born on September 23rd, 1940. Doctor of Law, Catholic University of S? o Paulo. Lawyer, professor. Democratic Movement Party. 1983, has served as prosecutor, procurator-general and public security director of the state government of S? o Paulo. From 65438 to 0987, he was re-elected as a federal representative for 20 1 1 year. He served as chairman and member of several standing committees of the House of Representatives. 1997-2000 as Speaker of the House of Representatives. In February 2009, he became the Speaker of the House of Representatives for the third time, and his term of office was until February 20 1 1. 20 10 10 as the partner of labor party presidential candidate rousseff, she won the general election and was elected vice president. She will take office on 20 1 1 1 for four years.

Editing this part of the economy

gross capacity

Brazilian currency-real

Brazil's economic strength ranks first in Latin America. In July 1994, 1, the original currency name was abolished (1 USD to 2750 Cruseroreal), and the new currency name was named Real (1 USD to 1 Real). On April 5, 2009, the exchange rate was 1 US dollar to R $2.2095. In 2009, the GDP was $65.438+$57.4 million, and the per capita GDP in 2009 reached $8,220.

industry

Ranked first in Latin America. In the 1970s, a relatively complete industrial system was established. The main industrial sectors were steel, automobile, shipbuilding, petroleum, cement, chemical industry, metallurgy, electric power, textile and construction. Nuclear power, communications, electronics, aircraft manufacturing and military industry have entered the ranks of advanced countries in the world.

agriculture

The output and export of coffee, sucrose, citrus and cocoa all rank first in the world, followed by soybeans and corn. Grain is basically self-sufficient, but a small part of wheat needs to be imported. Animal husbandry is developed.

Transportation industry

Brazil's road transportation accounts for 70% of the total national transportation, with railways accounting for 17% and waterways less than 10%. The total length of highway is 6.5438+0.5 million kilometers, and the total length of railway is 30,300 kilometers. The main ports are Victoria, Sandars and Rio de Janeiro. There are three airlines in China. The main trade targets are the United States, Europe, Japan, the Middle East and Latin American neighbors. It mainly imports petroleum, chemical raw materials, optical instruments and wheat. Export steel, transportation equipment, iron ore, pulp, leather shoes, coffee, sugar, soybeans, orange juice, etc. Brazil is famous for its high quality and rich taste of coffee. It is the largest coffee producer and exporter in the world and is known as the "coffee kingdom".

This is just a little. Baidu encyclopedia check it.