Where is Kanto?

Today, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and eastern Inner Mongolia (Mengdong originated in the northeast) are all located in the northeast of the motherland. Since ancient times, it is generally called "Northeast", and later it is commonly called "Kanto", which is still popular among the people today. Historically, Northeast China has different administrative divisions and names, but after thousands of years of development, it has formed a unique regional culture and eventually became an inseparable part of Chinese national culture.

History is the most reliable witness. Let's talk about the source of history first.

Northeast China, as a region, has been recorded in ancient books since its own writing. Northeast China was first recorded in ancient books, and ancient China was divided into "Kyushu" through the introduction of Shangshu Gong Yu, among which "Jizhou" has covered the western part of Liaoning; "Qingzhou" put southern Liaoning, mainly Liaodong Peninsula, under the jurisdiction of the state. According to legend, "Kyushu" was set up after Yu's flood control, and Shun analyzed "Kyushu" as "Twelve States", among which "Northeast" of Jizhou is Youzhou, that is, the area west of Beizhen, Liaoning, which is called western Liaoning for short; Qingzhou "Northeast" is divided into Yingzhou, that is, the area east of Beizhen today is called Liaodong. The boundary between western Liaoning and Liaodong is generally defined by the present Liaohe River. Besides Yu Gong, there are similar records in Erya Dish, Zhou Li Paper Workshop, and Lv's Spring and Autumn Tour. In fact, the so-called "Kyushu" and "Twelve States" are just the idealization of ancient times by intellectuals during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period or later, reflecting people's geographical concepts at that time. Because the three generations of Yao, Shun and Yu did not have the conditions to form a country, there was naturally no administrative division and setting of "Zhou". Nevertheless, at least in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, in people's geographical concept, Liaoning Province has been summarized within the jurisdiction of Jizhou, Qingzhou, Youzhou and Yingzhou respectively. The establishment of these four States does not include the land in Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, but only refers to the land in Liaoning Province in the "Northeast" direction.

Before the Spring and Autumn Period, Kao's history had not been established in Northeast China, and the political affiliation between its land and residents and the Central Plains Dynasty was only confirmed by the tribute of frontier nationalities. According to Records of the Five Emperors in Historical Records, as early as Shun, the northern tributary nationalities were Shanrong, Beifa and Hehe. Caution is caution. In the Yao and Shun era, they lived between the white mountains and the black waters. Therefore, Zhou inherited Yao Shun's legacy and said, "Yan and Hao, I am from the north." In the Zhou Dynasty, Su Shen continued to pay tribute. Confucius once saw his tribute "The Scholar" with his own eyes, and made an evaluation of Chen Huigong. There are also records about lodging gods in Shan Hai Jing Huang Da Bei Jing. Beyond the northeast sea of China, in the wilderness, there are the Mountain without Salt and the State of Su Shen. "Not salty is today's Changbai Mountain, and it has been confirmed that the man of God lived in Changbai Mountain.

The above evidence has gone beyond the geographical concept of Jizhou and other four States and extended to Baishan Heishui, which is equivalent to Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces today. At this time, because there is no clear administrative division, the local area is still called in the direction of "Northeast", and at the same time, the nationality is used as the name of the area.

Northeast China officially had the name of this area, which was associated with the county established by Yan State in the Warring States Period. Yan is located in the north, and is often invaded by its strong enemy Donghu. When Zhao was king, the Great Wall was built, and almost the whole of Liaoning Province was included in the Great Wall, and a county was set up to govern its land. According to the biography of Xiongnu, it is very clear: from Yangyang to Xiangping, set up ancient, Yuyang, Youbeiping, western Liaoning and Liaodong counties to avoid Hu. Two counties in western Liaoning, Liaodong and a part of Youbeiping County are all in today's Liaoning Province. Xiangping, now Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province, was then the capital of Liaodong County. This is the first time that a county has been established in Liaoning history, and it is also the first time that a county has been established in Northeast China. From then on, Liao became the contemporary name of Liaoning area, which remained unchanged from generation to generation. Sometimes, Liaoning is generally called the Northeast, but its real meaning is still limited to Liaoning.

The State of Qin ended the long-term disputes in the Warring States and achieved great unification for the first time. In order to defend the Huns, the Yanzhao Great Wall was integrated, and the sections of the Great Wall were connected into a whole. For example, Biography of Historical Records of Meng Tian said: "Because of the dangerous terrain, traffic jams started in Lintao and reached Liaodong, stretching for more than 10,000 miles." The Liaodong section of the Great Wall basically follows the trend of Yan Great Wall, while most of Liaoning is still included in the wall of the Great Wall. Liaodong, Liaoxi and Youbeiping are the inheritance and further improvement of Yan system.

During the Han Dynasty, the Yan-Qin system was inherited. Before the Han Dynasty, in addition to Liaoxi, Liaodong and Youbeiping counties, Canghai County, Xuantu County, Le Lang County, Lintao County and Fan Zhen County were added. These counties were established during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (BC 140-87), among which Canghai County was abolished only two years later. By the fifth year of Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty (BC 82), Fan Zhen and Lintao counties were merged into Xuantu County and Lelang County respectively. These counties put the Songhua River Basin and Tumen River Basin, which are equivalent to Jilin Province, and the areas near Heilongjiang Province under their jurisdiction. In particular, they divided North Korea into four counties under the unified jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty. This shows that the administrative jurisdiction of the Han dynasty to the northeast was further expanded. Since then, successive dynasties have continuously expanded their jurisdiction and set up more and more county and state roads. With the consolidation and improvement of the county system, it naturally promoted the final formation of the northeast region.

As far as geographical names are concerned, from the Qin and Han Dynasties to the middle of the Ming Dynasty, there is no general name that can cover today's three provinces and regions, but the names of Liaodong and Liaoxi County have been in use for a long time, with Liao generally referring to Liaoning today. The aforementioned "Northeast" only means orientation. After Qin and Han Dynasties, the three provinces gradually set up counties. However, the Han nationality and ethnic minorities are different, and the administrative divisions are different. In other words, there is no unification, so it is difficult to cover the whole area with one name. As a region, it is bound to form a universal recognition in politics, economy, culture and life customs, which is a long historical process, and the name is only a definition of historical development. We can see that it was generally called "Northeast" in ancient times, and then evolved into Liaodong and Liaoxi, which are actually two parts of a region. Therefore, later generations collectively referred to Liaoning Province as "Liaoning" together with things. This is inextricably linked with the administrative division system, that is to say, without administrative division, an area with identity cannot be formed.

Today, the establishment of Yan County in Liaoning Province is undoubtedly of pioneering significance to the formation of Northeast China. Qin and Han dynasties expanded on this basis. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the administrative divisions of Northeast China basically followed the setting of Qin and Han Dynasties and implemented the county system. These counties (states) are located in today's Liaoning Province and parts of North Korea, but not as good as Jilin Province and Heilongjiang Province. For Dongyi, Xianbei and Wuhuan nationalities living in Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces today and in eastern Inner Mongolia today, there are other jurisdictions such as Dongyi Duwei, Hu Xianbei Duwei and Hu Wuhuan Duwei. These ethnic groups maintained a tributary relationship with the Central Plains Dynasty and maintained a stable situation.

From Sui and Tang Dynasties to Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, it was more than 700 years, which was the formation and development period of Northeast China. The outstanding performance is that the Central Plains Dynasty developed the administrative divisions of Northeast China from south to north, namely Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, and improved the administrative divisions of the whole region, thus establishing the rule of the Central Plains Dynasty over the whole region, especially the Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties established by ethnic minorities, which is of special significance to the development of the whole region.

Sui Dynasty existed for more than 30 years, and its contribution to Northeast China was not obvious. Only Beiping County and Liaoxi County are established, and the jurisdiction covers the northeast of Hebei Province to the west of Liaoning Province. Because Koguryo was in a state of war, Sui had limited administrative jurisdiction over Northeast China, and Koguryo did not perish, but died short-lived. After the Tang Dynasty, the national strength grew rapidly, Koguryo was finally destroyed, and the administrative system was promoted to the Heilongjiang River Basin, which opened a new era of regional development.

Koguryo was destroyed in the first year of Tongzhang in Tang Gaozong (668). In that year1February, the Tang Dynasty made Anton its capital, and restored the central government's administrative jurisdiction over Liaodong's hometown. Not only that, the Korean territory located on the Korean Peninsula, north of the Han River and east of the Sea of Japan was also included in the Chinese territory and placed under the jurisdiction of Andohov. However, this situation did not last long. As the government moved inward, the jurisdiction gradually narrowed. In the third year of Shangyuan (676), the government moved from Pyongyang to the old town of Liaoyang, then to the new town (now Gaoer Mountain City, Fushun, Liaoning), then to Youzhou, Pingzhou and Yan Jun, and finally to the old town of western Liaoning, that is, Liaoxi County in Sui Dynasty, near Wangmintun, east of Daling River in Yixian, Liaoning. One of the most important consequences of Anton's many internal moves to the government is that he gave up China's territory in northern Korea today, restored the jurisdiction of Liaodong County during the Han and Wei Dynasties, and followed the jurisdiction of this area in previous dynasties before the Tang Dynasty.

In today's western Liaoning, the Xilamulun River and Laoha River basins in the upper reaches of Liaohe River are places where Qidan people live in compact communities. In the Tang Dynasty, there were Yingzhou, Songmu and 17 Qidan. Strictly speaking, the establishment of the administrative organization of the Khitan settlement began in the Tang Dynasty, which shows that the Khitan nationality, as a minority, has entered the ranks of the Chinese nation, and is also closely linked with the development of the Northeast.

In the Laoha Valley where Xi people live, there is a governor's office in Laole. Yanzhou Town and Juyan Town are located in the vast area north of Xilamulun River and south of Daxing 'anling Mountains, belonging to Wuzhumuqin Banner in Inner Mongolia. However, the administrative institutions set up in the Shiwei tribal residential area have penetrated into the abdomen of Heilongjiang Province today. According to research, the main residential area of Shiwei tribe is in Nenjiang River Basin. About the middle and late Tang Dynasty, guards were set up in this area. What is particularly remarkable is that from the early to the middle of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Tang Dynasty set up jurisdiction institutions in the people's concentrated areas of the Heilongjiang River Basin. For example, the famous Heishui Dudufu is located in the area where Heishui is located in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang; Huhan Prefecture is located in the coastal area in the southeast of Russia today. When the Bohai Kingdom was founded, its king was appointed as the king of Bohai County by the Tang Dynasty and became the local government of Northeast China under the jurisdiction of the Tang Dynasty. With the continuous expansion of the territory, * * * has five capitals, fifteen prefectures and sixty-two states, which belong to the former Heishui viceroy until Liaodong area is merged into its subordinates.

During the reign of the Tang Dynasty, especially after the fall of Koguryo, on the basis of the existing organizational system, a comprehensive political organizational system was carried out in three northeastern provinces, including parts of Inner Mongolia in the west of Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, which was systematic and complete, far exceeding the scale and level of the organizational system before the Tang Dynasty. Although it was annexed under the rule of Bohai State, it was still an inseparable part of China in the Tang Dynasty. The large-scale political system established in Northeast China in Tang Dynasty effectively promoted the synchronous development of economy, politics and culture in this area. Today and tomorrow, this fashion has not yet formed a unified name, that is to say, there is no regional name that can cover the three provinces.

In this case, when Liao unified the north, people's geographical concept changed, that is, the three provinces were regarded as a large piece. This was fully reflected in the military and political establishment of the Liao Dynasty. According to Liao Shi Bing, it is divided into "Northeast Road Recruitment Division, Northeast Road Army Division and Northeast Road Women's Army Division", and each system has jurisdiction over various ethnic affairs. His "Official History" has the saying that "the division of Changchun Road controls the countries in Northeast China". Obviously, in the Liao Dynasty, the geographical location-Northeast China was cited as the organization name and was widely used. The Jin dynasty inherited the idioms of the Liao dynasty and still set up official positions and institutions with the "Northeast Road". In fact, the Liao and Jin Dynasties regarded Northeast China as an independent administrative region, so its military and political institutions were named after Northeast China. Compared with the Tang Dynasty with complete organizational system and different names, it is indeed an improvement. This shows that Liao and Jin people have regarded Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces in the same geographical position as a whole, and for the first time, they took "Northeast" as the organizational name. This is not only a name change, but also a leap in people's geographical concept.

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The Yuan Dynasty not only confirmed the concept of northeast region of Liao and Jin people, but also further consolidated this concept. For example, "Dayuan Unified Record" said: "Kaiyuan Road has white mountains in the south, the sea of whale river in the north, Mitsui's old country, the old city of five countries, and it is also a metropolis in Northeast China. The "Northeast" mentioned here comes from a large area of Northeast China today. Therefore, the concept of "Northeast" refers to both orientation and region.

In the name of "orientation", the original names of dishes that distinguish positions are all set, which is more accurate for the setting of officials and administration. "The significance of geography, first of all, is to determine the location, which has already become the common sense of people's lives. It is said that "Northeast China" is one of the eight directions for offering sacrifices to gossip. Zhou Li, who was quoted earlier, referred to Beizhen and Yiwulu Mountain in the eastern part of Liaoning Province as "Northeast" at that time. Later, with the expansion and development of the territory, the coverage of "Northeast" became wider and wider, and finally Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces were all summarized in the scope of "Northeast". However, with the succession and continuous improvement of the official system of various dynasties before the Yuan Dynasty, people's understanding of this area has been greatly enriched. Since Liao Dynasty, the original name of geographical orientation is generally called regional name.

Since the Ming Dynasty, northeast China has a new name, called "Kanto". This word means the place east of Shanhaiguan, standing at the junction of Hebei and Liaoning, including Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, commonly known as Kanto. It is also separated by Shanhaiguan, so it is another name for the inside (inside) and outside the customs. The formation of the concept of Guandong has experienced thousands of years of historical evolution, which is closely related to the Great Wall, especially the slender Shanhaiguan.

In order to find out the origin of the name Guandong, we must first review the history of the Great Wall itself.

As early as the Warring States period, the Yan State in the north built the Great Wall to resist the invasion of Donghu people. At that time, the Great Wall of Zhao Xiujian was also for its own safety. But directly related to the northeast is the Yan Great Wall. According to archaeologists' determination, this section of the Great Wall built by Yan started from today's Zhangjiakou, headed northeast, passed through Duolun, Inner Mongolia and Weichang County, Hebei Province, entered today's Liaoning Province, passed through Jianping, Beipiao, Fuxin, Zhangwu, Faku and Kaiyuan, crossed the Liaohe River, then turned southeast, passed through Xinbin and Kuandian, and reached the Yalu River eastward. As soon as Qin Shihuang unified the world, he combined the achievements of Yan, Zhao and other countries to connect the sections of the Great Wall into thousands of miles. For example, "Biography of Historical Records and Meng Tian" said, "Because of the terrain, the traffic jam stopped and the lights were brightly lit, reaching Liaodong for thousands of miles." Among them, Liaodong Great Wall basically followed the trend of Yan Great Wall. Qin Shihuang's subjective intention to build the Great Wall, like Yan and Zhao, was to resist the constant invasion of Xiongnu, the northern enemy. Liaodong is within the Great Wall, both inside and outside.

Since the Han Dynasty, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Northern Song Dynasty, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties all belong to it, except Tang, Yuan and the Great Wall, and there is no need to build it. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the north, mainly the northeast, was occupied by Liao and Jin, and the Great Wall was unconditionally built. The other generations continued to build the Great Wall as a guarantee, but on the basis of Qin Changcheng, the overall pattern remained unchanged. It is worth noting that during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, in the third year of Tianbao in the Northern Qi Dynasty (552), the Great Wall was built from Qin Shu, the general manager of Xihe (northwest of Datong), to the Bohai Sea in the east, which is now the location of Shanhaiguan. This is a new section of the Great Wall route, which laid the foundation for building Shanhaiguan here in the future. It should be pointed out that this section of the Great Wall built in the Northern Qi Dynasty separated Liaodong's hometown from the mainland for the first time, and became a place "beyond the Great Wall", which was in the same position as Heilongjiang Province, the farther territory of Jilin.

Building the Great Wall and Shanhaiguan in the Ming Dynasty had a far-reaching historical impact on the development of Northeast China, especially giving it a new name.

After the Ming dynasty unified the whole country, it met two great enemies, which posed a serious threat to it: one was Mongolia in the north, that is, the remnants of the Yuan dynasty and their descendants. Yuan was expelled from Beijing and moved north from the Great Wall, and he is still scattered in a vast area north of the Great Wall. He is still in a state of confrontation with the Ming Dynasty. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the two sides were always fighting and alternating, which was the main reason why northern Xinjiang could not be stable for a long time. Secondly, Jurchen was scattered in the northeast, which was fairly stable in the early Ming Dynasty. The ruling clique of the Ming Dynasty regarded Mongolia as its main enemy and implemented the national policy of "controlling foreigners with foreigners", that is, using jurchen to deal with Mongolians. However, in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, after more than 200 years of silence after Kim's death, Jurchen rose again, constantly rebelling and harassing, which triggered a series of disputes until wars of different scales. In the late Ming Dynasty, Jurchen became more powerful. After the unification of Nurhachi, the ministries openly rebelled and the two sides began a long-term confrontation. The two rivals of the Ming Dynasty were mainly concentrated in Liaodong, the west and its western and northwestern regions, while a considerable part of Mongolia was active in the northern and northwestern provinces of the Great Wall. I majored in the Great Wall at the beginning of Ming Dynasty, mainly defending the defense line of Mongolia. When the Liaodong area was invaded by Jurchen, the Ming Dynasty built and strengthened the Great Wall of Liaodong, built castles and cities to prevent Jurchen from being artificial.

In the former Northern Qi Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang of Ming Di made a decision to wait for the Great Wall to reach the coast of Bohai Sea. On the basis of this section of the Great Wall, it was not only rebuilt, but also renovated, and Guancheng was built here to strengthen the defense capability of the Great Wall. This is the fourteenth year of Hongwu (138 1). Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Wang Wei Xu Da to preside over the creation of Guancheng, which is now Shanhaiguan. Guancheng was built, Shanhaiguan was established and heavily stationed. The difference between Shanhaiguan and other cities is that it connects a city with the Great Wall of Yuri and embodies the idea of a new defense system. Guancheng is backed by the majestic Yanshan Mountains and faces the blue Bohai Sea. The so-called "golden lotus pillow green hills in the sea" is derived from the name of Shanhaiguan.

Once Shanhaiguan was completed, it soon showed its strategic position in politics, especially in military affairs. Shanhaiguan is located in the throat of Hexi Corridor. From then on, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province reached Shanhaiguan directly, about 400 miles long, backed by Yiwulu Mountain, with Bohai Bay in front, and only a thin line between mountains and seas. This narrow strip is located in the west of Liaohe River, so it is called Hexi Corridor. Shanhaiguan is like a big lock, firmly locking the land passage from northeast to north China. In the three generations of underdeveloped military technology and transportation, it is indeed an insurmountable barrier. Later facts fully proved that the great role of this great pass was irreplaceable. Jin has been wandering in western Liaoning for more than 20 years. Two generations can't break the defense of this great pass, so they can only look at the ocean and sigh, stop and go, and come back several times without success. No wonder the ancients claimed to announce: "The key to the two capitals is unparalleled, and the Great Wall of Wan Li is the first pass." The Ming Dynasty regarded Shanhaiguan as the department of destiny, just as some military strategists in the Ming Dynasty said: Shanhaiguan "arched its inner holy capital to defend against foreign invasion, and the most stringent place" holy capital "refers to the capital Beijing. Yi refers to the Nuzhen in the northeast, and Lu refers to the Mongols in the north. In the Ming Dynasty, Shanhaiguan was used to defend the peace and rule of Beijing. This shows how important Shanhaiguan is in the hearts of Ming people!

The appearance of Shanhaiguan separated North China and Northeast China for the first time, and has since become the natural dividing line between the two regions. So far, the border between Liaoning Province and Hebei Province is still roughly based on Guancheng and its connected section of the Great Wall. To be exact, Shanhaiguan is included in Hebei Province, and its provincial boundary extends to about 30 Li east of Shanhaiguan. A Guancheng has become the general dividing line between North China and Northeast China, Liaoning and Hebei, which is probably unexpected by Zhu and his subordinates Xu Da!

In fact, when Shanhaiguan and the Great Wall were built in the early Ming Dynasty, people had a new geographical concept: the eastern part of Shanhaiguan was called Liaodong, which is now Liaoning Province, and the western part of Shanhaiguan, which is the inner part of the Great Wall, was called "Guannei", and later it was gradually called "Guannei". In the official documents and books of the Ming Dynasty, such as Records of the Ming Dynasty, the Commissioner is also called "Jidong" and "JD". COM "means the same as" Commissioner ".

In the Ming Dynasty, the administrative system in Northeast China was actually divided into two administrative regions: North and South. Southern administrative region, from Kaiyuan (now kaiyuan city, Liaoning Province) in the north to Lushun in the south; From Shanhaiguan in the west to Yalu River in the east, it is equivalent to the territory of Liaoning Province today. This area, called Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, is a traditional name evolved from history, and it is also called "Liaozuo" alone. Because it is located on the left side of the capital, it is regarded as a person's left arm and indispensable. In order to defend Mongolia in the Ming Dynasty, nine military towns were set up along the Great Wall, and Liaodong was listed as the first of the "Nine Borders" towns. The system of health care is implemented here, and the big one is health care, and the small effort belongs to health care. The highest military and political institution under the general's jurisdiction in this area, called "Commander Liaodong", is located in Liaoyang. There are 25 guards in the whole area, and various troops are stationed. Liaodong is a military town, so its administrative facilities have the nature of military control. Compared with the mainland, it is like a military "special zone".

North to Kaiyuan, east to the banks of Heilongjiang, east to the sea east of Wusuli River, and north to Xing 'anling, this large area is under the jurisdiction of Nurgandus in Telin, the lower reaches of Heilongjiang, with more than 400 guards. Different from Liaodong, the imperial court did not send officials, but took the chiefs of local ethnic minorities as guards and other officials to manage local ethnic groups. They regularly paid tribute to the imperial court and maintained a political affiliation with the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, it is just an attempt to win the health center in this area. In other words, Ming implemented the policy of "controlling foreigners with foreigners" and ruled indirectly. In this way, in the whole northeast region, the two major capitals were divided into north and south, which constituted the political and military system that Ming ruled the northeast. Judging from the division of the two capitals and their jurisdictions, the fundamental division between ethnic groups is clearly reflected. The area under the jurisdiction of Dusi in Liaodong is inhabited by Han people, and the area north of Kaiyuan is inhabited by ethnic minorities. This division in the Ming Dynasty most vividly embodies the traditional thought of "distinguishing between Chinese and foreigners". Because Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces to the north of Kaiyuan were not directly under the jurisdiction of the Ming Dynasty, "east of Guanzhi" and "outside Guanwai" at that time generally referred to the Liaodong area under the jurisdiction of Liaodong Dusi. It goes without saying that the name "Kanto" was once very limited in the middle and late Ming Dynasty.

From Qin and Han Dynasties to Ming Dynasty, the administrative divisions, institutions and names in Northeast China were naturally different. There are many differences between the Ming dynasty and the former dynasty, mainly reflected in the strict internal and external boundaries. It keeps the Mongols on high alert and nuzhen on alert, strictly restricts their entry into Liaodong area, and only sets up three passes as their tribute road. These three passes are: Guang Shun Pass in the southeast, also known as Nanguan; Beiguan, a town north of Kaiyuan, is called Beiguan; Xin 'an Pass in Kaiyuan West. The first two passes are the way for Nvzhen in Haixi to pay tribute, and the last pass is the way for Sanwei in Wuliangha, Mongolia to pay tribute. The imperial edicts issued to them in the Ming dynasty were limited, and only those who held them were allowed to enter the customs to pay tribute. Other jurchen or Mongols are not allowed to enter Liaodong at will. If you enter Liaodong, you can only enter from the above three levels. In addition to this strict restriction, in the border areas of Liaodong, such as Guangning (a town in northern Liaoning), Kaiyuan, Fushun and Qingyun (a town in western Kaiyuan), horse markets or farming and animal husbandry markets have been set up to allow ethnic minorities to come here to trade with the Han people. There is a time limit for opening and closing the market. When the market is over, they must go back to their own places and can't stay in Liaodong.

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Twenty-eight years before the Manchu Dynasty entered the Central Plains (16 16- 1644), it fought fiercely with the Ming Dynasty for the northeast, and took advantage of the opportunity of Li Zicheng peasant army to overthrow the Ming regime, entered the Central Plains and occupied Beijing in 1644. After several years of heroic resistance, the Nanming regime finally failed and the Ming empire perished.

Qing Dynasty was a feudal dynasty established by Manchu nobles. According to their own wishes, a political system with Manchu cultural characteristics was established throughout the country. Northeast China is its hometown, which was honored by the rulers of Qing Dynasty as "the land of prosperity", so it received special attention, and soon established the official system and gradually improved it. After the Qing Dynasty decided to make Beijing its capital, it took Shengjing (Shenyang) as its capital, and the minister of civil and military affairs "from Shanhaiguan to the east of the capital" to unify the three generals Shengjing, Jilin and Heilongjiang. This was the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, when the capital was in charge of all military and political affairs in the three provinces. Shunzhi three years (1646), changed to Fengtian Angbang Zhang Jing, in charge of three provinces. In the future, the three provinces will be divided into two, each with an independent administrative organ. At the beginning of the tenth year of Shunzhi (1653), Jilin Province was established, called Ningguta Angbang Zhang Jing, and also governed Heilongjiang, that is, the two provinces were under the jurisdiction of one institution, and the governance office was located in Ningguta (Ning 'an, Heilongjiang). In the 15th year of Kangxi (1676), the office was moved to Wula City (now Jilin City). Qianlong twenty-two years (1757), renamed as "local general guarding Jilin and other places", referred to as Jilin General. In the 12th year of Qianlong (1747), Liaoning province was renamed as "the general guarding Shengjing and other places". The establishment of Heilongjiang Province was formally established before the counterattack against Russia in the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683), with the name "General guarding Heilongjiang and other places", referred to as General Heilongjiang for short. The office was originally located in Aihui City (old Aihui). In the 29th year of Kangxi (1690), he moved to Mo Ergen (now Nenjiang County) and moved to Qiqihar in the 38th year, where he was the permanent residence of the General's yamen.

This is the origin of the three northeast generals in Qing Dynasty. Although the "three generals" are not the names of provinces, they are actually three provinces, which are different from the governors and governors established in the mainland and have the nature of military jurisdiction. In the Qing Dynasty, only the generals' yamen system was set up in the northeast, north and northwest regions, which highlighted the important military position of the border areas. It must also be pointed out that the areas and names under the jurisdiction of the three generals are the same as those of Jilin, Heilongjiang and Liaoning today, but their respective jurisdictions, territories and sizes are indeed very different. For example, in the Qing Dynasty, the territory of Jilin was long from north to south and narrow from east to west. East to the Sea of Japan, northeast to Sakhalin Island, south to Changbai Mountain, west to Weiyuanbao and southwest to Yingemen. The territory of the whole province is much larger than that of Jilin today. Nevertheless, the three northeastern provinces were formally established with a complete system, which laid the territory of the contemporary three northeastern provinces.

The Qing dynasty was in power, opposed the "discrimination between Chinese and foreigners" and advocated "Chinese and foreign are one" and "Manchu and Chinese are one". In fact, the Han people are in a state of slavery, and under the unified governance of one regime, there is no distinction between inside and outside. Therefore, after entering the customs, the Great Wall was not built. Marked by the imperial decree issued in the thirty-ninth year of Kangxi (1700) not to repair the Great Wall, this artificial defense project in Vandory continued from Qin Shihuang and lasted for 2000 years, and has now been officially abolished.

The Qing Dynasty abolished the Great Wall, but did not abolish Shanhaiguan. This great pass is still of great significance to the Qing Dynasty. It retains Shanhaiguan. First, inspecting business trips and collecting taxes will help the state protect its "land of Longxing" and prohibit mainlanders from entering the northeast through Shanhaiguan, so as not to destroy its "Long Mai". It has been banned since Kangxi, and it has been strictly forbidden for about 200 years for future generations to follow suit. Shanhaiguan became an insurmountable barrier for the Qing Dynasty to ban Northeast China. Obviously, in the absence of great wall people, only Shanhaiguan and its adjacent section of the Great Wall are playing a unique role in the new period. In other words, Shanhaiguan is still a landmark inside and outside the barrier. Shengjing, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces were strictly protected as the political and economic "special zones" of the Qing Dynasty.

As mentioned above, the concept of "Kanto" formed in Ming Dynasty mainly refers to Liaodong area under its direct jurisdiction. By the Qing Dynasty, the name of Kanto had been expanded, that is to say, it had gone far beyond the scope of Kanto, namely Shengjing, including Jilin and Heilongjiang.

As early as in the process of Nuerhachi rebellion, Jurchen was annexed first. Followed by Hercynian Jurchen and Donghai Jurchen. Before and after the establishment of the post-Jin regime, most of the Jurchen people scattered outside Liaodong had been annexed. When entering the Liaodong area, the vast number of Han people living here also became the coating of the late Jin nobles. After his son, Huang Taiji, succeeded to the throne, he repeatedly attacked the Hurha and Soren people in the middle and upper reaches of Heilongjiang (actually, they are different tribes of Jurchen). These tribes later developed into Ewenki, Daur and Oroqen. By the end of 1635, Huang taiji announced the abolition of the clan name of Shen Zhu and renamed it "Manchuria", which marked the final formation of a new nation-modern Manchu.

Manchu stepped onto the historical stage and entered the ranks of the Chinese nation, which completely changed the dispersed state of Nuzhen in Northeast China, Nuzhen in Haixi and Nuzhen in Ming Dynasty and formed a complete nation. The great change in regional relations caused by this is the complete abolition of the Liaodong side wall built in the Ming Dynasty and the barrier to open the three customs. Regardless of the inside and outside, the whole northeast region is politically and ethnically connected. In the mind of Manchu, Shengjing, Jilin and Heilongjiang are her birthplaces. Because their ancestors really originated in the Heilongjiang River Basin, they went south from their native land, passed through Jilin, entered northern Korea, and finally moved back to Liaoning Province and settled in Hetuala (now called Yongling Township) in Xinbin. When Huang and his son edited the Records of Emperor Taizu, they made it clear that Changbai Mountain, a famous mountain in the northeast, was the birthplace of their ancestors. Therefore, Changbai Mountain is as important as Hetuala initiated by Nurhachi. In other words, in the regional concept of the Qing Dynasty, the vast northeast has been regarded as a complete region without distinction. In the early Qing Dynasty, Minister Shengjing was in charge of the whole region, which was the concrete embodiment of this regional concept. After that, it was not convenient to manage the vast territory of Northeast China, and then the whole area was folded into "three generals". But on the whole, the Qing dynasty listed the three provinces as "forbidden" areas and received special protection. This makes Northeast China in a special position among all water pipe stations in China. It was the political and economic "special zone" of the Qing Dynasty.

Kanto, Japan

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Usually refers to the Kanto area of Honshu centered on Tokyo and Yokohama.

■ regional division

Saitama, Chiba Prefecture, Kanagawa Prefecture, Tokyo.

Gunma County, Tochigi County, Ibaraki Prefecture

It is located in the center of the Japanese archipelago and is the political, economic and cultural center.

● Location and history

Kanto region is located in the center of Japan and developed around Tokyo. Compared with Kansai and Kyushu, its development history is shorter. It was not until the end of 12 that the Kamakura shogunate opened and became a political center that it really developed. By the edo period, it had become more developed as a big city. After Meiji, Edo was renamed Tokyo and became the capital of Japan. With the development of modern industry, kanto region has developed rapidly.

● Topographic features

The Kanto Plain accounts for most of it, and its industry, culture and transportation are extremely developed.

● Climatic characteristics

Generally speaking, it belongs to the Pacific coastal climate and can be divided into three climate zones.

● Characteristics of the city

Tokyo, the capital of Japan, is a cosmopolitan city with close ties with all countries in the world.

● Industry characteristics

There is the largest industrial zone in Japan-Jingbang Industrial Zone, which extends to the surrounding coastal areas.