Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - The 24 Solar Terms - What is the origin of the Double Ninth Festival?
What is the origin of the Double Ninth Festival?
The Double Ninth Festival originated from the worship of astronomical phenomena, which began in ancient times, spread in the Western Han Dynasty and flourished after the Tang Dynasty. According to the existing historical data and textual research, in ancient times, there were activities of offering sacrifices to heaven and ancestors in the autumn and the season; According to Lu's "Spring and Autumn Annals", when the crops were harvested in September, the ancients offered sacrifices to the heavenly emperor and ancestors to thank them for their kindness. This is the original form of the Double Ninth Festival as an autumn harvest sacrifice activity. The Tang Dynasty is an important period when traditional festival customs are mixed and shaped, and its main part has been passed down to this day. Chongyang ancestor worship has lasted for thousands of years and is an ancient folk custom with far-reaching significance. Double Ninth Festival, New Year's Eve, Tomb-Sweeping Day and July 30th are also called the four traditional ancestral festivals in China. [4][5][6][7][8]
In the historical development and evolution, the Double Ninth Festival is a mixture of various folk customs, bearing rich cultural connotations. In the folk concept, "nine" is the largest number, which means longevity, and it places people's wishes for the health and longevity of the elderly. On May 20th, 2006, the Double Ninth Festival was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage in the State Council. [ 1][9][ 10]
The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly, revised and passed by the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) on 20 12, stipulates that the ninth day of the ninth lunar month is the Day for the Elderly. [ 1 1]
Chinese name
Double Ninth Festival
Foreign name
Double Ninth Festival
Another name
Old people's day, double ninth festival, climbing festival, ancestor worship festival, double ninth festival, sunbathing festival, respect for the elderly festival, double ninth festival, etc.
Festival time
September of the lunar calendar
Festival type
traditional festival
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Historical evolution folk literature records myths and legends.
Festive traceability
festival name
The list of selected films shows the knowledge of folk culture "Double Ninth Festival", and everything you don't know is here.
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The origin and custom of the traditional festival Double Ninth Festival in China.
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Double Ninth Festival
The origin of the name "Chongyang" was named after "Yang is nine" in the ancient book I Ching. In the Book of Changes, "six" is defined as yin number, "nine" is defined as yang number, and "extreme number" means that the height of the sky is "nine times". "Nine" is the Lao Yang, which is the anode number. The two anode numbers are combined, 1999 is unified, one yuan starts, and Vientiane is updated. Therefore, the ancients thought that Chongyang was an auspicious day to celebrate. In ancient times, there was a custom of drinking to pray for longevity. On the ninth day of September, the sun and every month meet on the ninth day, which means "the weight of 29", so it is called "double ninth". At the same time, the two yang numbers are combined, so it is called "double ninth". In the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Dai wrote "Night Flight": "Nine is the yang number, and its day coincides with the month, so it is called' Chongyang'." [ 13][ 14][ 15][ 16]
Double Ninth Festival
Ancestor festival
Double Ninth Festival, New Year's Eve, Spring Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival and July 30th are all traditional festivals in China, and ancestor worship is a major theme of major festivals. China was a farming society and agricultural civilization in ancient times, and attached great importance to the experience of ancestors. Since ancient times, the Chinese nation has the concept of courtesy and respect for ancestors, and has the custom of offering sacrifices to ancestors on holidays to show filial piety and not forget their roots. [ 17][ 18]
Height Ascending Festival
In ancient times, there was the custom of climbing on the Double Ninth Festival, so it was also called "Climbing Festival". The climbing custom of Chongyang originated from the climate characteristics at this time and the worship of mountains by the ancients. Climbing is also a solar term originated from nature, and climbing on the Double Ninth Festival corresponds to the spring outing of ancient people in spring and March. [ 19]
Respect for the elderly day
In modern times, the ninth day of September has been given a new meaning of respecting the elderly. Because "nine" is the largest number in numbers, and nine is an enduring homonym, so nine goes up to nine and nine goes up to nine, which contains a long, long and noble metaphor. In the folk concept, because "nine" is the largest number, and "nine nine" and "long" are homophonic, it is endowed with the meaning of immortality, longevity, health and longevity. [ 17][7]
Filial piety and Chinese virtues nourish people's hearts.
origin
Harvest sacrifices for heaven.
The origin of the Double Ninth Festival can be traced back to ancient times. According to legend, Chongyang is the day of enlightenment in Yuan Di. The existing written records about the activities of the Double Ninth Festival can be found in Lu Chunqiu Qiu Ji Ji: "In September, order the family to slaughter, prepare for farming, and introduce five essentials. The Tibetan emperor's book is collected in the holy warehouse, and it is only respectful. It's the day, great emperor, and I'll taste the sacrifice and tell the son of heaven. " It can be seen that there was an activity of offering sacrifices to God and ancestors at the autumn harvest in September to thank them for their kindness. This is the primitive form of the ancient Double Ninth Festival as a sacrificial activity. At the same time, there are large-scale catering activities, which developed from the banquet to celebrate the harvest in the pre-Qin period. Worship of gods and ancestors, longevity, banquets, etc. , which constitutes the basic content of the Double Ninth Festival. [4][20][2 1]
Double Ninth Festival
Sacrifice to "Fire" (Antares)
One of the prototypes of the Double Ninth Festival is the ancient ritual of offering sacrifices to "fire". "Fire" (Antares) is the time coordinate used by the ancients to determine the symbol of seasonal production and seasonal life. In ancient times, according to the orbit and position of the sun, the moon and the stars, people divided the stars near the ecliptic into 28 groups, commonly known as "twenty-eight hostages". In the East, horns, horns, houses, hearts, tails and dustpans form a complete dragon-shaped star (Seven Nights of the Black Dragon). At the beginning of spring ploughing, the seven nights in Black Dragon began to rise slowly in the eastern night sky, and the bright faucet, the horn beam, was first exposed; In summer, crops grow and the black dragon hangs high in the southern night sky for seven nights; In autumn, the crops are bumper, and the black dragon begins to retreat to the west in seven nights; Everything is hidden in winter, while Seven Nights of the Black Dragon is hidden under the northern horizon. In autumn and season, fire (Antares) retreats, and the dormancy of Vulcan means the arrival of a long winter. Therefore, in autumn and the season when the fire recedes, people should hold corresponding farewell ceremonies. With the development of society, people have a new understanding of the seasons, and the ritual of offering sacrifices to Vulcan in September gradually declined. Although the situation of ancient sacrificial ceremonies is unknown, we can still find some traces of ancient customs from the custom of offering sacrifices to stoves in Chongyang (home Vulcan) in some places in the south of the Yangtze River. [ 13][4]
According to the order of the twelve earthly branches, the main branch was generally used in the ancient times, and the shade was built in the first month, and the fire warehouse was in September, and the fire entered the warehouse. Northwest of the throne belongs to Luoshu Ganbu. The "fire" of the full moon in Qiu Qiu (Antares) retreated into the ground with several stars in front of the black dragon star in the northwest. "The Book of Changes, Gangua": With nine, what you see is leaderless, which is auspicious. In traditional culture, the Autumn Double Ninth Festival and the "Fire" retired, and it was auspicious that Gan De was vigorous and Kun De was soft. [22][ 13]
How did the Double Ninth Festival come about? Tell a case, a kind of torture and related immortals.
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Ethnicity
The origin of ancient traditional festivals is related to ancient primitive beliefs, sacrificial culture, astronomical phenomena, calendars and other humanistic and natural cultural contents, and contains profound cultural connotations of respecting morality, etiquette and music civilization. Double Ninth Festival has a long history. In ancient times, there were different customs in the north and the south. In the pre-Qin period, local customs had not been integrated and circulated, and the activities of the Double Ninth Festival were rarely recorded in writing. The existing written records about the custom of the Double Ninth Festival were first found in Lu Chunqiu Qiu Ji Ji, which recorded the ancient people's activities of offering sacrifices to the Heaven Emperor and ancestors in September. The name of "Double Ninth Festival" was recorded in the Three Kingdoms period. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the festive atmosphere became stronger, and there was a written record of the custom of enjoying chrysanthemums and drinking alcohol, which was sung by literati. In the Tang Dynasty, it was listed as a national holiday. In the process of historical continuation, the Double Ninth Festival has integrated a variety of folk customs. With the development of the times, the cultural connotation of the Double Ninth Festival has been continuously extended and enriched. [4][ 13][23][24][25][26]
Double Ninth Festival
The custom of Chongyang was popular in the Han Dynasty, which was a period of economic and cultural exchanges and integration between the north and the south of China. Cultural exchanges in various places made the custom spread. The Han Dynasty work Miscellanies of Xijing contains the ancient custom of seeking longevity on the Double Ninth Festival. Jia, a courtier who recorded the Western Han Dynasty in Miscellanies of Xijing, said: "On September 9, Pei Yun ate the bait and drank chrysanthemum wine, and Yun Chang made life long." This is the earliest record of the custom of seeking longevity on the Double Ninth Festival in written materials. It is said that this was influenced by ancient wizards (later Taoist priests) who pursued immortality and collected drugs to take. In addition, during the Warring States period, Chongyang was valued in some places, but it was only an activity in the palace. [26]
During the Three Kingdoms period, Wei Wendi Cao Pi described the Double Ninth Festival in "Nine Days and Zhong You": "Year to month, suddenly to September 9. Nine is the number of yang, and the sun and the moon coincide. It is well known and considered suitable for a long time, so it is a feast. " [27][28]
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the festive atmosphere became stronger and stronger, which was sung by literati. Tao Yuanming, a scholar in Jin Dynasty, said in the preface to the poem "Idle for Nine Days": "I am idle and love the name of Nine. Autumn chrysanthemums are full of gardens, but they are sad, empty for Jiuhua, and precious words are like gold. " Chrysanthemum and wine are mentioned here at the same time. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there was a custom of enjoying chrysanthemums and drinking alcohol. [29][28]
Liang Zonggu's Chronicle of Jingchu in the Southern and Northern Dynasties said, "On September 9th, four people had a picnic." [30]
Double Ninth Festival
In the Tang Dynasty, the Double Ninth Festival was designated as an official festival. From then on, the court and the people celebrated the Double Ninth Festival together, and various activities were carried out during the festival. According to records, the ninth day of the ninth lunar month was officially listed as a national holiday during the reign of Tang Dezong Shili (780-785), and the Double Ninth Festival was listed as one of the "three festivals". [ 13]
In the Song Dynasty, the Double Ninth Festival was more lively. Dream of China in Tokyo recorded the grand occasion of the Double Ninth Festival in the Northern Song Dynasty. Legend of Wulin also records that the court in the Southern Song Dynasty "rearranged nine soldiers on the eighth day of the eighth lunar month" for the next day's entertainment.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, eunuchs and concubines in the imperial palace of the Ming Dynasty ate flower cakes together from the beginning of the New Year's Day, and the emperor of Chongyang for nine days also went to the Long Live Mountain to celebrate the autumn ambition. In the Qing dynasty, customs still prevailed. The custom of Beijing Double Ninth Festival is to stick chrysanthemum branches and leaves on doors and windows, "to eliminate evil and filth, and to make money and treasure". [28][ 16]
In modern times, the Double Ninth Festival has been given a new meaning. 1989 the China government has designated September 9th as the festival for the elderly, which harmoniously combines tradition with modernity, making this traditional festival a new festival to respect, love and help the elderly. 20 12 On February 28th, the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), China (the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress) voted to pass the newly revised Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly, and made it clear that the ninth day of the ninth lunar month is the Day for the Elderly. In the process of inheritance and development, the Double Ninth Festival is passed down from generation to generation as a festival with rich life significance. The theme of giving a banquet to respect the elderly and praying for longevity gradually merged with the traditional filial piety ethics in China, and became one of the important themes of the Double Ninth Festival. [ 13][ 18][3 1]
How to celebrate the Double Ninth Festival with high profile?
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How did the Double Ninth Festival come about? Why did the ancients climb mountains, insert chrysanthemums and wear dogwood on this day?
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Do you know the scale of the Double Ninth Festival? Only by learning these things can we have an authentic Double Ninth Festival.
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folk-custom activities
summary
In the process of historical continuation, the Double Ninth Festival is a traditional festival in China, which combines many folk customs and cultural connotations. Celebrating the Double Ninth Festival generally includes traveling to enjoy the scenery, climbing high and looking far, watching chrysanthemums, picking Chinese herbal medicines, planting dogwood everywhere, holding old-age banquets, eating double ninth cake, keeping in good health with medicinal wine, drinking chrysanthemum wine and other activities. The Double Ninth Festival is a season of "clear sky rising, turbid air sinking". The higher the terrain, the more clear the sky, so "climbing to enjoy the clear sky on the Double Ninth Festival" has become a folk custom. Autumn in September, the sky is crisp, this season, climbing high and looking far can achieve the purpose of refreshing, fitness and recuperation. On the Double Ninth Festival, all localities organize activities for the elderly to climb mountains, have an autumn outing, exchange feelings and exercise. The younger generation of many families will also help the elderly to go to the suburbs. There are many folk activities and rich cultural connotations in the Double Ninth Festival. [32][ 18][33]
Double ninth festival custom
Autumn sun
The Double Ninth Festival is the best time to enjoy autumn, and some mountain villages in the south of China still retain the characteristics of "basking in autumn". Going to the countryside to appreciate the folk customs and watch the autumn sun has become a fashion in rural tourism. "Sunbathing in autumn" is a typical agricultural custom phenomenon with strong regional characteristics. Villagers living in mountainous areas such as Hunan, Guangxi, Anhui and Jiangxi. It has become a traditional agricultural custom to use the roof in front of the house and the window sill to hang crops. This special lifestyle and scene of villagers drying crops has gradually become the material pursued and created by painters and photographers, and created a poetic name "drying autumn". [ 13][ 16][28]
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fly a kite
Flying kites is one of the main customs of the Double Ninth Festival in southern China. The folk Double Ninth Festival is characterized by flying kites. Guangxu's "Huizhou Fuzhi" is also recorded. [20] In the folk tradition, besides climbing mountains, flying kites is also a major feature of the Double Ninth Festival. [34] As for why people fly kites (kites) on the Double Ninth Festival, apart from the climatic reasons that the sky is high and the clouds are light, the wind is light and the sun is bright, paper kites are easy to ride the wind, and there are some sayings that are between wizards and witches, which are quite interesting without thinking. Legend has it that flying kites on the Double Ninth Festival is for "bad luck". The higher a kite flies, the more bad luck it takes away. What's more, in order to make the kite disappear, it is necessary to specially break this thread. Another explanation is that flying kites in Chongyang is "auspicious" and "lucky". The better the kite flies, the more blessed it is. People who fly kites not only can't break the silk thread, but also must do everything possible to protect it, because when the silk thread is broken, "auspiciousness" and "luck" will also drift away. [35]
Climb the peak
The custom of climbing on the Double Ninth Festival has a long history. In ancient times, there was the custom of climbing on the Double Ninth Festival, so it was also called "Climbing Festival". The climbing custom of Chongyang originated from the climate characteristics at this time and the worship of mountains by the ancients. Climbing is also a solar term originated from nature, and climbing on the Double Ninth Festival corresponds to the spring outing of ancient people in spring and March. According to documents, the custom of "climbing to pray for blessings" was popular during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. There is no uniform regulation on the place of climbing, and the place of climbing is generally divided into mountain climbing, building climbing or platform climbing. There are four origins of high customs: first, the ancients worshipped mountains; Second, it comes from the climate of "clearing the air, raising the turbidity and sinking the gas"; Thirdly, it stems from the "resignation" of climbing; Fourth, it originated from an absurd legend in the attached meeting, "climbing mountains to avoid disasters." [36][ 1][ 13][ 16]
Gordon Chongyang
The ancient ancients worshipped mountains and formed the custom of "climbing to pray for blessings". Dai Sheng wrote "Sacrifice Ceremony" in the Western Han Dynasty: "Mountains, rivers, valleys and hills can make storms, and when they see monsters, they all call God." According to documents, the ancients revered and worshipped mountains, and the custom of "climbing to pray for blessings" was popular as early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. [1] The Chronicle of Chang 'an in the Western Han Dynasty records that people visited the Han capital on September 9th.
According to the law of the movement of heaven, earth, sun and moon, Chongyang is a day of "clearing the air and rising"
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