What happened to Stonehenge in England?

Stonehenge, also known as Salisbury Stone Circle, Circular Stonehenge, Sun Temple, Prehistoric Stone Table, Hiragi Sizhiheng Stone Fence, Stoke Stone Circle, etc. It is a famous prehistoric temple site in Europe. It is located in Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England. It was built around 4000-2000 BC and belongs to the late Neolithic Age to the Bronze Age.

Building structure

This huge stone building complex is located in an empty Yuan Ye, covering an area of about 1 1 hectare. It is mainly composed of many pieces of blue sandstone, each weighing about 50 tons. Stonehenge not only plays an important role in architectural history, but also has great significance in astronomy: its main axis, the ancient road leading to the stone pillars and the rising sun in the summer solstice morning are on the same line; In addition, there are two stones pointing to the direction of sunset from winter to Sunday. Therefore, people speculate that this is probably built by ancient humans to observe the sky, which can be regarded as the earliest prototype of the Observatory.

The main body of Stonehenge consists of dozens of huge stone pillars, which are arranged in several complete concentric circles. Stonehenge is surrounded by circular trenches and mounds with a diameter of about 90 meters, and there are 56 circular pits inside. Because these pits were discovered by British archaeologist John Aubrey, they are also called "Aubrey" pits. The most incredible thing about Stonehenge is the boulder in the center of Stonehenge. The tallest of these huge stones is 8 meters, with an average weight of nearly 30 tons. However, people are surprised to find that many huge stones weighing 7 tons straddle between two tree-lined stone pillars.

Salisbury, England is an ancient historical city, which is more than 20 kilometers away from London/Kloc-0. Near this ancient city, there is a small village called Amsberry, where Stonehenge is located.

Stonehenge in Britain

Near Sauzee bury in the southeast of England, there is a small village called Amsberry, which is world-famous. The famous prehistoric monument Stonehenge stands here.

This huge stone building complex is located in an empty Yuan Ye, covering an area of about 1 1 hectare. It is mainly composed of many pieces of blue sandstone, each weighing about 50 tons. These stone pillars are arranged in a circle, the tallest stone pillar is as high as 10 meter, and many stone pillars are horizontally mounted on two vertical stone pillars. The English name of Stonehenge is Stonehenge. The first half of the name stone means "stone", and the second half is not found in modern English dictionaries. According to textual research, it comes from old English, which means "hanging high".

The main body of Stonehenge is dozens of huge stone pillars arranged in several complete concentric circles. Stonehenge is surrounded by circular trenches and mounds with a diameter of about 90 meters, and there are 56 circular pits inside. What is particularly amazing is that the tallest stone in the center of Stonehenge is as high as 8 meters, with an average weight of about 30 tons. Many stones weighing 7 tons are placed between the stone pillars.

Such a strange battle has attracted endless speculation from future generations. How were these huge stone formations built?

British archaeologists successfully tested with 130 people.

Since the discovery of Stonehenge, people have been speculating about its appearance, but no consensus has been reached so far.

What did the ancient people with low production technology want to do to build such a "stone city"? This puzzling problem attracts the attention of archaeologists and thousands of tourists from all over the world every year. How on earth was such a huge stone built? This has become a big mystery that cannot be solved for a long time.

What is particularly amazing is that there were certainly no tools such as large cranes in prehistoric times. How did our ancestors lift these big stones weighing dozens of tons?

Many whimsy also came into being. One of the most famous words comes from the British archaeologist Julian, who once used "pulley lifting" to copy the process of building boulders.

According to related reports, in the summer of 1998, after several years of research and investigation, British archaeologist Julian decided to use the oldest construction method to transport and erect a replica boulder with a length of 8 meters and a weight of 40 tons. Julian thought that if the boulder was only transported by logs, the logs would probably be crushed, so he and his experimental team put the logs on a wooden track and painted the track with color. Julian used 130 volunteers to participate in the experiment, and the volunteers moved the boulder quickly and slowly.

According to this experiment, Julian calculated that at that time, it took at least 30 million hours of labor to build Stonehenge, and the number of people needed should exceed thousands.

According to reports, Julian's method is that they first dig a pit 2.4 meters deep and put the center of the boulder above the pit edge. Julian decided to drag the boulder into the pre-dug pit with a seesaw. However, because the boulder is too heavy to make it completely vertical, they adopted the A-type bracket, because the A-type bracket is more stable than the portal bracket. To be prudent, Julian first used a model to calculate the number of people who needed to pull the rope. He finally figured out that it would take nearly 80 people to pull up this 40-ton boulder with an A-shaped bracket.

Julian's A-type pulley bracket had an effect, and they easily erected the first boulder. Then the experimental group erected a second boulder in the same way.

Retired workers in China said that "it only takes two people three hours to erect a boulder".

The mystery of Stonehenge also attracts science lovers in China. Wang Jinjia, a retired worker from Fuxin, Liaoning, China, recently announced that he had found the key factor of how the boulder was erected.

"I don't think Julian's method is practical. With my method, it only takes two people three hours to build the boulder. " Wang Jinjia told reporters.

Wang Jinjia called his own method "padding method". "I believe that the ancients solved the key problem of erecting boulders with the' padding method'."

Wang Jinjia also saw the report about the restoration of Stonehenge in Juriens, but he felt that Juriens's explanation of Stonehenge was debatable. The first is "it was impossible to use so much manpower at that time."

Wang Jinjia believes that ancient humans used "the principle of balance and gravity difference's method" to raise huge stones to the required height with wooden boards.

The main process of "cushion lifting method" is as follows: after the boulder is erected, place the cross stone to be transported up at a distance of about 1 m from the vertical stone, dig a small pit at the lower side of the cross stone, and then put a wooden board in the vertical direction of the vertical stone near the middle of the cross stone, so that the cross stone touches the ground, with one end inclined upwards, then press down the inclined end, and then put a wooden board under the boulder. In this way, the plank has been placed under the boulder. After the plank wood reaches the top of the vertical stone, the direction of the plank wood changes from the original vertical direction to the horizontal direction, and then it is raised about half a meter upwards, and the horizontal stone slides along the vertical plank wood to the vertical stone. Complete the whole stone pad process.

It is reported that the local TV station is going to videotape Wang Jinjia's experimental site, because there are not enough stones to postpone it.

Wang Jinjia told reporters that his family had twice added beams to the gatehouse of the bungalow compound. He just adopted the "cushion lifting method" and put the concrete slate weighing about one ton on the gatehouse in two hours. Wang Jinjia thinks that the Egyptian pyramids and Stonehenge should be built in the same way.

Wang Jinjia's filling method is considered to have solved the mystery of Stonehenge. Some people think that Wang Jinjia's method has some truth, but whether this is all the secrets of the ancients to build Stonehenge needs further demonstration.

Stonehenge still has many unsolved mysteries.

Some experts believe that people at that time may have taken advantage of the special landforms of glaciers and transported these stones to Stonehenge, but there are no traces of glaciers in Salisbury Plain.

After preliminary research, experts believe that these bluestones were indeed transported from South Wales to the present position by manpower. How gallstones came here from 380 kilometers away is still a mystery.

In 1 130, an English priest came across Stonehenge when he was out. Since then, this strange monument composed of huge stones has attracted people's attention.

As early as 1950s, archaeologists concluded that Stonehenge had a history of at least several thousand years.

For centuries, no one knows the real purpose of Stonehenge, and no one knows who built Stonehenge. Ancient legends and people's guesses add a mysterious atmosphere to Stonehenge.

/kloc-at the beginning of the 0/2 century, there was a legend circulating in England. In the 5th century, King Arthur's court wizard Maureen brought Stonehenge from Ireland with divine power. The purpose of building Stonehenge was that Maureen allowed an eternal monument to commemorate King Arthur's subordinates.

Archaeologists don't believe that Stonehenge was entrusted by divine power. According to some collected data, they think that Stonehenge attracted people's interest as early as17th century. Recently, it is popular to say that huge stones have astronomical effects. The boulder coincides with the sunrise on the longest day of the year. This may mean that the builders of Stonehenge are worshippers of the sun. Stonehenge was definitely not built by Drouth. They have lived here since Stonehenge was abandoned.

There are many tombs and temples in the area where Stonehenge is located, which have a history of hundreds of years. Stonehenge itself has been a sacred place for many centuries, but I don't know when or why it was abandoned. Unfortunately, over the centuries, some stones have been removed to build houses, while others have fallen down.

Stonehenge was built in prehistoric times, divided into three periods and lasted for nearly a thousand years. The first stage began around 2750 BC, and archaeologists called it "the first stage of Stonehenge". During this period, the most puzzling thing is this relic called Aubrey Cave. These caves were discovered by John Aubrey, an archaeologist in the17th century. These holes are located at the inner edge of the annular groove and also form a circle, with a total of 56 holes. These holes were immediately dug and filled, and it was made sure that no stone pillars were erected in the holes. Why dig 56 instead of an integer? It is extremely nerve-racking for researchers. According to Oxford University Alexander? Professor Tom's research pointed out that after studying other ringed stone relics in Britain, he found that the arrangement of these holes was similar to the pyramid structure, that is, they also used the "golden ratio".

Tom connected Cave 4, Cave 20 and Cave 36 according to the standard map drawn by the British Environmental Protection Agency, and a pyramid figure with its top pointing south appeared. After that, the technical level and scale of the two construction periods were improved, and it is obvious that the people who built the stone pillars were by no means uncivilized primitive peoples.

Hawkins believes that several important positions of Stonehenge seem to indicate the position where the sun rises from summer to sun. Seen from the opposite direction, it is exactly where the sun sets from the winter solstice. Besides the sun, the rising and falling points of the moon seem to be recorded. However, the moon doesn't keep spinning every year like the sun. It has a lunar calendar lasting 19 years. There are more than forty columns near the entrance of Stonehenge, arranged in six rows, which coincide with the northernmost position of the moon in the cycle, so these six rows of columns are likely to represent six cycles, that is, six lunar months. Observing and recording the movement of the moon has a history of more than one hundred years.

Three important periods

From 3300 BC to 900 BC, the construction of Stonehenge went through several important stages.

Before 3000 BC-Stonehenge in this period was distributed in the Irish Sea and the surrounding areas of the Irish-Scottish Strait. The number is small but impressive, with a diameter of over 30 meters. There is an independent stone outside the circle, which seems to be a sign that "this place has been occupied"

Around 2600 BC, metals were introduced to the whole of Britain, and hard chisel tools were made. Stonehenge in this period is more exquisite and perfect, like Stanton Drew in Somerset and Blaude Garin in orkney, with a diameter of over 90 meters. While other major stony layers are much smaller, generally only 18 to 30m. They have a special phenomenon, that is, in addition to circular stone arrays, there will also be oval stone arrays with their long axes pointing in the direction of the sun and the moon. This figure also presents an interesting phenomenon in religion. We found that no matter how big the circumference of Stonehenge is, the number of standing stones in different places is unique. For example, the number of Lake District is 12, hebrides is 13, central Scotland is 4, 6 or 8, Scotland is 19 or 20, and Ireland is 19 or 20.

2000 BC-In this last period, the number of Stonehenge built by traditional methods began to decrease. The overall shape is not perfect, either a perfect circle or a twisted ring. The scale is not as good as before, and some even have a diameter of less than 3 meters.

Stonehenge may be a place of worship.

1997, British scientists discovered in an experiment that Stonehenge has amazing acoustic characteristics. Scientists put advanced recording equipment into some huge stones for experiments, and found that the huge flat stones that make up Stonehenge can radiate the echo inside Stonehenge very accurately and concentrate it in the center of Stonehenge, forming a * * * sound effect.

Scientists speculate that Stonehenge may be a place of ancient sacrifice. As early as17th century, British archaeologist Aubrey believed that Stonehenge was a place of worship for Druids during Roman rule. According to legend, Druids built Stonehenge on the Salisbury Plain in England in order to worship the sun god. Since then, druids have appeared in the story of Stonehenge. Druidism is a religion believed by Celts scattered in Britain, Ireland and other places from 5th century BC to/kloc-0th century BC. It is said that the forms and teachings of druidism are very mysterious. When Caesar visited Gaul, he said that druids were proficient in physics and chemistry. They live in the Woods and even sacrifice the living. In addition to Stonehenge in Salisbury, there are more than 900 circular Stonehenge in Britain, which are distributed in different parts of Britain.

People continue to speculate and explain the mysterious Stonehenge. In 2003, archaeologists discovered an ancient tomb not far from Stonehenge. More than 65,438+000 funerary objects were unearthed in the tomb, including gold, silver, copper and other decorations. The number of funerary objects is 10 times that of tombs of the same period. According to expert research, the owner of the tomb is very prominent. He is an archer. Archer lived around 2300 BC, which happened to be the period when Stonehenge was formed. Archaeologists found that most of the funerary objects in Archer's tomb came from the Alps. Judging from the shape and damage of Archer's teeth, he spent his childhood in the Alps, and he is likely to come from Switzerland or Austria. If Archer built Stonehenge, then Stonehenge, regarded as an ancient symbol of Britain, would be the work of an outsider. Archaeologists speculate that Wessex and Archers may have participated in the construction of Stonehenge thousands of years ago, but from the time when they lived separately, it can be seen that the construction of Stonehenge has gone through a long period.

How did the ancients build Stonehenge for thousands of years

Stonehenge has a history of thousands of years. In old English, it means a stone hanging high in the sky. How did people build Stonehenge thousands of years ago?

In 1950s, archaeologists discovered that the construction period of Stonehenge may have gone through three stages. The first stage can be traced back to the late Neolithic period around 2800 BC. But there were no boulders at that time, but a circular earth embankment was built to accommodate hundreds of people, and 56 circular pits were dug on the earth embankment. According to textual research, there were probably wooden stakes buried in the pit at that time, and the role of wooden stakes was to measure seasonal changes.

In 2000 BC, at the beginning of the Bronze Age, the entrance to Stonehenge was rebuilt. At that time, trenches and two 500-meter-long sidewalks were paved, and four stone pillars called "Steichen Stone Monument" were erected inside Stonehenge. At this stage, it seems that it is decided to erect two circles of blue sandstone pillars in the center. After about three-quarters of the stone pillars were erected, the project suddenly stopped because of the change of plan, so the stone pillars were demolished.

About 1000 BC, Stonehenge entered the third stage of construction. 100 Many huge sandstone rocks were moved in, and an outer ring with more than 30 stone pillars was built, and horseshoes were arranged inside the outer ring. In the middle of the third stage, many blue sandstone columns were arranged inside the five stone monuments, of which blue sandstone columns have been preserved to this day.

The main material of Stonehenge is blue sandstone, ranging from 5 tons to 50 tons. But there is no blue sandstone in the mountains of Salisbury. Finally, archaeologists discovered blue sandstone in the Priscilla Mountains in South Wales. The research conclusion shows that thousands of years ago, people could not only cut hard blue sandstone from the mountain, but also easily polish the original rough and sharp surface. Archaeologists found some abandoned stone axes and metal tools in the quarry of Mount Priscilla. These tools are at least 2000 years old. Archaeologists speculated that the builders at that time had mastered the technology of cutting huge stones, which were cut down from the mountains with these tools. After finding the stones you need, you should divide these larger stones into small stones of predetermined size. Experts judged from the excavation traces of stones that people at that time used the method of wedge fracture, and then polished the stones with very hard gravel to finish the final dressing of the boulder.

How did these huge stones get from the quarry in South Wales to Stonehenge in Salisbury? After a preliminary study, experts believe that these blue sandstones were indeed transported from South Wales to the present position by manpower. The most reasonable route to transport blue sandstone is: the boulder first reaches Milford Port near the coast from Mount Priscilla by land, then it is loaded on the boat and finally reaches Stonehenge. On this route, the waterway is more than 300 kilometers long, and experts speculate that people at that time could already build ships carrying boulders.

The journey from Mount Priscilla to Stonehenge is nearly 40 kilometers on land. How did people transport these stones on land then? Researchers believe that transporting boulders is not as difficult as expected, and the means of transportation are probably crowbars, rollers and ropes. In ancient times, there were dense forests in the valley around Stonehenge. People use hard trees to make rollers and crowbars, and a kind of bark called broken trees can make ropes. Archaeologists first soaked the bark in wet mud for six weeks, and the bark became tough fiber. When they are twisted together, they become simple and strong ropes.

Without lifting equipment, how did the ancients accurately put the beam on the top of the stone pillar? Experts believe that the "earthmoving law" is probably used to frame Liang Shi. According to experts, the method of soil transportation is to use the principle of slope, bury two pillars with a lot of soil to form the shape of a mountain, and the height is the height of the stone, and then make a slope, and then pull the stone up from the slope, and use a crowbar below, probably to put logs, and dig out the soil after it is in place.

For a long time, Stonehenge has attracted people's attention like a powerful magnet. Many people prefer to believe that this is a huge puzzle left by ancient ancestors to future generations.