Is it correct that the temperature rises as the poles extend to the equator?

Hello, classmates! Today, I take this rare opportunity to communicate with you. There are still two months left. How to review the geography part of the subject examination? I'm here to make some suggestions for your reference. So you see, we reviewed it for quite a long time before. During the review, some students said how can my grades be improved a little? Some students are very serious. What should they do if they follow the book order with their books? This should be an affirmation of everyone's learning attitude, but if you just read books in the order of books without regrouping your knowledge, it will be difficult to adapt to the efficiency of the comprehensive examination.

Then I suggest that in the next two months, you do one thing and reorganize your knowledge according to the topic. For example, natural resources, then let's start a chapter in the second volume of high school geography. Think about it. Are there any natural resources in the first volume of high school? For example, climate resources, in the first volume, in the climate circle; What's more, water resources are scarce. You know, in the geography of the world and China, some national resources will be mentioned. So, can you string this cross-chapter thing together and synthesize it? This is what we need to do.

I take natural resources as an example, so there is such a piece of resources, basic knowledge, including the concept of natural resources, including classification. There are two classifications of natural resources: one is by nature, and the other is by geographical elements. Natural elements can be divided into five categories. Then we talk about the similarity, three characteristics and basic characteristics of natural resources, so this is a general summary. What is actually mentioned in the book? Speaking of the problem of resources, the problem of resources is only a summary and generalization in high school textbooks, which actually permeates China geography and world geography. This is my first suggestion. Please recombine your knowledge according to the topic. For example, environmental problems can be tried by yourself, such as energy problems, the concept of energy, the classification of energy, and the consumption structure existing in energy utilization. , and then the distribution of energy can be disrupted, according to the topic, not to repeat.

Second, take a certain area as an example, take a certain area as an example, the center diverges and runs through. Then we all know the concept of region. What does a region mean? It refers to a point. If it is a point, there are various classifications. For example, as far as China is concerned, the provincial level is a district, for example, Hebei Province is a district, right? We can also classify according to the terrain. China has four great basin and three plains, and a plain is regarded as an area. China can do these two types. Let's give an example. For example, in 2002, there was a college entrance examination question, question 36, so we can learn what to master in this respect through this question, and we can dissect it through it.

I think in the first part, we must first locate the spatial position of this area. I will give some advice to my classmates. This idea is not like this: First, every region has its natural environment, which can be summarized in several aspects. One is topography, climate, rivers and lakes. Is there an internal connection? So what is the climate like? There should be corresponding vegetation. Have we studied in nature? Then, under the influence of climate and location, can we think of the pattern of rivers? Then there is topography, plus atmospheric circulation, which can have an impact on precipitation, so this relationship can find an internal connection, which is the first step I said.

Second, how to organize knowledge and internal relations by region.

Third, take social hotspots as cases and social hotspots as cases. Take the hot spot of western development as an example. What should be mastered in the development of the western region? So we must first know the scope and location of the west, right? Then we all know that there are at least ten provinces in the west, including Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qingxin, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing, Tibet, and sometimes Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Zhuang Autonomous Region in a broad sense. Because its economic level is relatively slow and similar, we should know at least ten. Think again. Now that the west has been established, the scope and location are known. What else do you know? Its natural environment, then this is different. Just mentioned the northwest region, temperate continental climate, the geographical climate here. Topographically speaking, there are two flat lands in the northwest, right? There are plateaus in Junggar Basin, Tarim Basin and Inner Mongolia, and Hexi Corridor in Gansu. The terrain and climate are very clear.

We must take two important measures to develop the western region. One is to strengthen infrastructure construction: transportation and various communication pipelines, including oil and gas pipelines, which are infrastructure; In addition, we know that the western region is rich in natural resources, especially mineral resources, energy and, of course, hydropower. So how to develop and allocate these resources reasonably? Then it will definitely make you think of west-to-east gas transmission and west-to-east electricity transmission. The railway just now reminds me of the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, doesn't it? Can you combine this knowledge with a special topic and hot spot from the western development? Then we can continue to analyze the western development, including its significance.

For example, the development of the western region, the realization of a well-off society in an all-round way, the improvement of the economic level in the western region, ethnic issues, national unity, social stability and national defense stability are all things, so you have mastered these things. Well, I have a knowledge reserve. I am a comprehensive thing, and that part is ready. You take the exam in Yunnan, I will take the exam in Junggar, and I will take the exam in Xinjiang. Of course, this is * * *. Of course, if you are looking for different things, that's fine. Therefore, we feel that if you can use your knowledge in this patented way, in this case, in the region, in this case, in some hot spots, disrupting your life order, you can get your knowledge reserve and a new knowledge structure, and you can meet the needs of the exam. Then I think my first suggestion to my classmates is to make books according to your previous foundation, previous foundation and previous books. But by the end of our term, from today on, there must be some students who failed to do it. If they haven't done it, can you sort out your knowledge comprehensively? This is my first suggestion.

Second, pay attention to the basic knowledge of regional geography and review the basic knowledge of regional geography. Why do you want to make this suggestion? I have a basis: first of all, because this part of our junior high school knowledge was learned a few years ago, students who learned well at that time may have forgotten a lot, not to mention the level of the college entrance examination at that time, so it played a very important role in the comprehensive literature and regional geography examination, and also accounted for a considerable proportion of the scores. Generally speaking, regional geography is first and foremost an important part and basic knowledge of our geography department. In the comprehensive examination of literature and art, starting from a certain field. In addition, many principles and conceptual laws of senior high school are refined, which need to fall in the region, China and the world. According to your mastery, you will analyze, understand and apply them. How should I investigate this? Then, it should be implemented in the rest, so I think in the future, although you have studied the review of China and the World for a while, I suggest you stay behind for a while and strengthen this part of the review.

So how should we review? Let me make some suggestions. First, accurately judge the area where geographical things appear, and master their spatial position, especially the method of spatial positioning. I think we should remember the following latitudes of China: from north to south, latitude 50, 40 and 30, the important tropic of cancer; Then the east longitude is 135 degrees, and then you can generally remember 120 degrees, decrease 10 degrees, 1 100, 100, 90,80, and so on for ten degrees. In this way, we can see from the soil that it is such a latitude and longitude grid. In addition, I will analyze the environmental problems in this map. Sometimes, I pay more attention to nature, climate and industrialized agriculture, but I just ignore environmental problems. Environmental problems are a very important main line in our senior high school geography. For example, North China, as our development place, has the disadvantage of water shortage. Another North China Plain is sometimes called Huanghuaihai Plain, right? There is an important topic called development in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, so one of the reasons for its poor soil quality is saline-alkali land. What is the reason? In the investigation of this area, we should pay attention to the environmental problems, sustainable development problems and countermeasures in this area. I hope everyone will pay attention to this part.

The second point is to use maps to assist the study of regional geography and realize maps.

Third, we'd better form a knowledge structure in this field. You see, let's take the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as an example. Because of its high altitude and cold, some of them are in high mountains and cold plains. With glaciers and high terrain, we thought that many rivers in Asia had come out. Look at the Yarlung Zangbo River, including the Lancang River, the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. All originated in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It is impossible to be high without water. There are glaciers. This is a road. Then because of the high terrain, it will be more complicated, coupled with geological disasters, so there are many inconveniences in developing transportation. At this time, you can contact the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and you will think a lot about what complicated terrain and frozen soil problems you encounter. It's cold, how to solve the frozen soil? I'm out. So because of the cold climate, it will inevitably affect its agriculture and animal husbandry. At such a high place, the temperature is very low, and places with advantages, such as solar radiation, are still relatively rich. So its local crop yield is still ok. But where to plant it is a problem. This is also a cold place with poor soil. We know that the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley is located in an area with good soil quality, good heat and minerals, which can link the local valley agriculture, and then there are some large grassland areas in its height, such as the rich grassland in the northern Tibet Plateau, which is an important pastoral area in China, and is related to the high terrain, cold climate and extremely cold climate.

I think this knowledge structure is related, which is equivalent to the integration of knowledge in a certain field we just mentioned. Then my third suggestion to the students is, don't just sort it out later, just look at some pictures and think. So I suggest you train your geographical thinking in various ways. What about those ideas? I listed several aspects: first, generally speaking, there is a situation where similar geography books and similar geographical things or phenomena are compared. For example, we study groundwater, diving and water, which is called the comparison of similar things; Secondly, comparing the geographical characteristics of different regions, different regions, such as the agriculture in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the agriculture in the Pearl River Delta, have different types of crops, and the types of agriculture are similar and different. As a commodity base, for example, in the Pearl River Delta, it should be a commodity base with both sugar cane and export. Then it may be bigger in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, including several commodity bases, all in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Then the distribution of crops in India, where agriculture plays an important role in the world, is different between countries. You see India is mainly rice, food crops rice and wheat; Cash crops include jute and cotton. You are going to Brazil, mainly for cash crops, so I won't go into details. In addition, the distribution is different. India's crops are mainly distributed in two regions, one is the plateau and the other is the Yellow River Plain, while Brazil is often mistaken for the plain. In fact, where is it mainly? Northeast and southeast of the Brazilian plateau, why do you wonder why the plain is a virgin forest area? Then this can be compared, and then the conditions are different. In addition, India's agricultural conditions, especially the proportion of cultivated land is very large, so this is called the comparison of different regions. I think after this comparison, many things will be profound. This is the first kind of comparative thinking I said.

Secondly, using associative thinking, there is an association that is related to similar things, related to similar things. For example, we learned about the center of Ruhr-gebiet and Ruhr-gebiet, and finally confirmed that it should have appeared during the second technological revolution and should belong to the coalfield. By this time, think about it, similar coalfields have appeared in those countries, such as Liaodong in the south of China, industrial zones, five major American States and Pennsylvania, right? Like south-central England, it's called Lenovo. That's too much. Just thinking, isn't it? This method is quite good. Let's tidy up. This is an association of similar things.

Second, correlation is the correlation between the whole and the parts. You have a whole, for example, I learned about the volcanic earthquake belt, two major belts: one is called the Mediterranean-Himalayan belt, and then what is the reason, that is, the plate boundary, the crust is unstable, and then I think about it, can you guess which countries? For example, Japan around the Pacific Ocean, eastern China, and then the Philippines, New Zealand, the east coast of the Pacific Ocean, North America, and California have all experienced major earthquakes, just in Mexico, and the Chile earthquake. Do you know? The whole is related to the parts, and it is related to the parts.

Third, comprehensive thinking. What is comprehensive? Multi-angle and multi-factor analysis, not single-minded, that's what it means. Let me give you an example. For example, if you analyze that Shanghai has become the largest industrial city and industrial center in China, your analysis is definitely impossible. Generally, you should find the most important one first, right? Location: Shanghai is located at the mouth of the Yangtze River with convenient transportation. The other is the eastern coastline, the middle position and the most superior position. Then, there is a development industry, which is based on agriculture. There is an ecological park base near there, and you have to provide raw materials. That's about agriculture. There are also inputs and outputs of transportation, raw materials and industrial products. Without convenient transportation, Shanghai itself is a port, and other ports cooperate, and then there are railway lines, Beijing-Shanghai lines and Shanghai-Hangzhou lines; The development of industry needs scientific and technological strength. Shanghai has a strong scientific and technological strength, and many factors are analyzed. Shanghai Industrial Center is the largest center in China.

Let's give another example, a natural example. Is the temperate maritime climate in western Europe particularly typical in the world? What factors do you want to analyze? The most important thing is the influence of the mid-latitude westerly wind on the mainland. Are these two the key points? Are there any other factors? Yes, there is cooperation. Some people say, just now, what do you mean by coastline twists and turns? Being close to the sea, it is easily influenced by the ocean. In addition, the east-west arrangement of mountains and the east-west crossing of plains, the extension of this thing, is just conducive to the deepening of the west, and then mentioned the coastline just mentioned, so many factors, I want to analyze. There's another what, very important? Ocean current, North Atlantic, this is called comprehensive analysis. I think we should pay more attention to the answers and analysis in the comprehensive questions, and then of course we should find out the main factors, such as the location of Shanghai just now, right?

The fourth method of identification is to think through identification. There are so many principles and concepts in this exam, and you have reviewed the map. Why didn't I do well in the exam? We should adapt to the proposition of the college entrance examination, and I will master it if it changes. What should we do? We should train our own recognition methods in intelligence tests at this time. Let me give you a few examples, such as changing geographical conditions, such as the temperate maritime climate I just mentioned, Western Europe. If the mountains and plains don't run through the east and west, think about it, then the maritime climate in western Europe can be so typical. Think about why? If this mountain range becomes north-south, it is likely to block the entry of the west wind, just like the west coast of North America, which is north-south. Without this mountain range, I think the climate in western North America should be similar to that in Europe. Should it be maritime? You change, this is a, improve the conditions.

For example, some of our classmates have practiced in the past, and now the degree is 23 degrees, 2 minutes and 6 minutes. One problem is that if it gets bigger, if it gets smaller and changes, this condition will change in another form. In the spring exam of 2002, there was a question. What question? The orbit of revolution, the position of the sun on this orbit, we are generally an orbit, and then the sun is on our right, and you will be familiar with the direction of revolution. The spring exam has changed, but the sun has moved, and the left side has come and won. Ordinary photos that people give us are for you to see. In fact, we always look at this photo, and it just falls down. You draw this circle, look at it from the opposite side and look at it from another angle. This form of change, such as urbanization, let's talk about several standards. What is the process of urbanization? First of all, the proportion of a city's population has increased, and the scope of urban land has changed from isolated to superficial. Let's describe it in words. Turning it into a picture is easier to read. You did it first. At that time, you didn't necessarily think about it during the exam. The training of thinking that you want to identify with is like this. For example, you will change the floor plan to a wide area floor plan. Is this a change? It is also possible, for example, that the distribution of climate types in Africa has obvious latitude lines, right? Good natural belt, good climate type, alternating north-south direction, extending east-west direction or latitude direction? Africa is obviously, with the equator as the axis, the north and south are savanna climate, and then the north and south are Mediterranean climate, right? However, have any students practiced it? When you reach the East African Plateau and cross the East African Plateau near the equator, it should be a tropical rain forest climate, but it has changed and become a savanna climate. You have to master this non-zonality. Besides mastering * * *, then you should pay attention to sorting out those personalized and non-zonal things. Such as overall and local changes and so on. I think, with the training of these thoughts, I have prepared myself mentally and concretely. I think you should prepare for the exam. This is my third suggestion.

It was in the later period that I suggested that students take the college entrance examination as an example to highlight the cultivation of our ability in geography, thinking that this part is a very important point for us to meet the examination requirements, that is, the arrogance of popular words. The exam depends on your ability. If you have a foundation, you must look at your ability. I want to make some suggestions. Our classmates have refined a lot, but they must not be good at grasping especially the college entrance examination questions. You see, these questions I said today are all college entrance examination questions, and they are all exemplary. Of course, you can also post questions that you think are better. We should sum up what conditions the proposition of this question gives, what information we need to obtain, and what our ability is, so as to sum up this, and then draw inferences from others. The purpose is to improve your ability, so you don't have to fall into the sea of questions. I think so too. I use refined college entrance examination examples and some good questions to strengthen my ability training.

Just now, I gave an example, which is the regional map of Xinjiang and Central Asia. Everyone thinks that the problem actually needs to test your ability: first, the regional positioning ability, now to test this problem; Second, the ability to obtain information is assumed to be above 600 mm. This message is * * * You know that the climate in this place is dry, and the dry climate is over 600 mm, right? This information is then imagined in space through this map and through your association and imagination. There is airflow in the Arctic Ocean, water vapor in the Atlantic Ocean, plus the appearance of contour lines, and the ability to read maps, right? Judging from the topographic map, isn't 3 thousand meters a mountain? This place is on that slope. Judging from the wind direction, it is the ability of actual investigation, and it has the ability to hang the corresponding information from the map and even deduce it. /later analyze the relationship between the phenomena and causes of some geographical things and find out the reasons. This question is mixed together. You have this ability, you need one. Please summarize.

Let's ask a question. Ok, let's look at this problem. 178 1 year, a Spanish navigator established the town of los Angeles in the schema area. There are many days here every year. It was a quiet and beautiful town when the population was small. Please read the map and answer the following questions. Then, I gave written materials and maps, I think. Is this ok? Second, what kind of climate should the local area belong to? You know the latitude and longitude of Los Angeles, right? If you have mastered the distribution law of the previous climate types, let's think about it. Thirty-four and thirty-five, knowing that it is Los Angeles, tell you what the coast and east coast of the mainland should be, and infer the Mediterranean terrain under normal circumstances. Then, you should judge the method of climate association first. You remember the climate model map, don't you? If you don't master the whole picture, it is difficult to deduce, that is, local association. Is it whole to local association? I used it.

However, judging the climate type is such a trick. Are there any other terrains? Yes, I'll give you data, temperature data and precipitation data. Can you judge the climate type? Yes Then, judging how to judge the climate type by giving you some data values, we must have learned: the first step is to make sure that this place is in the southern hemisphere and the northern hemisphere, so it depends on the hottest month and the coldest month. If the hottest month is July, it must be in the northern hemisphere. Why should we consider this part? Because there are many temperatures in the northern hemisphere, the southern hemisphere is good, and the northern and southern hemispheres are the same month, which is different. Therefore, it is the first step to consider judging the northern and southern hemispheres; Step 2, according to its highest and lowest temperature values, that is, the coldest month and the hottest month, which temperature zone or hot zone does it belong to, shall we satisfy it? For example, for tropical standards, we should consider the most Leng Yue, generally not less than 22 degrees, the most Leng Yue not less than 22 degrees, 20 degrees, extremely cold all year round, so it is tropical, and so on. Then I remind my classmates, what should I do during the exam if I don't remember the data related to the standards? Then I suggest you sort out the data in the picture about judging some standards. For example, the noise is quiet below 50 decibels, indoors, so it is similar to other standards. We can sort it out one by one, and then we can see it, and then infer the temperature according to the temporal and spatial changes of precipitation. This is based on data and charts, which is actually an identification, chart, histogram, curve, and so on. I think, do you have the ability to judge the climate type in this question? If you do, you will.

Looking at the third question, inverted sentences often appear. What is inversion? As we said, in general, the heat or temperature of troposphere and atmosphere decreases with the increase of altitude, but sometimes there are abnormal phenomena. When it reaches a certain height, what temperature should it drop to? Nothing, no change, even a high point. Then this phenomenon is upside down. There are many reasons for inversion, at least the influence of topography, such as basins, which are prone to inversion. Why? Because we know that the topography of the basin is closed and a lot of heat is gathered, there may be cold air at the height of the basin. How about cold air? After rolling down the basin slope, it gathers at the basin bottom, squeezing the warm air at the original basin bottom. After it is squeezed up, it looks colder vertically, and the temperature is high above it, so the inversion layer comes out, doesn't it? Of course, there are other reasons, such as radiation, space flow and atmosphere. I don't want to elaborate on this. Here we need to know the reason for the reversal. What are the consequences? Can the air still have convection as before? Hot below, cold above, easy to convection. Now you are the opposite. When it is hot and cold, the air will not be frozen. Air doesn't like to freeze. It's not easy for you to line up. Are impurities and harmful substances in the air easy to escape? Has it aggravated the pollution? When this principle comes out, you have to know the concept of phenomenon and the knowledge group of this set, otherwise the problem will be difficult to deal with.

Well, this question depends on the topographic profile below it to examine our judgment ability. It gives a fiery profile line of Los Angeles, and then you can see that the location of the town of Los Angeles is not 1 18, but 1 18. What is the terrain, basin, you have learned the terrain, so therefore, the following question, under the above terrain conditions, is the condition of atmospheric diffusion easier or worse, obviously worse.

I think, what ability did this question test? First, positioning; The second is climate type judgment; Third, the phenomenon analysis of temperature; Fourth, the ability to judge the terrain profile. The four abilities are integrated, and this question is the synthesis of the comprehensive ability of our college entrance examination subjects.

Students, summarize this typical problem, analyze its ability, and then sort it out by yourself. Is my ability to judge the terrain profile ok? Is my positioning ability ok? Wait, wait, wait. Your own summary. It's too much for geography review to learn the ability there, isn't it I have tested so many abilities these days, and there are other abilities, such as calculating ability and calculating ability of solar height formula; For example, when it comes to some isolines, the ability to judge. In the later stage, we should refuel these abilities and summarize and promote them. This is one of our last suggestions: you have done a lot of work to strengthen and summarize the ability training of geography subject through the examples of college entrance examination questions. Please summarize, I hope students can summarize.

Then finally take up a little more time and mention some details. It is suggested that more topics be listed in the later review. However, selection and refining; The second trick is not to satisfy the answer when doing the problem. I was right. What is the score? The focus is on the summary of what knowledge and ability to test. Summarize the structure of relevant knowledge and the ability to examine questions.

In addition, in the review, the teacher's review of him is mainly the whole and the whole. You have to have something corresponding to your subject, and time is limited. Teachers teach as a whole, and you should make clear your review arrangements and make targeted arrangements. Your learning ability, that ability to read pictures is not enough. Shouldn't you take the time to practice? OK,

Finally, I summed up today's lesson with the following words: lay a solid foundation, implement the map and improve my ability. That's all for my class today.

Comprehensive Comparison of Common Confused Concepts in High School Geography

There are many geographical concepts with similar connotations and extensions in high school geography textbooks. Many students are not very clear about this concept, which often leads to ambiguity and disagreement when answering questions. In order to help you master this kind of concept better when reviewing, the common confusing geographical concepts of some students in high school geography are compared as follows:

1. Day and night phenomenon, day and night alternation and day and night length

The phenomenon of day and night refers to the phenomenon that one side of the earth's surface facing the sun is bright and the other side is dark because the earth is a non-luminous and opaque sphere. The alternation of day and night is due to the rotation of the earth, and the alternation of day and night produced by the earth takes a solar day (24 hours) as a cycle. The length of day and night is the phenomenon that the length of day and night changes year by year at all latitudes except the equator due to the existence of the intersection angle of the equator and the movement of the direct point of the sun caused by the revolution of the earth.

2. Solar terms and seasons

Solar terms are determined according to the evolution of weather and phenology, with the sun running on the ecliptic 15 as the dividing standard, and there are 24 solar terms in a tropical year. According to the annual variation of the height of the sun at noon and the length of day and night, the season is determined, and the sun moves 90 degrees on the ecliptic as the dividing standard; Both of them reflect the changes of winter and summer and phenology in a year to some extent.

3. Temperature drop rate and ground temperature rise rate

The former shows that the change rate of tropospheric temperature decreases gradually with height. Every rise 100 m, the average temperature drops by 0.6℃.