What are the leading scientific and technological achievements of China from pre-Qin to Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties?

China's leading scientific and technological achievements from pre-Qin to Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties include astronomy, physics and medicine.

The theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements formed during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period brought the whole world, including astronomy, into the five elements system. "Heaven" shows "destiny" not only through astronomical phenomena, but also through various celestial bodies. Therefore, people should observe "fate" with various symbols, which has changed the previous method of observing fate with people's hearts. These symbols should be displayed in the "Five Virtues Turn". Expressed in "five elements of luck". Astronomical observation is not only applicable to national politics, especially abnormal astronomical phenomena, because it is related to "fate" and is highly valued. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, some cutting-edge medical technologies were invented and applied in clinic. "LingShu? Four Seasons Steaming recorded the earliest abdominal puncture in the medical history of China.

Liu Hui is a mathematician. He has been interested in mathematics since he was a child. He studied China's ancient mathematical classic Nine Chapters Arithmetic. Cao Wei Jingyuan wrote nine chapters of arithmetic notes in four years (263), with his own annotations, which is easy to understand. Later, Liu Hui wrote the tenth volume of Nine Chapters Arithmetic Notes, namely "Heavy Difference" (hereinafter referred to as "Calculation Classics of Islands"), which made China's surveying reach its peak.

Ma Jun is good at mechanical application, increasing output, and making the lost compass, which has won the reputation of "the world's famous cleverness". He improved the loom of the Han Dynasty, making the pattern three-dimensional, comparable to Shu brocade. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Bilan's dragon bone car was improved, and a keel waterwheel was invented to irrigate higher farmland. Some terraces are still in use now. He also transformed the catapult into a rotary catapult to improve the throwing quantity and speed. Zhuge Liang invented "Mu Niu Liu Ma" to facilitate transportation on the mountain plank road. Its structure has different opinions in the literature of past dynasties, and scholars generally identify it as a unicycle and a four-wheeled vehicle, but there is no exact answer at present. He invented the crossbow, also known as "Rong Yuan", which can fire ten arrows continuously. In addition, it is said that the Kongming Lantern, which was designed by Zhuge Liang to transmit signals, is recognized as the originator of hot air balloon. According to "The Times of the Later Han Dynasty", Zhuge Liang also made the prototype of the pike at the earliest, gradually replacing the spear.