Summary of geographical knowledge points in the first volume of the eighth grade of People's Education Edition

What are the geographical knowledge points summarized in the first volume of the eighth grade of People's Education Edition? The mutual influence and restriction between geographical things. For example, there is such a horizontal connection between the elements of natural geographical environment. Let's take a look at the summary of geographical knowledge points in the first volume of the eighth grade of the People's Education Edition. Welcome to check!

Summary of geographical knowledge points in the first volume of the eighth grade

The first section is the climate of China.

Climate characteristics of China: ① The climate is complex and diverse; ② The monsoon climate is remarkable; ③ More special weather; ④ There are many droughts and floods.

First of all, the climate is complex and diverse.

1, the climate is complex and diverse, which is one of the main characteristics of China's climate.

(1) temperature distribution and temperature region

? Characteristics of winter temperature distribution in China: large temperature difference between north and south. It's warm in the south, but the farther north, the lower the temperature. Reason: latitude position, the influence of winter wind.

? Distribution characteristics of summer temperature in China: Except the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the temperature in the north and south is higher. Reason: Latitude position

The lowest temperature in winter in China is Mohe area in the north of Heilongjiang Province. The highest temperature is in the south of Hainan Province.

The hottest place in summer is Turpan in Xinjiang. The coldest place is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The reason for the low temperature in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in summer is the high altitude.

(2) China used to divide it into cold temperate zone, middle temperate zone, warm temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone. From north to south, the division is based on the accumulated temperature of ≥ 10℃. In addition, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a plateau climate zone.

Division and distribution of temperature zones: Table P35, as shown in Figures 2-22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 and 28.

(2) Temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation in China and dry and wet areas.

? Spatial distribution is geographical distribution: decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland. Reason: Affected by the summer monsoon.

? The time distribution is seasonal change and interannual change: precipitation is concentrated in summer and autumn, and the interannual change of precipitation is great. (The number of months and the total amount of precipitation from south to north are decreasing, but they are concentrated in July and August; The interannual variation of precipitation gradually increases)

The place with the most precipitation in China is Huoshaoliao (rain pole) in the northeast of Taiwan Province Province, and the place with the least precipitation is Toksun in Turpan Basin.

Distribution law of precipitation in China

Dry and humid areas in China: P37 form.

According to the comparison of precipitation and evaporation, scientists divide China into four types of dry and wet areas: humid area, semi-humid area, semi-arid area and arid area.

Vegetation types in arid and humid areas

1, the monsoon climate is remarkable, which is the second major feature of the climate in China.

(1) What is a monsoon? Summer-southerly winds (the southwest monsoon comes from the Indian Ocean and the southeast monsoon comes from the Pacific Ocean; ) North wind in winter

(2) The influence of summer monsoon is the main reason for the uneven distribution of precipitation in China. Precipitation and its temporal and spatial distribution (precipitation is unevenly distributed, concentrated in summer, and changes greatly during the year; The annual precipitation decreases from the southeast coast to the northwest inland. )

(3) Summer monsoon affects the movement of rain belt, bringing drought and flood, P40, paragraph 2.

(1) Division of monsoon area and non-monsoon area: It is bounded by Daxinganling-the yinshan mountains-Helan Mountain-Bayan Kara Mountain Range-east of Gangdise Mountain Range.

The first line of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains is roughly consistent with 1 month (0℃) isotherm and (800mm) isorainfall line, and is consistent with the boundary between China (warm temperate zone) and (subtropical zone), (humid) and (semi-humid) areas.

Climate types in China: temperate monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate, tropical monsoon climate, temperate continental climate, alpine plateau climate (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) and western plateau mountains show obvious vertical climate characteristics. China is the only country with three monsoon climates.

(5) Monsoon area refers to the area affected by summer monsoon.

(6) Answer the question: Why is there no Mediterranean climate, temperate maritime climate and other climate types in China?

A: The Mediterranean climate is located on the west coast of the mid-low latitude continent, and China is located on the east coast of the Eurasian continent. The temperate maritime climate is located on the west coast of the mid-low latitude continent, which is influenced by warm and humid air currents from the ocean all the year round, while China is located on the east coast of Eurasia, which is only influenced by warm and humid air currents from the ocean in summer.

I. Special weather

Many special weather: mainly cold wave, plum rain, typhoon, sandstorm and so on.

Many meteorological disasters: floods, droughts, cold waves, plum rains, typhoons and sandstorms. Flood is a natural disaster with frequent occurrence and serious losses in China. Drought is a kind of climate disaster which has the greatest influence, the most common and the widest distribution on agricultural production in China.

Causes, Hazards and Preventive Measures of Meteorological Disasters

The first volume of eighth grade geography knowledge induction

1. Transportation plays an important role in regional economic development, and is also known as the "pioneer" of economic development.

2. Railway lines, highway lines, air routes and air routes are the "lifelines" of China's economic development.

The traffic network density in the eastern region is high, while that in the western region is low. Railway transportation is the most important mode of transportation in China.

3. Four rice markets: Wuxi, Wuhu, Jiujiang and Changsha.

4. The first expressway in China: Shanghai-Jiading expressway, with a total length of 19 km, was completed in 1984.

5. Distribution of railway trunk lines.

See Figure 4.6 of the textbook P9 1.

Several important cities:

Beijing (starting point of Beijing-Harbin line, Beijing-Kowloon line, Beijing-Shanghai line, Beijing-Guangzhou line, Beijing-Baotou line and Beijing-Nantong line).

Lanzhou (the intersection of Longhai Line, Lanxin Line, Baolan Line and Lanxi Line).

Zhengzhou (the intersection of Longhai Line and Beijing-Guangzhou Line).

Xuzhou (the intersection of Longhai Line and Beijing-Shanghai Line).

Zhuzhou (the intersection of Zhejiang-Jiangxi line and Beijing-Guangzhou line).

Nanchang (the intersection of Zhejiang-Jiangxi line and Beijing-Kowloon line).

Shanghai (the intersection of Beijing-Shanghai line and Shanghai-Hangzhou line).

6. Valuable or urgently needed goods are usually transported by air in small quantities.

Most goods that are prone to death or deterioration are transported by road.

Long-distance railway transportation of bulk and bulky goods (coastal cities along the Yangtze River can also use sea transportation or river transportation).

7, the use of animals, plants and other biological growth and development laws, through artificial cultivation to obtain products of various departments, collectively referred to as agriculture.

Agriculture is the basic industry supporting the construction and development of national economy. Crops include grain crops (rice in the south, wheat rice in the north), oil crops (rape belt in the Yangtze River, peanut area in Huanghuai), sugar crops (sweet in the south and sweet in the north) and cotton (cotton areas in southern Xinjiang, the Yellow River basin and the Yangtze River basin).

8. Industrial production is mainly a process of obtaining natural resources from nature and processing and reprocessing raw materials (mineral products and agricultural products).

9. Industry is the leading factor of the national economy, the main source of national fiscal revenue, and the fundamental guarantee of national economic autonomy, political independence and national defense modernization.

10. the difference between light industry and heavy industry: light industry mainly produces daily necessities, toys, stationery, etc. And heavy industry mainly includes processing industry, resource exploitation and smelting, machinery manufacturing, pesticides and fertilizers, repair industry, etc.

1 1, the four major industrial bases in China.

Central and South Liaoning Industrial Zone (the main cities are Shenyang, Dalian, Anshan, Benxi, Liaoyang and Fushun, which is the old industrial base of China) is rich in mineral resources, mainly including coal mines, oil and iron. (heavy industry)

Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Industrial Zone (the main cities are Beijing, Tianjin and Tangshan) is rich in mineral resources, mainly oil and iron ore. (High-tech industry)

Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou Industrial Zone (the main cities are Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou and Wuxi).

Pearl River Delta Industrial Zone (the main cities are Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhongshan and Zhuhai) (light industry).

12. High-tech industry is an industry with electronic information industry as the "leader", and its products are high in science and technology.

The characteristics of high-tech industry: the proportion of scientific and technological personnel in employees is significant; A large proportion of sales revenue is spent on research and development; Product update is fast.

13, China's high-tech industrial development zones are mostly attached to big cities, showing the distribution characteristics of large dispersion and small concentration.

14, the highest in China.

New Technology Industrial Development Zone is located in Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing.

The first volume of eighth grade geography knowledge

Section 1 Rivers in China

First, the outflow areas are the main ones.

Rivers where surface and underground runoff finally flow into the ocean are called outflow rivers. The distribution area of outflow river becomes outflow area. Rivers that eventually do not flow into the ocean, that is, rivers that flow into inland lakes or disappear into the desert, are called inland rivers. The area where inland rivers are distributed is called the internal flow area.

1, outflow area

(1) mainly flows out of rivers and into the sea.

Into the Pacific Ocean: Heilongjiang, Wusuli, Liaohe, Haihe, Yellow, Huaihe, Yangtze, Minjiang, Pearl and Lancang rivers.

Entering the Indian Ocean: Yarlung Zangbo River and Nujiang River.

Entering the Arctic Ocean: Irtysh River

(2) The longest inland river in China is Tarim River; The longest river in flood season in China is the Pearl River. The longest river in the ice age is Heilongjiang.

(3) The Beijing-Hangzhou Canal is the earliest and longest canal in the world. It starts from Beijing in the north and reaches Hangzhou in the south. It runs through six provinces and connects five major water systems: Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River.

2. Internal flow area

(1) Main inland river: Tarim River: the longest inland river in China, located in the north of Tarim Basin.

3. Comparison of hydrological characteristics of rivers at home and abroad.

1. Major lakes in China.

(1) Lake area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Qinghai Lake is the largest saltwater lake in China and the largest lake in China.

(2) Eastern plain lakes: Poyang Lake (the largest freshwater lake), Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake, Hongze Lake and Chaohu Lake.

First, rolling along the Yangtze River.

1, the origin and development of the Yangtze River

1.( 1) Origin: The Yangtze River originates in Tanggula, and its main stream successively flows through Qinghai Province (Qing), Xizang Autonomous Region (Tibet), Yunnan Province (Yun), Sichuan Province (Sichuan), Chongqing City (Chongqing), Hunan Province (Hunan), Hubei Province (Hubei) and Jiangxi Province (Jiangxi).

2.(2) Upper, middle and lower reaches: Yichang (Hubei Province, upper and middle reaches) and Hukou (Jiangxi Province, middle and lower reaches).

The upper reaches of the Yangtze River are characterized by: many canyons, many tributaries, large amount of water and abundant water power;

The characteristics of the middle reaches are: multi-meandering flow, multi-tributaries and multi-lakes;

The downstream features are: the river is wide and deep, the river and the sea are connected, and the shipping is convenient.

The Jingjiang River in the middle reaches is called the "nine-bend ileum". What's the impact of such a curved channel on shipping and water flow? It is not conducive to navigation, the water flow is not smooth, and it is easy to flood. Therefore, there is a saying that "a long river is a thousand miles away, and the risk is in Jingjiang". Solution: Cut off the bend and straighten it, build a flood diversion project, build a water control project, etc.

(3) Topographic areas where the main stream of the Yangtze River flows: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Hengduan Mountain Area, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Sichuan Basin, and the plains in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

(4) Major tributaries and lakes: major tributaries and lakes: Yalong River, Minjiang River, Jialing River, Wujiang River, Xiangjiang River, Ganjiang River, Hanjiang River (the longest tributary of the Yangtze River), Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake and Taihu Lake.

2. Yangtze River hydropower development: "hydropower treasure house"

(1) River section with the most concentrated hydropower: concentrated in the upper reaches? From Yibin section? Three Gorges section; Reason: large drop and abundant precipitation.

(2) Three Gorges of the Yangtze River: it consists of Zhuantang Gorge, Wuxia Gorge and Xiling Gorge; Located at the junction of the second and third steps; The Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze River has the functions of flood control, power generation, shipping, aquaculture, water supply, irrigation and tourism, and is the largest hydropower station in the world.

(3) Gezhouba

1, golden waterway: high shipping value.

(1) Advantages: abundant precipitation, wide river and deep water, no freezing all year round, and the circulating navigation mileage of the main and tributaries is about 70,000 kilometers.

(2) Transportation value: the cost of water transportation is low; The basin economy is developed and the sources of qualifications are rich; It intersects with the north-south railway line and has extensive contacts.

(3) The freight volume accounts for 60% of the whole country.

4. The harm of the Yangtze River lies in the flood disaster in the middle and lower reaches: afforestation in the upper reaches;

Flood diversion and storage projects will be built in the middle and lower reaches, and flood control dikes will be strengthened.

Second, the Yellow River.

1, investigation of the source of the Yellow River

The Yellow River originates in Bayan Kara, flows through Qinghai (Qinghai), Sichuan (Sichuan), Gansu (Gansu), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Ningxia), Inner Mongolia (Inner Mongolia), Shanxi (Shanxi), Shaanxi (Shaanxi), Henan (Henan) and Shandong (Shandong), and flows into the Bohai Sea, with a total length of 5,500 kilometers.

(1) Upper, middle and lower reaches: Hekou (Inner Mongolia, upper and middle reaches) and Taohuayu (Henan, middle and lower reaches).

The upper reaches of the Yellow River are characterized by: many canyons, many tributaries, large amount of water and abundant water power;

The middle reaches are characterized by more tributaries and more sediment;

The downstream is characterized by "the river on the ground". The cause of the Yellow River's "overground river" is the loose soil layer in the Loess Plateau, and the concentration of summer precipitation in the middle reaches leads to a large amount of sediment deposition, which makes the riverbed in the lower reaches of the Yellow River rise continuously.

(2) Main tributaries: Taohe River, Huangshui River (upstream), Fenhe River and Weihe River (central).

2. The Yellow River hydropower development

(1) Water energy is concentrated in the middle and upper reaches.

(2) Main hydropower stations: Longyangxia, Sanmenxia and Xiaolangdi.

3. Harnessing the Yellow River: ① In the middle and upper reaches, especially in the Loess Plateau, vigorously carry out soil and water conservation, control soil erosion and reduce sediment discharge;

(2) Dam downstream to reinforce the Yellow River levee.

4. Dedication of the Yellow River: ① Shaping the fertile North China Plain;

(2) providing a large number of hydropower resources; (3) Provide irrigation water.

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