Who knows the life customs and marriage customs of Tujia nationality? Thank you!

Dress

Tujia women's dress is a short jacket with big sleeves, a left-lapped jacket with 2 ~ 3 layers of lace and side pants; Men's wear is a double-breasted coat. "Happy New Year", that is, to pay a New Year call L ~ 2 days in advance, is an important festival. Tujia men wear pipa armour and their hair is wrapped around their heads. Women wear left-pleated robes with two or three laces, wider sleeves, neatly cut pants or a cropped skirt. They like to wear all kinds of gold, silver and jade ornaments.

Civilian residence

Tujia people love to live in groups and live in wooden houses with hanging feet. Houses are built from village to village, and there are few single-family houses. Most of the houses built are wooden structures, small blue tiles, lattice windows, overhangs and wooden railings, walking in the corner, antique. Generally, the house is a small courtyard, with a fence in front of it, a bamboo forest behind it, green slate paving the way, planking the wall and lighting in Song and Ming Dynasties. The family lived a quiet pastoral life at sunrise and sunset.

custom

Men and women fall in love and get married after many songs. Have the habit of "crying and marrying". Women begin to cry 7-20 days before they get married. The songs that cry for marriage include "Women Cry for Mother", "Sister Crys for Sister" and "Scolding the Matchmaker". I sang softly at first, and the closer I got to the wedding day, the more sad I became. Until I cried my mouth dry and my eyes were red and swollen. They regard whether they are good at crying marriage as the standard to measure women's talent and virtue.

Before the toast system, Tujia people practiced cremation. Burial has been implemented since the Tusi system, and the funeral is presided over by the Tusi. When the toast offered sacrifices to the dead, he spun the wheel three times on the skylight, recited the scriptures and sent the dead across the overpass to heaven. Then he pretended to be a dead man and went out in circles around the "Ha Ha Tai". The children of the deceased mourned with the toast, who sang funeral songs and boasted. Suddenly, the gunfire went up into the sky, crying and moaning, which lasted for several days and nights. Then the coffin with the body was carried up the mountain for burial. During the return of the Republic of China to the motherland, the funeral of Tujia people was presided over by Taoist priests. Three days, five days and seven days after his death, according to the master's family background, Taoist priests formulated different levels of Dojo, including the names of Little Ten Kings, Big Ten Kings, One Night Sutang, One Vertical Mast, Two Vertical Masts and Seven Vertical Masts. In general, the Dojo carries out specific operation procedures such as getting off the willow bed, clearing the way, recommending the dead, offering sacrifices, cooking, scattering flowers, speaking lights, burning coffins, speaking spirits and sweeping the hall. Relatives of the deceased wore Pima Dai Xiao, followed the Taoist priest to hold a funeral, and invited people to sing filial piety to mourn the deceased. After the founding of New China, Tu Laosi and Taoists stopped their activities, stayed away from the Dojo and sang funeral songs at the memorial service.

Religious belief

Influenced by Han nationality, in religion, they mainly believe in ghosts and gods and worship their ancestors. These gods are not their own. Witches used to exorcise ghosts. Some places believe in Taoism. Give great respect to your ancestors every New Year, and also give little respect to your ancestors on the first and fifteenth day of the first lunar month. Ancestor foods include pig's head, jiaozi, Baba, chickens and ducks, and whole grains. Before each meal, someone used chopsticks to put a small amount of food on the meal in silence, indicating that the deceased ancestors were invited to eat first, and then began to eat. On the sixth day of the sixth lunar month, every village should set up a wave hall, in front of which pig heads, fruits and other sacrifices will be placed. In October, on the first day of October, winter is sacrificed, and chickens and ducks are slaughtered for a banquet. In addition, Tujia people worship the kitchen god, the earth god, the grain god and the tapir god, and they also offer sacrifices to Lu Ban when building houses. Besides wine and meat, they also want a rooster.

White tiger worship: White tiger has an important position in Tujia people's minds. Tujia people call themselves "White Tiger Queen". According to legend, in ancient times, the ancestor of Tujia nationality, Bawu Township, was promoted to the chief of the tribe with five surnames, and was called "Lin Jun" in history. Lin Jun led the tribe members down the river in a mud boat, went to Yangyan, killed the fierce goddess of salt water and settled down. People live and work in peace and contentment, and natural Lin Jun is deeply loved by people. Later, Lin Jun died, and his soul became a white tiger and ascended to heaven. From then on, Tujia people regarded the white tiger as their ancestors and never forgot to worship it everywhere. A white tiger carved from wood is enshrined in the shrine of every family all the year round. When getting married, the man should spread a tiger blanket on the spacious table in the main hall, symbolizing the sacrifice to the tiger ancestors. Besides religious worship, white tigers can be seen everywhere in Tujia people's lives. Its original intention is to use the tiger's heroic eyes to exorcise evil and suppress evil, hoping that the wings will be peaceful and happy.

eating habits

Tujia people usually eat three meals a day and two meals in their leisure time; Eat four meals in spring and summer when the labor intensity is high. For example, in the transplanting season, a "premature" meal should be added in the morning, mostly snacks such as glutinous rice dumplings or mung bean powder. It is said that eating glutinous rice balls as a "premature" meal means a bumper harvest and good luck. Tujia people also like to eat camellia soup. Besides rice, bibimbap is the most common staple food. Sometimes they also eat bean rice. Baba and unity are also the seasonal staple foods of Tujia people, and some even eat them. In the past, Hongshan medicine has been regarded as a staple food in many areas, and it is still a standing food in some areas after winter. The main feature of Tujia cuisine is sour and spicy. Every folk family has a sauerkraut jar, which is used to pickle sauerkraut, and almost every meal is inseparable from sauerkraut. Bean products are also very common, such as tofu, lobster sauce, bean leaf skin, tofu milk and so on. I especially like to eat mixed dregs, that is, grinding soybeans into pulp, boiling them to clarify, adding vegetable leaves and cooking them. People often eat bean rice, corn rice and slag soup together. Tujia people's drinking, especially during festivals or entertaining guests, is essential. Among them, sweet wine and miscellaneous wine brewed with glutinous rice and sorghum are more common, with low degree and pure taste. Typical food: Tujia people like to eat Baba bacon, oil tea and other foods, as well as assorted dishes; Tuanxiang; Mung bean powder (rice flour); Fried rice cakes.

culture

Tujia people love to sing folk songs, including love songs, crying wedding songs, rocking songs, labor songs, food songs and so on.

"Hand-waving dance" is a popular and ancient group dance, including hunting, military, farming, feasting and other more than 70 actions. It is related to offering sacrifices to ancestors and praying for a bumper harvest. No matter what big party, we should dance. "Waving" begins on a certain day of the lunar calendar and lasts for odd days. Usually three days, five days, seven days. Generally, tens of thousands of people will attend on the ninth day of the first lunar month or the third day of March. The rhythm is distinct, the movements are beautiful, simple and full of life. Epic and folk songs are the most famous.

Mainly engaged in agriculture, handicrafts, embroidery, weaving more famous, especially soil flower bedding. Influenced by the Han nationality in economic and cultural development, it also retains its own characteristics. "Golden Tung Oil" in Xiangxi and "Bashang Paint" in western Hubei are famous brands at home and abroad.

"Xilankapu" is a wonderful flower in Tujia national craft. Also known as "flower bedding", it is a Tujia brocade. With its unique technology and wonderful composition, it is listed as one of the five tapestries in China.

The most famous Tujia literature is narrative poems, folk songs and lullabies when dancing. There are big wave songs and small wave songs, and big wave songs are epic. Wavelet songs are mostly bitter songs and love songs, which belong to lyric works. It has strong national characteristics and unique Shan Ye flavor. The long narrative poem "Golden Rooster" is composed of four folk songs, which are expressed by duets between men and women. It takes the love story as the main line and reflects the broad social life.

Astronomical calendar

Tujia people have accumulated a lot of knowledge in astronomy, geography, meteorology, water conservancy, agronomy, biology, medicine and so on in their long-term farming life, and used these knowledge to guide the production and life of Tujia people from generation to generation. ?

Tujia meteorological knowledge has been handed down in the form of proverbs and ballads, such as: "the clouds are light and the wind is light;" The cloud faces west, covered with hemp fiber; The clouds are facing south, the ship is wrecked, the clouds are facing north, and the rain is not penetrated. ""In the morning, it is burning and waiting for tea; In the evening, the scorching sun scorched people, and the toad died. "Lei Gong sang, but it didn't rain much." "The east rainbow rises in the sun, and the west rainbow rises, and the south rainbow rises." "The moon throws an umbrella, the sun breaks the rock, the moon grows, and the rain falls." "The rainy mountain wears a hat, and the rainy mountain wipes its waist" all predict the weather through the observation of clouds, thunder, rainbows and other celestial bodies or the sun and moon. ?

Tujia people also predict the climate and estimate the annual harvest according to the dry vegetation in the mountains, the coming and going of migratory birds, the changes of the sun, the moon and the stars, and the alternation of clouds, storms and lightning. They compiled the farming experience accumulated from generation to generation into folk songs and proverbs, which were passed down from mouth to mouth to guide spring planting and autumn harvest. For example, "Lao Zhang did not listen to the old questions and coaxed, tung flowers wanted to plant", "Every spring in March, birds sang all over the mountains to publicize the spring and destroy crops", warning people that it is time to plant trees and birds sang. Another example is: "Qingming wants to be sunny, Grain Rain wants to be drenched", "It is not hot in dog days, and the grain does not bear fruit; It was not cold on March 9, and the fruit was not very good. " This is based on the meteorological conditions of specific solar terms to infer the quality of agricultural harvest.

His knowledge of agronomy is also passed down from generation to generation by such proverbs and folk songs, such as: "The ploughing is deep, the rake is broken, and a bowl of mud and a bowl of rice", which means that the farmland should be deeply plowed and carefully raked, so that the harvest is good. "Planting potatoes deep and planting seedlings shallow, planting sweet potatoes on Pipi" and "planting autumn sweet potatoes without planting autumn buckwheat" are also teaching the planting skills of rice seedlings, sweet potatoes and buckwheat.

▲ Ten Crys and Ten Swings-Tujia Marriage Customs

The wedding of Tujia girls is greeted by crying. The bride cried more than half a month before the wedding, and some cried for more than a month, at least three or five days. Tujia people also regard whether they can sing wedding songs as a sign to measure women's intelligence and virtue. Weeping songs include Weeping to Marry Parents, Weeping to Marry Brothers and Sisters, Weeping to Marry Uncle, Weeping to Marry Matchmaker, Weeping to Marry Hair, Weeping to Marry Flowers, Weeping to Marry Father from Mother, Weeping to Marry Ancestors, Weeping to Marry in a Sedan, etc.

Weeping marriage stems from women's lack of freedom in marriage. They accused the evil marriage system with the song of crying and marrying. Today, marriage is free. Tujia girls also want to cry when they get married. Now it's just a ceremony to cry for marriage. Accompanying ten sisters is a unique form of crying marriage for Tujia girls. The night before the bride's wedding, parents invited nine unmarried girls from their neighbors, including 10 bride, to sit around the table and sing all night, so it was called the song of ten sisters.

Ten sisters are sitting around a table. First, the bride cries "ten times" and the bride cries "once". The cook put a dish on the table. When the food is set, the other nine sisters cry in turn. Finally, the bride cried "ten times". The chef accepts food and drinks as usual. After the food is finished, the activity of accompanying the tenth sister is over. There are many lyrics about crying marriage, such as "Ten Swings" and "Ten Harvest", in which there are the virtues of crying ancestors, the kindness of parents, the friendship of sisters, the sages of brothers and sisters, and the feelings of homeland. Sometimes I scold the matchmaker. The accompanying tears are mostly lingering words. Melody is often used in seven words and eight phrases: "Parents in enderby, heaven and earth, nurture their hearts, and the trees want to be quiet but the wind will not stop. If they don't repay their kindness, they will leave. I have been looking forward to my hometown for a long time. How long can I stay when I come back? There is a long stream in front of the door, and my daughter's tears are long. "

Usually they cry for three to five days, and some cry for ten and a half months. The main contents of crying are: recalling the relationship between mother and daughter, telling the bitterness of parting, thanking parents for their parenting, and asking brothers and sisters to take care of their elderly parents. The lyrics of crying marriage are generally impromptu, and there are different crying words, and of course there are fixed crying words. In addition, crying has a cadence tune.

There are two forms of crying and singing: one person crying and two people crying. A person mostly cries for the fate of the girl, the kindness of parents, the friendship between brothers and sisters, the feudal marriage and the hateful deception of the matchmaker. If you cry for your father, "I don't know the stars in the sky for many months, and my father worked hard for me." My father's kindness is inexhaustible, and I can't finish it. " One is afraid that we are hungry, and the other is afraid that we are sick; I'm afraid I'm uglier than people, and I've taken great pains to wear star Dai Yue. Fourth, I am afraid that my daughter has no education and send her to school. Now that her daughter is an adult, Fermi spends a lot of money. One foot and five inches with a female plate, just to take it from the mouth; Hard times need time, freezing and hunger need hard work! The daughter mistakenly thought that the rape flower was dead, and the parents worked hard at their own expense; When I left my parents today, I was very sad and tearful! It is difficult for women to be filial to their parents, and it is difficult to be filial to their parents for a lifetime; The lights in the water are unknown, and it is a waste of time to come to earth! "

Two people cry and sing at the same time, which is also called sisters crying. That is, the married girl cries first, the crying partner comforts her, and the clause is inserted at the end, and the two people cry together. If sisters cry to each other: Sister: "There are twelve branches on Thoreau's tree, and we have the same root and branch;" Today, sisters are going to be separated, so it's lonely to leave Xiulou! Sister: There are twelve branches on Thoreau's tree, and we have the same father and mother. "Now sisters are hard to leave, and it is hard to part!" Big sister: "thoreau tree came to Taiwan to visit Taiwan, and my big sister couldn't rest assured;" Leave it at your sister-in-law's house and come back on holidays! "Sister:" When thoreau tree comes to Taiwan Province to visit Taiwan Province, I hope my sister will be more relaxed, and I will treat my sister well, and I will remember my teaching! "

Weeping marriage usually takes place in the bride's boudoir. The bride should accompany anyone who cries. If the man doesn't cry, say a few words of comfort and blessing to say goodbye. The night before the bride gets married, crying is the most lively, especially before dawn. When parents, sisters and brides cry, they burst into tears, showing the kindness between their loved ones to the fullest, and all the onlookers were moved to tears.