What are the names of the twenty-four solar terms in the lunar calendar? Urgent! ! !

Twenty-four solar terms are the original cultural heritage of working people in China, which can reflect the changes of seasons, guide agricultural activities and affect the food, clothing, housing and transportation of thousands of households. Since 2000, the main political activity center in China has been concentrated in the Yellow River Basin, and the 24 solar terms have been established on the basis of the climate and phenology in this area. Due to the vast territory and changeable terrain of China, the 24 solar terms are only a reference for many regions.

The twenty-four solar terms are divided according to the position of the sun on the ecliptic (that is, the orbit of the earth around the sun). Depending on the sun starting from the vernal equinox (longitude zero, at this moment the sun shines vertically on the equator), every advance of 15 degrees is a solar term; After a week's operation, I returned to the vernal equinox, which is a tropical year with 360 degrees, so it is divided into 24 solar terms. The dates of solar terms are relatively fixed in the solar calendar. For example, beginning of spring in the solar calendar always falls between February 3rd and 5th. However, in the lunar calendar, the date of solar terms is not easy to determine. Take beginning of spring as an example. It can be the first day of the lunar calendar in the previous year, 65438+February 15, and the latest is the first month, 15.

From the literal meaning of the 24 solar terms:

Beginning of spring, Changxia, beginning of autumn and beginning of winter respectively represent the beginning of the four seasons. "Stand" means to start. The Gregorian calendar is generally around February 4th, May 5th, August 7th and165438+1October 7th every year.

Solstice in summer and Solstice in winter-this means that summer and winter have arrived. "To" means to arrive. Summer solstice and winter solstice are generally on June 2 1 day and February 22 12 of the Gregorian calendar every year.

Autumnal equinox, autumnal equinox-means that day and night are equal in length. "Divide" is equal share. These two solar terms are generally around March 20 and September 23 of the Gregorian calendar every year.

Rain-indicates that the precipitation begins and the rainfall gradually increases. It rains around February 18 in Gregorian calendar every year.

Sting-the sudden movement of spring thunder woke the hibernating animals in the soil. At this time, the temperature rose rapidly, and the spring thunder gradually sprouted. Every year around March 5 of the Gregorian calendar is a shock.

Qingming-includes the meaning of sunny weather, fresh air, gradually warming climate and lush vegetation. The Gregorian calendar is Qingming around April 5 every year.

Grain Rain —— The increase of rainfall is very beneficial to the growth of cereal crops. Grain Rain is around April 20th of the Gregorian calendar every year.

Xiaoman-refers to the summer crops with full seeds, but not yet mature, just small and not yet full. Every year on May 2 1 day of the Gregorian calendar, it is full.

Crops with awns, such as awn seed wheat, mature and summer sowing begins. Around June 5 every year, it is a mango.

Hot in summer, hot in summer, hot in summer-hot in summer means hot. The heat is not the hottest time, but the heat is the hottest season, and the heat is the day when summer is coming to an end. They are around July 7, July 23 and August 23 of the Gregorian calendar every year.

White dew-the temperature began to drop, the weather turned cold, and there was dew on the vegetation in the morning. The Millennium is around September 7 of the Gregorian calendar every year.

Cold dew-the temperature drops, there is condensation in the air, and there is a chill gradually. This day is usually on June 8 10 every year.

First frost-it's getting colder and colder, and it's frosting. The first frost usually occurs on the 23rd day of the Gregorian calendar 10 year 10.

Light snow, heavy snow-it's starting to snow, with small and large indicating the degree of snowfall. Light snow falls on Gregorian calendar165438+1October 22nd, and heavy snow falls around 65438+February 7th.

Slight cold, severe cold-the weather is getting colder and colder. Slight cold is not the coldest, but severe cold is the coldest time of the year. The Gregorian calendar 65438+1October 5th and 20th are mild and severe cold.

The twenty-four solar terms reflect the annual apparent movement of the sun, so in the current Gregorian calendar, the dates of the solar terms are basically fixed. The first half of the year is on the 6th and 2nd1,and the second half is on the 8th and 23rd, with a difference of 1 ~ 2 days.

The 24 Solar Terms

Beginning of spring: Dou refers to the Northeast. The meridian of the sun is 3 15 degrees. It is the first of the 24 solar terms. It means to begin to enter the spring, "yang and thorns, everything is spring." After beginning of spring, everything is full of vitality, and the four seasons begin now.

The rain bucket refers to the ring. The longitude of the sun is 330 degrees. At this time, the spring breeze blows all over, the ice and snow melt, the air is moist, and the rain is increasing, so it is called rain. People often say: "Spring blossoms, and rain is busy to send fertilizer."

Stunned: fight with your fingers. The longitude of the sun is 345 degrees. This solar term means that after the beginning of spring, the weather will get warmer, the spring thunder will start to sound, and all kinds of hibernating animals that are dormant in the soil will wake up and start to move, so it is called a fright. During this period, the eggs laid by overwintering insects will also begin to hatch. Some parts of China have entered the spring ploughing season. As the saying goes, "After being shocked, it is warm and harmonious, and the old toad sings folk songs." "I was startled by a plow, and the vernal equinox was full of air." "Before the thunder comes, the rain is like a dragon."

Vernal equinox: fighting refers to shackles. The yellow meridian of the sun is 0 degrees. The sun is above the equator at the vernal equinox. This is the 90-day vernal equinox of spring. On this day, the northern and southern hemispheres are equal in day and night, so it is called the vernal equinox. After this day, the direct position of the sun moves northward, and the days in the northern hemisphere are long and the nights are short. So the vernal equinox is the beginning of spring in the northern hemisphere. Overwintering crops in most parts of China have entered the spring growth stage. Agricultural proverbs in various places include: "The spring equinox comes first, and rice competes for money" (Guangdong), "The spring equinox never stops raining, but the summer equinox never stops burning" (Sichuan), "When it rains, every family is busy, planting melons and beans first, then transplanting them" (Hubei), "Planting vegetables at the spring equinox, picking melons in summer" (Hunan) and "Planting beans at the spring equinox, and planting them at the autumn equinox.

Qingming: fighting refers to Ding. The meridian of the sun is 15 degrees. At this time, the climate is refreshing and warm, flowers and trees grow new branches, everything begins to grow, and farmers are busy ploughing and planting in spring. Once upon a time, on this day in Tomb-Sweeping Day, some families would plant willows at the door and go for an outing to sweep the graves in the suburbs. This is an ancient custom.

Grain Rain: There's a fight. The meridian of the sun is 30 degrees. It means that rain breeds grain. Because rain nourishes the earth, five grains can grow, so Grain Rain is "rain gives birth to hundreds of grains". As the saying goes, "Before and after Grain Rain, you reap what you sow".

Long summer: the bucket refers to the southeast. The yellow meridian of the sun is 45 degrees. Now it's long summer, and since then, everything has flourished. Traditionally, the long summer is regarded as an important solar term for the temperature to rise significantly, the summer heat is approaching, thunderstorms are increasing, and crops enter the peak season.

Little Man: Fighting nails. The longitude of the sun is 60 degrees. Since Xiaoman, summer crops such as barley and winter wheat have borne fruit and full seeds, but they are not yet mature, so they are called Xiaoman.

Mangzhong: Beidou points to itself. The yellow meridian of the sun is 75 degrees. At this time, it is most suitable for sowing grain crops with awns, such as late rice, millet and millet. If you plant awns and crops after this time, it will not be ripe. At the same time, "awn" refers to crops with awns such as wheat and barley, and "species" refers to seeds. Awn seeds indicate the maturity of awned crops such as wheat. Before and after sowing, the rainfall in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in Central China increased and the temperature rose. In the rainy season, the air is very humid, the weather is extremely sultry, and all kinds of utensils and clothes are prone to mildew, so it is called "Huangmeitian" in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China.

Summer solstice: Beidou points to B. The yellow meridian of the sun is 90 degrees. When the sun is at the 90-degree "Summer Solstice Point" of the Huangjing, the sun is almost directly above the Tropic of Cancer, and the sun is the highest at noon. This day is the longest day and the shortest night in the northern hemisphere. From this day on, it entered the hot season, when everything in the world grew most vigorously. In ancient times, the heart also called this day the northern solstice, meaning the northernmost day when the sun was born. After the summer solstice, the sun gradually moves southward, and the days in the northern hemisphere become shorter and the nights become longer.

Summer heat: fighting refers to Xin. The longitude of the sun is 105 degrees. It's already very hot, but it's not hot enough, so it's called Xiaoshu. At this point, it is already around the beginning.

Summer: bucket refers to C. solar longitude 120 degrees. The summer heat is the hottest solar term in a year. Before and after the next day's duty, high temperature weather of 40℃ often appeared in many places in the Yangtze River Basin. Do a good job in heatstroke prevention and cooling. There is a lot of rain in this solar term, so we should pay attention to the flood control and waterlogging prevention in the proverb "little summer heat, big summer heat, drowning rats"

Beginning of autumn: Beidou points southwest. The longitude of the sun is 135 degrees. Autumn, spring flowers and autumn fruits mean that plants are maturing rapidly. From this day on, autumn began, the autumn was crisp, the moon was bright and the wind was clear. Since then, the temperature has gradually decreased from the hottest time.

Summer heat: fighting refers to five. The longitude of the sun is 150 degrees. At this point, the heat has come to an end. The heat of summer is about to dissipate. This is the turning point of the temperature drop. It is a symbol of cold climate and indicates the end of summer.

Millennium: Fingers pointing. The longitude of the sun is 165 degrees. When the weather turns cold, the ground water vapor condenses the most.

Autumnal equinox: the barrel refers to itself. The longitude of the sun is 180 degrees. On the day of the autumnal equinox, like spring people, the sun is almost direct to the equator, and day and night are almost equal. From this day on, the position of direct sunlight continued to move from the equator to the southern hemisphere, and the days became shorter and the nights became longer in the northern hemisphere. According to China's autumnal equinox theory, this day is exactly half of the ninety days in autumn, so it is called autumnal equinox. But in astronomy, it is stipulated that autumn in the northern hemisphere begins with the autumnal equinox.

Cold dew: fighting nails. The longitude of the sun is 195 degrees. After the white dew, the weather turned cold and dew began to appear. When the dew is cold, there is much dew and the temperature is low. So some people say that cold is dew, white first and then cold, which means that the climate will gradually turn cold. Water vapor condenses into dew.

First frost: the longitude of the sun is 2 10 degrees. It's already cold, and there is frost, so it's called the first frost.

Beginning of winter: The longitude of the sun is 225 degrees. Traditionally, our people think that this day is the beginning of winter. Winter, as the end, means that after a year of field work, crops will be harvested. After beginning of winter passes, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in China will soon freeze, and farmers from all over China will gradually turn to farmland water conservancy infrastructure and other agricultural activities.

Xiaoxue: The longitude of the sun is 240. The temperature dropped and it began to snow, but it was not the season of heavy snow, so it was called light snow. Before and after the light snow, it began to snow in the Yellow River basin (snowfall in the south is two solar terms later); In the north, it has entered the freezing season.

Heavy snow: the longitude of the sun is 255 degrees. Before and after the heavy snow, there was gradually snow in the Yellow River basin. In the north, it's already the severe winter of "thousands of miles frozen, Wan Li snowing".

Winter solstice: the longitude of the sun is 270 degrees. On the solstice of winter, the sun shines almost directly on the tropic of Capricorn. Our northern hemisphere has the shortest day and the longest night, and it has begun to enter several cold days. Astronomy stipulates that this day is the beginning of winter in the northern hemisphere. After the winter solstice, the direct sunlight gradually moved northward, and the days in the northern hemisphere gradually became longer. As the proverb goes, eating noodles on the solstice in winter will make the day longer.

Slight cold: The yellow meridian of the sun is 285 degrees. After the slight cold, it began to enter the cold season. Cold air is cold for a long time, and slight cold means that the weather is cold but not extreme.

Great cold: the longitude of the sun is 300 degrees. Great cold refers to extremely cold weather. Around the Great Cold is the coldest season of the year. The great cold is on March 9, as the saying goes: the cold is on March 9.

After the severe cold, spring came and the weather became warm. At this point, the earth revolves around the sun once, ending a cycle.

Source of solar terms

As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, people in China had the concepts of Solstice in the South and Solstice in the North. Subsequently, people divided the year into 24 equal parts according to the relationship between the running position of the sun and the moon at the beginning and middle of the month and the natural utilization such as weather, animal and plant growth. And give each equal part a proper noun, that is, twenty-four solar terms. By the end of the Warring States Period, solar terms had eight names: beginning of spring, Equinox, Long Summer, Summer Solstice, beginning of autumn, Equinox, beginning of winter and Winter Solstice. These eight solar terms are the most important of the 24 solar terms. These eight solar terms mark the change of seasons and clearly divide the four seasons of the year. Later, when the book Huai Nan Zi was published, the names of the 24 solar terms were exactly the same as those of the modern ones.

Division of solar terms

Some people think that the 24 solar terms are subordinate to the lunar calendar, but they are actually defined according to the solar calendar. That is, according to the position of the sun on the ecliptic, a year is divided into 24 equal parts. That is to say, the ecliptic is divided into 24 equal parts, and each equal part accounts for 15℃ of the ecliptic. Because the time required for the sun to pass through each bisection is almost equal, the Gregorian calendar dates of the 24 solar terms are roughly the same: the first half of the year is around 6 and 2 1, and the second half is around 8 and 23. There are two formulas:

In the first half of this year,

Come to the eighth and twenty-third in the second half of the year.

In ancient times, solar terms were called "qi", and there were two qi in each month: the former was called "solar terms" and the latter was called "neutral qi". The monthly distribution of the 24 solar terms is shown in the following table, which is closely related to the arrangement of the lunar leap month. In the lunar calendar, beginning of spring is the first of the 24 solar terms. The names of the 24 solar terms are named according to the place pointed by Dougang and the natural climate and landscape at that time. The so-called fighting means that the three stars of the Big Dipper, Kuixing, Xingxing and Yuxing, point to different directions and positions with the movement of celestial bodies, and the positions they refer to are the months they represent. For example, the first month is cloudy, the spoon refers to yin at dusk, refers to yin at midnight, and refers to yin during the day; February is the base, the Beidou at dusk refers to the base, the balance at midnight refers to the base, the chief refers to the base during the day, and so on.