Review materials of geography history in the second day of junior high school

Chapter five, four geographical units with their own characteristics.

1, divided into four regions: geographical location and natural human geographical characteristics.

2. Boundary: (1) Northern region and Northwest region: boundary between monsoon region and non-monsoon region (2) Northern region and southern region: Qinling-Huaihe line (3) Qinghai-Tibet region: boundary between the first step and the second step.

3. The geographical significance of Qinling-Huaihe Line: ① It is the dividing line between the southern and northern regions of China; ② It is roughly equivalent to the 0℃ isotherm in winter in China; (3) It is the landlord of China's 800 mm annual precipitation line; ④ It is the dividing line between semi-humid area and humid area in China; ⑤ is the dividing line between warm temperate zone and subtropical zone in China.

The first section, the northern region-black land and yellow land:

1. The location range is east of Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, south of Qinling Mountain and Huaihe River, west of Daxing 'anling Mountain and south of Inner Mongolia Plateau. Plain (Northeast Plain, North China Plain) has a vast area, and the cultivated land is mainly dry land, which is easy to be mechanized. It is an important grain and cotton producing area in China. Coal, iron and oil resources are abundant, industries are developed and industrial cities are dense.

2. Climate type: temperate monsoon climate; Discrimination: wet and semi-wet. There are great seasonal differences between summer and winter.

3. Main topographic areas: Northeast Plain, North China Plain, Loess Plateau and Sanjiang Plain.

4. Main agricultural products and food crops: wheat; Oil crops: peanuts; Sugar crops: sugar beet; Cash crops: cotton, millet, soybean, etc.

Vegetation and fruit trees: natural forests in Northeast China and temperate fruits; Mineral resources: iron; Main energy sources: coal and oil; Main fruits: apples, grapes, pears, peaches, apricots and persimmons. Crops are usually harvested once a year or three times every two years.

5, customs and habits People's staple food: pasta (Northeast China, North China: rich in wheat, mainly pasta; Loess Plateau: mainly millet);

Characteristics of traditional houses: pay attention to cold protection and heat preservation (northeast and north China: adobe walls and brick houses (fire-resistant); Loess Plateau: Cave);

6. Ecological environment and control: soil erosion and land desertification.

In the second quarter, the southern region-hot and humid red land:

1. Geographical location is from the East China Sea to the South China Sea, to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the west, and to the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River in the north.

2. Climate type: subtropical and tropical monsoon climate; Discrimination: the highest temperature is 28℃ ~ 30℃, and the lowest temperature is above 0℃; It is hot and rainy in summer and warm and humid in winter.

Main topographic areas: the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River plain, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, southeast hills and Sichuan Basin. The soil is mainly red soil.

3. Main agricultural products and food crops: rice; Oil crops: rape; Sugar crops: sugarcane; Cash crops: cotton; Vegetation and fruit trees: subtropical and tropical cash crops and fruit trees. Main fruit: sugarcane; Banana, litchi, longan, pineapple, citrus, longan, coconut. Mineral resources: non-ferrous metals; Main energy sources: nuclear energy and abundant hydropower. It is an important freshwater fish producing area in China. Crops are usually harvested two or three times a year.

4, customs and habits People's staple food: rice. Characteristics of traditional houses: paying attention to ventilation and heat dissipation, mainly facing north and south, and the roof of tile house is steep.

5. Ecological environment and control: red soil and soil erosion.

6. It is the region with the most active economy, the most developed manufacturing industry and the most extensive external contacts in China.

The third section, Qinling-Huaihe important geographical dividing line.

The isotherms at 0℃ are 1 and 1. Isograms of daily average temperature ≥ 10℃ and accumulated temperature ≥ 4,500℃. The dividing line between warm temperate zone and subtropical zone

2. The annual precipitation is 800mm and other precipitation lines. The dividing line between wet zone and semi-wet zone. The dividing line between subtropical monsoon climate and temperate monsoon climate

3. The dividing line between dryland agriculture and rice agriculture. The dividing line between rice production and wheat production

4. The dividing line between evergreen broad-leaved forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest

5. The river north of this line has a large flow, a small change in water level, and an ice age. The river flow south of the line is small, the water level changes greatly, and there is no ice age.

6. The Qinling Mountains (and Bayan Kara) are also the watershed between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River.

7. North of Qinling Mountains, the dividing line between Central China and North China: the climate is relatively cold, which is the north of China. The cultivated land is mainly dry land, the crops are mainly wheat, the staple food is pasta, and the trees shed leaves in winter.

The fourth quarter, northwest China.

1. Location: western Daxinganling, north of the Great Wall, Kunlun Mountain-Altun Mountain: Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Xinjiang, Ningxia and northern Gansu.

2. The topography of the arid area in northwest China is dominated by plateaus and basins: three mountains and two basins (Altai Mountain, Junggar Basin, Tianshan Mountain, Tarim Basin and Kunlun Mountain) (1) plateaus, basins with obvious wind erosion, deserts and Gobi; ⑵ From east to west, the vegetation changes as follows: grassland-desert grassland-desert.

Main topographic areas: Inner Mongolia Plateau, Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin, Turpan Basin, Ningxia Plain and Hetao Plain.

3. An important animal husbandry base in China. Mainly irrigated agriculture.

4. Underground treasure: there are a lot of coal, oil and rare earth reserves.

5. Main railway trunk lines: Baolan Line, Lanxin Line, Northern Xinjiang Railway and Southern Xinjiang Railway.

Section 5, Qinghai-Tibet region-alpine zone:

1. Geographical location: west of Hengduan Mountain, north of Himalayan Mountain, south of Kunlun Mountain and Altun Mountain: Xizang Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province, west of Sichuan Province (with an area of 25% and a population of less than 1%, there are a large number of Han people in eastern Qinghai Province.

The main rivers and lakes are: Yangtze River, Yellow River, tributaries of Huangshui River, Yarlung Zangbo River and Qinghai Lake (there are many salty lakes, which are dry and have a large evaporation, ice and snow supply, salt and glaciers, like solid reservoirs).

2. Natural environment characteristics: extremely cold. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the alpine Qinghai-Tibet region has an average elevation of more than 4,000 meters and is known as the "roof of the world". The peaks are covered with snow all year round, and glaciers are widely distributed. The basin with the highest altitude: Qaidam Basin.

3. Plateau agriculture and animal husbandry: Yarlung Zangbo River basin and Huangshui River basin. Main crops: highland barley, wheat and peas. Main livestock: yak, Tibetan sheep and Tibetan goat.

Qaidam basin is rich in energy, mineral resources and tourism resources: solar energy, geothermal energy and minerals.

5. People's Life in Qinghai-Tibet (1) Cuisine: Baba made of highland barley flour, roasted or cooked beef and mutton. (2) Living: Pastoral areas generally live in tents made of thick yak felt and can move freely; Most non-pastoral areas are in houses with thick walls made of stones and adobe. (3) Route: Yak

6. Protect the Three Rivers: Yangtze River, Yellow River and Lancang River.