The geography exam is coming. Please help me collect some key knowledge. Thanks in advance!

1. Longitude gradient: the east degree increases to the east longitude, and the west degree increases to the west longitude.

2. Latitude gradual change: the degree to the north increases to the north latitude, and the degree to the south increases to the south latitude.

3. The shape and length of the weft: a circle parallel to each other. The equator is the circle with the longest latitude, and it gradually becomes shorter towards the poles.

4. The shape and length of meridian: All meridians are semicircles with equal length where the north and south poles intersect.

5. Judgment of east-west meridian: East longitude increases along the rotation direction, while west longitude decreases.

6. Judgment of north and south latitudes: The degrees increase to north latitude and south latitude.

7. Division of the eastern and western hemispheres: 20 W to 160 E in the east is the eastern hemisphere, and 20 W to 160 E in the west is the western hemisphere.

8. East-west direction judgment: bad arc law (for example, 80 E is east of1E and west of170 W).

9. Scale size and graphic range: the larger the scale, the smaller the range; The smaller the scale, the larger the scope.

10. Determination of the direction on the map: generally, "north to south, left to west and right to east"; A map with a beacon tower, the arrow pointing to the beacon tower points to the north;

On the map of latitude and longitude network, longitude indicates the north-south direction and latitude indicates the east-west direction.

1 1. Contour density: the denser the contour lines in the same map, the steeper the slope; The denser the isobar, the greater the wind force; The denser the isotherm, the greater the temperature difference.

12. Convexity and topography of contour lines: where the contour lines protrude to the high place is the valley, and where the contour lines protrude to the low place is the ridge.

13. Contour line and convexity of river: the convex direction of contour line is opposite to the flow direction of river.

14. the protruding direction of isotherm and ocean current: the protruding direction of isotherm is the same as the flow direction of ocean current.

Unit 2 Special Topics on Earth Motion

1. Celestial body types: nebula, star, meteor, comet, planet, satellite, gas and dust in interstellar space, etc.

2. The hierarchy of celestial body system: total galaxy-Milky Way-solar system-earth-moon system.

3. Planets are classified according to their characteristics: terrestrial planets (water, earth and fire), giant planets (wood) and distant planets (sky and sea).

4. Moon: (1) The front of the moon always faces the earth, and it also changes day and night.

(2) There is no atmosphere, so the temperature difference between day and night on the surface of the moon is large, with many craters, no sound and no wind.

(3) There are mountains, plains and volcanoes on the surface of the moon.

5. Reasons for life on the earth: stable lighting conditions, safe cosmic environment, suitable atmosphere and temperature, and liquid water.

6. The external structure of the sun and its corresponding solar activities: photosphere (sunspot), chromosphere (flare) and corona (solar wind).

7. Solar activity-sunspots (signs) and flares (strongest). The change period of sunspots is 1 1 year.

8. The influence of solar activity: sunspot-climate influence, flare-ionosphere-radio communication, charged particle flow-magnetic field-magnetic storm.

9. The influence of solar radiation: ① The main driving force to maintain the surface temperature and promote the water, atmosphere and biological activities and changes on the earth.

Solar energy is the energy we use every day.

10. Rotation direction: from west to east, counterclockwise from the North Pole and clockwise from the South Pole.

Speed: ① linear speed (decreasing from equator to pole to zero) ② angular speed (equal everywhere except pole to zero).

Period: ① sidereal day (real period 23h56m4s) ② solar day (24: 00, alternating day and night).

Significance: ① Alternating day and night; ② Different longitude places; ③ Deviation of horizontally moving objects (north right south left).

1 1, terminator line: along the direction of rotation, it transitions to the morning line at night and to the night line during the day (the height angle of the sun on the terminator line is 0 degrees).

12, terminator line and meridian: terminator line and meridian-vernal equinox coincide; The intersection angle between the termination line and the meridian is the largest-the summer solstice and the winter solstice.

13. Time calculation: required time = known time zone time difference+en route time.

14, time zone = longitude/15 (rounded when it is not divisible), time zone difference = time zone difference.

15, Universal Time: when the prime meridian (0) time is taken as the standard, it is also called Greenwich Mean Time, and it is also the time zone of the zero-time zone.

16, date division: east of zero meridian is "today" on the earth, and west is "yesterday".

17, international date line: the date of crossing international date line from west to east (not completely crossing 180 meridian) is reduced by one day, and the date of crossing from east to west is increased by one day.

18, Location of Satellite Launch Base:

Natural factors (① Meteorological conditions need sunny days; ② Initial rotation speed of the earth: it depends on latitude and topography; ③ Flat and open terrain);

Human factors (vast territory and sparsely populated, convenient transportation, meeting the needs of national defense security).

① Taiyuan: Strong technical force; ② Jiuquan: continental climate with many sunny days; ③ Xichang has low latitude and high initial launch speed;

④ Wenchang, Hainan: low latitude and high initial launch speed; Convenient transportation.

19, revolution speed: 65438+1early October-perihelion-fast, early July-perihelion-slow;

Significance: ① the change of day and night, ② the change of sun height at noon, ③ the change of four seasons, ④ the formation of five zones.

20, revolution and rotation formed the ecliptic angle (23 26'):

(1) the existence of the ecliptic angle-the movement of the direct point of the sun-the change of the length of day and night and the height of the sun at noon-the four seasons.

The existence of declination angle-that movement of the direct point of the sun-the seasonal movement of the wind belt in the pressure belt-the formation of the Mediterranean climate and the savanna climate.

② Five-zone dividing line: tropical zone between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Cancer, temperate zone between polar circles of Tropic of Cancer and cold zone between poles.

(3) If the Huang Chi angle becomes larger, the tropics and frigid zones become larger and the temperate zones become smaller; If the Huang Chi Angle becomes smaller, the tropics and frigid zones become smaller and the temperate zone becomes larger.

If the ecliptic angle is zero, the sun will always shine directly at the equator, the world will be divided equally between day and night, and the Mediterranean climate and savanna climate will disappear.

2 1, the variation law of noon sun height: ① decreasing from the direct point to the north and south sides.

② Calculation of noon sun height = 90-△ (latitude interval between the direct point and the search point)

③ The noon height angle is the largest in the area north of the Tropic of Cancer from summer to Japan, and the smallest in the southern hemisphere;

During the winter solstice, the noon height angle in the south of Capricorn is the largest in a year, and the smallest in the northern hemisphere.

④ The area between the Tropic of Cancer-there are two direct opportunities-two maximums.

⑤ The higher the latitude, the smaller the midday sun altitude angle and the larger the building spacing.

22, the length of the day and night time distribution:

(1) In which hemisphere is the direct sunlight point, which hemisphere has long days and short nights. In the northern hemisphere in summer, the direct sunlight point is in the northern hemisphere, with long days and short nights.

(2) Which hemisphere the direct point of the sun moves to, the daytime in this hemisphere will become longer, and the daytime in the northern hemisphere is the longest on June 22nd, and the shortest on June 22nd, 65438+February 22nd.

③ The maximum day length between the Tropic of Cancer and the maximum noon sun height angle do not appear on the same day, such as Haikou City.

23. Latitude distribution of the length of day and night:

In summer in the northern hemisphere, the days are long and the nights are short. The farther north, the longer the days (the earlier the sunrise, the later), such as Beijing > Shanghai >; Guangzhou

Winter in the northern hemisphere has short days and long nights. The farther south, the longer the day (the earlier the sunrise, the later the sunset). Such as Haikou > Guangzhou >; Shanghai,

24. Day length = sunset time-sunrise time; Length of day =24 hours-length of night

Sunrise time = 12:00- day length /2 (or 0:00+ night length/2); The sunrise time at that point on the equator is 6 o'clock.

Sunset time = 12:00+ day length /2 (or 24:00- night length/2); The sunset time at this point on the equator is 18: 00.

25, the earth is a non-luminous, opaque sphere-the phenomenon of day and night appeared.

Earth's rotation-a sphere alternating day and night (the rotation speed period affects the temperature difference between day and night)

The rotating sphere tilted by the earth-the movement of the straight point, the change of the height of the sun at noon, the length of day and night-four seasons and five zones.

26. Typical seasonal phenomena

Geographical phenomena, time and season

Northern Hemisphere Summer Half Year Northern Hemisphere Winter Half Year

At the beginning of July, near perihelion, the angular velocity and linear velocity of the earth's revolution are the slowest, and at the beginning of 1 month, near perihelion, the angular velocity and linear velocity of the earth's revolution are the fastest.

At noon, the sun's height is around June 22nd, the highest in the north of the Tropic of Cancer, the lowest in the equator and southern hemisphere around February 22nd, 65438, the highest in the south of the Tropic of Cancer, and the lowest in the equator and northern hemisphere.

Days and nights are long, but short. Extreme days and nights appear in the Arctic Circle, and extreme nights appear in the Arctic Circle.

Isotope land isotherms all protrude to the north, land isotherms all protrude to the south, and the ocean is the opposite.

The pressure zone and wind zone move northward with the direct point and southward with the direct point.

Snow line, snow line up, snow line down.

The current in the North Indian Ocean is influenced by the southwest monsoon and flows clockwise and counterclockwise, and is influenced by the northeast monsoon.

The precipitation in China is influenced by plum wind in summer and less in winter.

In China, many rivers melt ice and snow due to high temperature, while the outflow rivers are affected by summer monsoon, and most rivers enter the flood season. Most rivers in Northeast China enter the dry season in spring and summer, while some rivers in the north of the Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains have glacial periods, and some rivers are cut off.

China Monsoon Most parts of the country are affected by the summer monsoon from the ocean, and most areas are affected by the winter monsoon from the mainland, which is cold and rainy.

China's agricultural production is generally high in the country, and crops enter the growing period. The crop maturity system has gradually changed from three crops a year from south to north to three crops a year and then to one crop a year. Most crops in the north are in the wintering period, and the tropical areas in the south are rich in water and heat, which can produce anti-season vegetables and fruits.

Drought and flood (spring drought in North China, summer drought in Yangtze River), rainstorm, typhoon (strong wind, rainstorm, storm surge), cold wave, sandstorm, drought, blizzard and other meteorological disasters.

Geological disasters, landslides and mudslides are more or less. Unit 3 Atmospheric Topics

1, the characteristics of troposphere: ① the temperature decreases with the increase of height; ② The atmospheric convection motion (12km) is remarkable; ③ The weather is complicated and changeable.

2. Characteristics of stratosphere: ① Temperature increases with height; (2) Atmospheric stability, mainly horizontal movement, is conducive to high-altitude flight.

3. Thermal process of the atmosphere: solar radiation-ground warming-ground radiation-atmospheric warming-atmospheric (inverse) radiation-atmospheric insulation.

4. Weakening effects of the atmosphere on solar radiation: absorption, reflection and scattering.

5. The relationship between solar radiation (illumination) and weather and topography: sunny weather, high terrain, thin air and stronger illumination;

The distribution of solar energy in China is the highest in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the lowest in Sichuan Basin.

6. Heat insulation of the atmosphere: strongly absorb long-wave radiation on the ground and return heat to the ground through atmospheric reverse radiation.

7, temperature and weather: cloudy during the day, the temperature is not high (strong cloud reflection); Cloudy at night, high temperature (strong atmospheric inverse radiation).

8. Vertical distribution of temperature: Tropospheric temperature decreases with the increase of altitude.

9. Horizontal distribution of temperature: ① Latitude distribution: The higher the latitude, the lower the temperature. The area with the richest heat in China: Hainan Island.

② Land and sea distribution: land > sea in summer, sea > land in winter;

(3) Where the temperature is high, the isotherm protrudes to the high latitude; On the contrary, where the temperature is low, the isotherm protrudes to the low latitude.

10, temperature annual range: ① influencing factors: thermal properties of land and sea; Water status of surface vegetation; How much sex and rain.

② Variation law: inland > coastal and continental climate >; Marine climate, bare land > grassland > woodland > lake, sunny day > cloudy day.

1 1, characteristics of thermal cycle

(1) Where the ground is hot in the horizontal direction-vertical airflow rising-low pressure (cyclone)-rainy.

(2) The place near the ground in the horizontal direction is cold-vertical airflow sinks-high pressure (anticyclone)-sunny.

(3) Vertical temperature and pressure distribution: With the increase of altitude, although the temperature decreases, the air becomes thinner and the pressure decreases.

(4) Air flow from low latitudes-warm and humid; (5) Airflow from high latitudes-cold and dry.

(6) Airflow from the ocean-wet (7) Airflow from the mainland (land wind)-dry.

(8) Two different air currents meet-front-rain and wind.

12, horizontal air pressure temperature: the temperature near the ground is high, the air expands and rises, and the ground forms a low pressure; On the contrary, when the temperature is low, the air near the ground contracts and sinks, and high pressure is formed on the ground.

13. Formation of wind: The horizontal movement of the atmosphere is called wind, and the gradient force of horizontal air pressure is the direct cause of wind formation. The denser the isobar, the greater the wind speed.

14, wind direction: (1) wind direction-the direction of the wind;

(2) Determine the wind direction according to the isobar distribution: Take the figure on the right as an example, draw the wind direction at point A and its acting force.

① Determine the direction of leveling pressure gradient force: perpendicular to isobar, pointing from high pressure to low pressure.

② Determine the geostrophic deflection direction: vertical wind direction, right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere.

(3) The near ground is affected by friction (the direction is opposite to the wind direction), and the wind direction is oblique to the isobar.

15, the wind direction of the upper atmosphere is the result of the joint action of pressure gradient force and geostrophic deflection force, and the wind direction is parallel to the isobar;

The wind near the ground is influenced by the pressure gradient force, geostrophic deflection force and friction force, and the wind direction forms an angle with the isobar.

16, front and weather (cold and warm air masses meet in horizontal motion)

① The cold front passes through the rain area behind the front, and there is rain and snow to cool down. After crossing the border, the air pressure increased, the temperature plummeted and the weather turned fine;

② The warm front crossing rain area is in front of the front, and most of it is continuous precipitation. After crossing the border, the temperature rose, the air pressure dropped and the weather turned fine.

17. The main front affecting the weather in China is the cold front, such as the rainstorm in summer in northern China, the cold wave in winter in China, and the sandstorm in winter and spring.

18, pressure system and weather (the same air mass moves vertically):

① Cyclone (low pressure) vertical airflow rises, and the weather is rainy. ② Anti-cyclone (high pressure) vertical airflow sinks and the weather is fine;

19, 3-circle circulating pressure belt wind belt:

① Three-circle circulation (vertical distribution)

Draw a three-loop loop diagram on the right.

② Pressure area and wind area (horizontal distribution)

Draw the distribution map of pressure zone and wind zone on the right.

("north left south left")

(3) The red flag of the Great Wall Research Station floats to the northwest, and the window should avoid the southeast direction;

The red flag of the Yellow River Research Station floats to the southwest, and the window should avoid the northeast.

20. Movement of pressure belt and wind belt: It moves with the movement of the direct point of the sun.

Direction of movement: As far as the northern hemisphere is concerned, it generally moves northward in summer and southward in winter.

2 1. Monsoon circulation: the difference of land and sea heat makes the center of Asia and the Pacific change with the seasons;

Summer: the Asian low is formed in the Asian continent, and the Hawaiian high is formed in the Pacific Ocean.

Winter: Asian high is formed on the Asian continent, and Aleutian low is formed on the Pacific Ocean.

22. Monsoon circulation in East and South Asia: (as shown on the right)

East Asia: southeast wind in summer and northwest wind in winter; It is mainly caused by the difference of thermal properties between land and sea.

South Asia: southwest wind in summer and northeast wind in winter, which is formed by the seasonal movement of wind zone and pressure zone and the difference of thermal properties between land and sea.

23. Drought and flood disasters and rain belt movement in China are closely related to the intensity of subtropical high.

① the movement of rain belt

The rain belt in late spring (May) is in South China (Pearl River Basin) (spring drought in North China and spring flood in Northeast China).

In early summer (June-July), the rain belt moved to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River-Meiyu (quasi-static stop)

From July to August, the rain belt moved to the northeast and north China, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River entered a "summer drought" (anticyclone)

In September, the subtropical high retreated to the south, the rainy season in the north ended, and the south entered the second rainy season.

② The rainy season in the north starts late and ends early, and the rainy season is short; The rainy season in South China starts early, ends late and is long.

(3) Drought and flood disasters The subtropical high moves northward quickly (the summer monsoon is strong), resulting in flooding in the north and drought in the south.

The subtropical high moves slowly northward (the summer monsoon is weak), which leads to drought in the north and waterlogging in the south.

The basic causes of floods and droughts in China are: the strength of summer monsoon and the advance and retreat in the morning and evening.

24. Climate forming factors: solar radiation, atmospheric circulation, underlying surface and human activities.

25. Steps to judge the climate type: ① judge the northern and southern hemispheres, ② judge the hot areas, and ③ judge the rain type.

① Four tropical climate types: the monthly average temperature is above 15 degrees, and there are great differences among different precipitation climate types.

Tropical rain forest climate (affected by equatorial low pressure all the year round, with high temperature and rainy all year round)

Tropical desert climate (affected by subtropical high or land trade winds all year round, with high temperature and little rain all year round)

Tropical monsoon climate (northeast wind prevails in South Asia in winter, which is a dry season, southwest monsoon in summer, and rainy season in June-September).

Tropical grassland climate (rainy season when equatorial low pressure moves, dry season when trade winds move, agricultural activities are sown in rainy season and harvested in dry season)

② Subtropical climate type: The maximum Leng Yue temperature in winter is above 0 degrees, and there are only two climate types in the world:

Mediterranean climate: It is distributed on all continents except Antarctica. It is located on the west coast of the mainland at 30-40 north latitude, between the westerly belt and the subtropical high. Winter is mild and rainy, and summer is hot and dry.

Subtropical monsoon climate: winter-northerly wind-low temperature and little rain, summer-summer monsoon-high temperature and rainy.

③ Temperate climate type: Except the maritime climate, the most Leng Yue temperature in winter is below 0℃.

Temperate maritime climate: it is distributed on the west coast of the mainland (the high latitude side of the Mediterranean climate) from 40 to 60 north and south latitudes. Controlled by the west wind all year round, it is mild and rainy all year round.

Temperate monsoon climate: it is distributed on the east coast of the mainland (high latitude side of subtropical monsoon) at 35o-55o north latitude. It is cold and dry under the influence of winter monsoon and hot and rainy under the influence of summer monsoon.

Temperate continental climate: controlled by continental air mass throughout the year, the daily range is larger than that of annual range, and precipitation is scarce, mainly in summer.

26, the different characteristics of continental and maritime climate (taking the northern hemisphere as an example):

The diurnal range of continental climate and temperature is greater than that of annual range, with the highest temperature in July and the lowest temperature in 65438+ 10. The annual precipitation is small.

The maritime climate has a small daily variation and a small annual variation. It is the hottest in August, the most in Leng Yue in February, and the annual precipitation is more.

27. Major meteorological disasters: refer to disasters directly caused by factors such as rainstorm and flood, drought, typhoon, cold wave, strong wind and dust, fog, high temperature and low temperature.

Typhoon, cold wave, drought and flood disaster

It occurs in summer and autumn, spring, summer, autumn, late autumn, winter and early spring.

The Origin of Tropical or Subtropical Ocean in Siberia and Mongolia

The affected areas are the eastern coastal areas of China, except some desert areas in the west, and the vast areas except Qinghai-Tibet, Yunnan-Guizhou and Hainan.

Weather changes: strong wind, rainstorm, storm surge and rainstorm, rainstorm or heavy rainstorm, rain and snow, freezing rain.

28. Major atmospheric environmental problems: global warming (greenhouse effect carbon dioxide), ozone layer destruction (ozone depletion caused by HCFCs) and acid rain (sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide).

29. Greenhouse effect

(1) Burning a lot of fossil fuels-increasing CO2 in the atmosphere and increasing atmospheric reverse radiation.

(2) Deforestation-weakening of photosynthesis-relative increase of ——CO2-enhancement of atmospheric reverse radiation.

(3) the enhancement of atmospheric inverse radiation-greenhouse effect-temperature rise-global hot zone distribution change-economic structure adjustment (agricultural economic structure adjustment, damage to mid-latitude, benefit from high latitude, reduce the production area suitable for planting, and reduce food production. )

④ The polar icebergs melt, the sea level in coastal areas rises, and the groundwater quality in coastal areas deteriorates.

30. Environmental benefits of greening:

① Keep the balance of O2 and CO2 in the atmosphere through photosynthesis, and purify the air;

② Greening plants and shelterbelts can regulate climate, conserve water, maintain soil and water, prevent wind and fix sand.

③ The function of urban green space is to eliminate smoke and dust, filter air, reduce pollution, reduce noise and beautify the environment.

Unit 4 Water Environment

1, water cycle: ① According to its occurrence field, it can be divided into land-sea cycle, inland cycle and offshore internal cycle.

② The main links of water cycle are evaporation, water vapor transport, precipitation and runoff.

(3) Its significance lies in: constantly replenishing and updating fresh water resources, regenerating water resources, and maintaining the dynamic balance of global water.

2, the relationship between land and water:

① The change of runoff in rivers with rainwater recharge is consistent with the change of rainfall: a) The river with Mediterranean climate has the largest flow in winter; B monsoon climate is the main river, with the largest flow in summer; C temperate maritime and tropical rainforest climate, the river flow does not change much throughout the year;

(2) The change of river runoff mainly supplemented by ice and snow is closely related to the temperature: the river mainly supplemented by glacial meltwater has the largest flow in summer.

(3) River water and groundwater can supplement each other, and lakes play a role in regulating and storing river runoff.

3. Differences of river recharge in China: ① The rivers in the east of China are mainly recharged by precipitation (flood type in summer, snowmelt water in the northeast in spring).

(2) The local rivers in northwest China are mainly replenished by melting water of snow and ice (flood type in summer and cut off in winter).

4. Interpretation of seawater isotherm: ① Judging the northern hemisphere (the colder the north, the northern hemisphere).

② The direction of ocean current is consistent with that of seawater isotherm: high temperature flows to low temperature, which is a warm current, and vice versa.

5. Factors affecting seawater temperature-solar radiation (income), evaporation (expenditure) and ocean current.

6. Formation of ocean current: The directional wind (the wind belt on the earth) is the most basic driving force for the formation of ocean current, and the wind current is the most basic type of ocean current.

7. Ocean current distribution (draw a map of ocean current distribution on the right):

① The mid-low latitude current circle is clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere.

② Anti-clockwise circulation circle at middle and high latitudes in the northern hemisphere.

(3) west wind drift is formed in the sea area of 40-60 degrees in the southern hemisphere.

(4) Monsoon currents form in the North Indian Ocean, counterclockwise in winter and clockwise in summer.

8. Impact of ocean current on geographical environment: ① Impact on climate (warm current-raising temperature and humidity, cold current-lowering temperature and humidity).

② Affect marine life-fishing grounds ③ Affect navigation ④ Affect marine pollution.

9. The main fishing grounds in the world: Hokkaido, Beihai and Newfoundland-the intersection of cold current and warm current; Peruvian fishing ground-upwelling

10. The reasons why marine fisheries are concentrated on the continental shelf are as follows: ① the sunlight is concentrated here and the photosynthesis is strong;

(2) Rivers entering the sea bring rich nutrients, abundant plankton and rich bait.

1 1. Marine disasters refer to natural disasters originating from the ocean: tsunami and storm surge.

12. Marine environmental problems refer to marine ecological damage caused by human activities: marine pollution, sea level rise and red tide.

Unit 5 Land Environment

1. The inner circle of the earth: crust (surface to Moho), mantle (Moho-Gutenberg) and core (below Gutenberg).

2. The lithosphere includes the crust and the top of the upper mantle (above the asthenosphere).

3. Genetic classification of rocks: magmatic rocks (extrusive rocks and intrusive rocks), sedimentary rocks (layered structures and fossils) and metamorphic rocks.

4. Crustal material cycle: magma cooling and solidification → magmatic rocks → external force → sedimentary rocks → metamorphism → metamorphic rocks → melting → magma.

5. Geological processes: ① Internal forces (crustal movement, magmatic activity, earthquake, metamorphism)

(2) External forces (weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, rock formation)

6. Geological structure type: fold (anticline, syncline) and fault (rising rock-horst, sinking rock-graben).

7. Reasons for the formation of anticlinal valley and syncline mountain: external force erosion (anticlinal valley and syncline valley formed before external force erosion).

The top of the anticline is in a stretching state and is easily eroded into a canyon; The syncline trough is squeezed, and the lithology is hard and not easy to be eroded, but it becomes a mountain.

8. horst-Lushan and Taishan; Graben-East African Rift Valley, River Plain and Fenhe River Basin.

9. Influence of geological structure on human production activities: anticline (oil storage) and syncline (water storage), and the location of large-scale projects should avoid faults.

10. External forces and common landforms:

(1) water erosion-valleys, canyons, waterfalls, the surface of the loess plateau, karst caves (karst landforms)

Curved channel-concave bank erosion, convex bank deposition (port should be built on concave bank)

(2) Flowing water deposition-alluvial fans in foothills, estuary deltas and alluvial plains in the middle and lower reaches of rivers.

(3) Wind erosion-wind erosion valleys, wind erosion depressions, mushroom stones, wind erosion columns, wind erosion castles, etc.

(4) Wind accumulation-sand dunes, sand ridges and loess piles on the edge of desert and loess plateau;

1 1, the integrity of the land environment: the elements of the land environment (atmosphere, water, rocks, organisms, soil and landforms) are interrelated, mutually restricted and infiltrated, which constitutes the integrity of the land environment. For example, all environmental factors in northwest China show drought characteristics.

12. The regional differences of land environment are as follows: ① regional differentiation (heat)-latitude zonality from equator to poles.

② Regional differentiation (moisture) of-longitude zonality from coastal to inland.

③ Vertical regional differentiation (hydrothermal) in mountainous areas-vertical zonality.

13. Factors affecting the vertical band spectrum in mountainous areas: ① latitude of mountainous areas; (2) the altitude of the mountain; ③ sunny and shady slopes; ④ Windward slope and leeward slope.

14, factors affecting the height of snow line (snow line refers to the altitude of the lower limit of ice and snow)

There are two main influencing factors: one is the altitude of 0℃ isotherm (sunny slope and shady slope); The second is precipitation (windward slope and leeward slope)

15. Non-zonal factors: land and sea distribution, topographic relief, ocean current influence, etc. Such as an oasis in northwest China.

16. Major geological disasters: earthquake, volcano, landslide and debris flow.

① The two major seismic zones are: Pacific Rim and Mediterranean-Himalayan Zone. There are many earthquakes in China because China is located in two major earthquake zones.

② Prevention of geological disasters: improve the seismic strength of buildings; Carry out slope protection works to prevent landslides and collapses; Protect vegetation and improve the ecological environment;

Unit 6 Special Topics on Seasonal Knowledge

The key to learning seasonal knowledge: ① The seasons in the northern hemisphere are opposite to those in the southern hemisphere, that is, the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere are in different seasons at the same time.

(2) The position and moving direction of the direct point of the sun; The positional relationship between the termination line and meridian, day and night; Changes in the length of day and night;

③ Four important solar terms in the northern hemisphere: March 2 1 vernal equinox, June 22, summer solstice, September 23, autumn equinox and February 22, winter solstice.