Development history of turbocharger

First, the history of turbochargers Turbochargers were first used in sports cars or formula racing cars, which made the engine generate more power.

The engine generates electricity by burning the fuel in the cylinder. The input amount of fuel is limited by the amount of air sucked into the cylinder, and the generated power is also limited. If the running performance of the engine is in the best state, increasing the output power can only increase the fuel quantity and improve the combustion function by compressing more air into the cylinder. Under the current technical conditions, turbocharger is the only mechanical device that can increase the output power of the engine without changing the working efficiency.

Turbocharger is actually an air compressor, which increases the air intake by compressing air. It uses the inertia impulse of the exhaust gas discharged by the engine to push the turbine in the turbine chamber, and the turbine drives the coaxial impeller, which pressurizes the air sent by the air cleaner pipeline and sends it to the cylinder.

When the engine speed increases, the exhaust gas discharge speed increases synchronously with the turbine speed, and the impeller compresses more air into the cylinder. With the increase of air pressure and density, more fuel can be burned. The output power of the engine can be increased by increasing the fuel quantity and adjusting the engine speed accordingly. However, although the turbocharger has the function of assisting the engine to boost power, it also has its shortcomings. The most obvious one is the "lag response", that is, due to the inertia of the impeller, it responds slowly to the sudden change of the throttle. Even after improvement, the response time will be 1.7 seconds, which will delay the increase or decrease of the engine output power.

For a car that wants to suddenly accelerate or overtake, it will feel a little sluggish in an instant. But with the improvement of technology, this shortcoming is being gradually overcome.

In recent 30 years, turbochargers have been widely used in many types of automobiles, which make up for the inherent shortcomings of some naturally aspirated engines, so that the output power of the engine can be increased by more than 10% without changing the working volume of the cylinder. Therefore, many automobile manufacturing companies use this supercharging technology to improve the output power of the engine, thus achieving high performance of the automobile.

Second, the history of turbocharging Speaking of turbocharging, I believe many people are familiar with it. It is because of the introduction of such advanced technology that the history of automobile displacement determining power has been rewritten. Generally speaking, the displacement and power of an automobile engine are directly proportional. The most direct way to improve the engine output power is to increase the engine displacement. However, with the increase of displacement, the accuracy, weight and energy consumption of engine manufacturing also increase, and its shortcomings are also obvious. In order to solve this contradiction, automobile engineers who are full of research spirit innovatively use the engine supercharging technology, which makes it possible for automobile engines to obtain additional high-power power output. Let's take a concrete look at the history and usage of turbocharging.

Speaking of turbocharging technology, it has a history of 100 years. 1905, Dr. Alfred Butch applied for the patent power-driven axial supercharger of the first turbocharger. The world's first exhaust gas-driven supercharger was produced in 19 12. The large-scale production of turbocharger appeared during World War II, and it was first applied to military aircraft by the United States. Saab is the first automobile manufacturer to apply turbocharger to automobile products.

196 1, the supercharger was tentatively installed in the car, but the effect after installation was not ideal due to the huge pressure and heat generated instantly. Saab from northern Europe and Sweden is the first automobile manufacturer to apply turbocharger to automobile products. Saab Saab 99, which came out in 1977, really made the application of turbocharging technology in automobile engines mature, and its arrival also announced the birth of a new era in automobile industry. Turbocharging technology rewrites the traditional concept that displacement determines power.

Automobile engines output power by burning fuel in engine cylinders. Under the condition of a certain engine displacement, the most effective way to improve the output power is to provide more fuel for combustion, but it is difficult for the traditional engine intake system to provide enough air. Turbocharging is a technology to improve the intake capacity of the engine. It uses a special compressor to compress the gas in advance and then input it into the cylinder, so the quality of the gas will be greatly increased. After the engine is equipped with turbocharger, the maximum power can be increased by about 40%.

The world's first new turbocharged direct injection gasoline engine has come out. This 2.0l FSI engine is suitable for many models produced by Volkswagen Group, such as A3, A4, A6 and Golf GTI. Manhumer has the honor to participate in this FSI development project of Volkswagen Group and has made important contributions to the development of new engines. Manhumer not only provides intake module for Audi engine production department, but also provides engine oil module and two-stage pressure regulating valve for crankcase ventilation.

The 2.0l FSI engine was rated as the most influential engine of the year by 56 journalists from 26 countries. In the process of direct injection (stratified fuel injection /FSI) of this new turbocharged direct injection engine, the fuel is directly injected into the combustion chamber through the nozzle under high pressure. Like optional air circulation, FSI also helps to achieve the optimal air-fuel ratio. Combined with turbocharging, FSI has the characteristics of high performance and low fuel consumption. A series of data show that the direct injection engine improves the sports performance of Audi cars. Audi cars equipped with this engine have a horsepower of 70-200. When the speed is between 5, 100 and 000 rpm, Volkswagen GTI gets 200 horsepower from this engine. When the speed per minute is between 1, 800 ~ 5000 rpm, the maximum torque can reach 280 N/m in a fairly wide speed range. It can also accelerate the speed from 0 km/h to 100 km/h in seven seconds. The top speed of some models can even reach 240 km/h, although the speed is so fast, the average fuel consumption per 100 kilometers is only about 7.7 liters.

Manhumer provides a technically complex intake manifold system for this new engine. It not only integrates the intake manifold, but also introduces the activated carbon filtration system, gasoline injection and throttle. In the combustion chamber, it also provides a descending piston for the optional air circulation system to optimize the airflow. The lever system driven by electricity effectively controls each swirl in each cylinder, and the valve is cast on the steel shaft injector to control the air flow in the combustion chamber and ensure the air-fuel ratio to reach the best state. When designing this system, the whole development team needs to choose 32 kinds of parts correctly. It took technicians only 15 months from research and development to mass production.

Third, the history of turbocharging Speaking of turbocharging, I believe many people are familiar with it. It is because of the introduction of such advanced technology that the history of automobile displacement determining power has been rewritten.

Generally speaking, the displacement and power of an automobile engine are directly proportional. The most direct way to improve the engine output power is to increase the engine displacement. However, with the increase of displacement, the accuracy, weight and energy consumption of engine manufacturing also increase, and its shortcomings are also obvious.

In order to solve this contradiction, automobile engineers who are full of research spirit innovatively use the engine supercharging technology, which makes it possible for automobile engines to obtain additional high-power power output. Let's take a concrete look at the history and usage of turbocharging.

Speaking of turbocharging technology, it has a history of 100 years. 1905, Dr. Alfred Butch applied for the patent power-driven axial supercharger of the first turbocharger.

The world's first exhaust gas-driven supercharger was produced in 19 12. The large-scale production of turbocharger appeared during World War II, and it was first applied to military aircraft by the United States. Saab is the first automobile manufacturer to apply turbocharger to automobile products.

196 1, the supercharger was tentatively installed in the car, but the effect after installation was not ideal due to the huge pressure and heat generated instantly. Saab from northern Europe and Sweden is the first automobile manufacturer to apply turbocharger to automobile products. Saab Saab 99, which came out in 1977, really made the application of turbocharging technology in automobile engines mature, and its arrival also announced the birth of a new era in automobile industry.

Turbocharging technology rewrites the traditional concept that displacement determines power. Automobile engines output power by burning fuel in engine cylinders.

Under the condition of a certain engine displacement, the most effective way to improve the output power is to provide more fuel for combustion, but it is difficult for the traditional engine intake system to provide enough air. Turbocharging is a technology to improve the intake capacity of the engine. It uses a special compressor to compress the gas in advance and then input it into the cylinder, so the quality of the gas will be greatly increased.

After the engine is equipped with turbocharger, the maximum power can be increased by about 40%. The world's first new turbocharged direct injection gasoline engine has come out.

This 2.0l FSI engine is suitable for many models produced by Volkswagen Group, such as A3, A4, A6 and Golf GTI. Manhumer has the honor to participate in this FSI development project of Volkswagen Group and has made important contributions to the development of new engines.

Manhumer not only provides intake module for Audi engine production department, but also provides engine oil module and two-stage pressure regulating valve for crankcase ventilation. The 2.0l FSI engine was rated as the most influential engine of the year by 56 journalists from 26 countries.

In the process of direct injection (stratified fuel injection /FSI) of this new turbocharged direct injection engine, the fuel is directly injected into the combustion chamber through the nozzle under high pressure. Like optional air circulation, FSI also helps to achieve the optimal air-fuel ratio. Combined with turbocharging, FSI has the characteristics of high performance and low fuel consumption.

A series of data show that the direct injection engine improves the sports performance of Audi cars. Audi cars equipped with this engine have a horsepower of 70-200.

When the speed is between 5, 100 and 000 rpm, Volkswagen GTI gets 200 horsepower from this engine. When the speed per minute is between 1, 800 ~ 5000 rpm, the maximum torque can reach 280 N/m in a fairly wide speed range.

It can also accelerate the speed from 0 km/h to 100 km/h in seven seconds. The top speed of some models can even reach 240 km/h.

Although the speed is so fast, the average fuel consumption per 100 kilometers is only about 7.7 liters. Manhumer provides a technically complex intake manifold system for this new engine.

It not only integrates the intake manifold, but also introduces the activated carbon filtration system, gasoline injection and throttle. In the combustion chamber, it also provides a descending piston for the optional air circulation system to optimize the airflow.

The lever system driven by electricity effectively controls each swirl in each cylinder, and the valve is cast on the steel shaft injector to control the air flow in the combustion chamber and ensure the air-fuel ratio to reach the best state. When designing this system, the whole development team needs to choose 32 kinds of parts correctly.

It took technicians only 15 months from research and development to mass production.

Four. The history of turbocharger The earliest patent application for turbocharger was in 1905. Dr Alfred Butch of Sulzer Brothers R&D Company applied for the first patent of turbocharger-power-driven axial turbocharger, but in view of the industrial level at that time, Dr Butch did not produce the first efficient turbocharger product. 191/kloc-0 started construction in winterthur supercharger factory, and in 19 15, a prototype aero-engine supercharger was manufactured, which was driven by engine exhaust. The main purpose is to overcome the negative influence of thin air at high altitude on power. During World War II, the supercharger made by General Electric (GE) lifted the plane to an altitude of 10,000 meters.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) What is the future development of turbocharger? With the development of the times and the progress of science and technology, high-tech products in the new era are constantly emerging.

Turbocharging has a history of 100 years, but it has brought people a qualitative leap. In order to meet the driving pleasure of greater torque and the needs of different engine speeds, the variable supercharged turbocharger VNT appeared in 1989.

When the engine is at low speed, the turbocharger reduces the throat and increases the supercharging; When the engine is running at full speed, the throat of the turbocharger is enlarged to ensure that the pressurization will not exceed the demand. The throat can be controlled by vacuum tube.

The advantage is to improve the low-speed acceleration performance of the engine. Today's turbocharger has become a smaller component, smaller volume, higher speed, up to; 280000YPM, the air compression ratio reached 2-2.5; 1 gasoline engine and 4-6; 1 diesel engine.

At present, turbocharging has accounted for 50%, and it is also increasing in Asia and the United States. It is conceivable that the prospect of the international market and the practicability of the automobile industry in the future have huge and incomparable development space.

6. How does the turbocharger work? Exhaust gas turbocharger is used to improve the charging density and greatly improve the unit mass-power ratio of diesel engines, so it has been widely used in diesel engines.

① Structure of turbocharger. As shown in Figure 9-14, the turbocharger is mainly composed of a compressor and a turbine.

The compressor part mainly includes single-stage centrifugal compressor impeller, compressor, turbine shell, sealing device and other parts. The turbine part mainly includes volute, single-stage radial turbine impeller, turbine shaft and other parts.

The turbine shaft and turbine are welded into a whole by friction welding. Depressed air; The impeller is installed on the turbine shaft with clearance fit. After the turbine and the combination of the turbine shaft assembly and the compressor impeller are fastened with nuts, it must undergo accurate dynamic balance test to ensure normal operation at high speed.

In the form of internal support, the fully floating floating bearing is located in the intermediate between the two impellers, and the axial thrust of the rotor is borne by the end face of the thrust ring. Both the turbine end and the compressor end are provided with sealing ring devices, and the compressor end is also provided with an oil baffle ring to prevent oil leakage.

Compressor casing, turbine casing and intermediate body are the main fixing parts, and turbine casing and intermediate body and compressor casing and intermediate body are connected by bolts and pressure plates; The compressor housing can be installed at any angle around the shaft. The supercharger is lubricated by pressure, and the lubricating oil comes from the main oil passage of the diesel engine and then flows back to the bottom shell of the diesel engine through the oil return pipe.

② Working principle of turbocharger. The exhaust gas of diesel engine enters the nozzle through the turbine inlet, which converts the thermal energy and static pressure energy of exhaust gas into kinetic energy, flows through the turbine blades in a certain direction, drives them to rotate at high speed, and drives the coaxial compressor impeller to rotate, resulting in siphon effect.

Fresh air is sucked into the compressor after passing through the air filter, and the speed and density of air flow are increased through the diffuser, so that the pressure is increased, and then it enters the intake pipe of the diesel engine, thereby increasing the charging amount of the cylinder, and then more fuel can be injected, thus achieving the purpose of improving the power of the diesel engine. .

Seven, introduce the turbocharged engine turbocharger (Tubro) is actually an air compressor.

It uses the exhaust gas from the engine as the power to drive the turbine in the turbine chamber (located in the exhaust passage), and the coaxial impeller driven by the turbine is located in the intake passage. The impeller compresses the fresh air sent by the air filter tube and then sends it to the cylinder. When the engine speed is increased, the exhaust speed and turbine speed are also accelerated synchronously, the degree of air compression is increased, and the air intake of the engine is also increased accordingly, which can increase the output power of the engine.

The biggest advantage of turbocharging is that it can greatly improve the power and torque of the engine without increasing the engine displacement. After the engine is equipped with turbocharger, its maximum output power can be increased by about 40% or even more than that without turbocharger.

There are four main types of supercharged engines: 1. Supercharger: installed on the engine and connected with the crankshaft of the engine through a belt. It gets power from the output shaft of the engine and drives the rotor of the supercharger to rotate, thus blowing air into the intake manifold.

Advantages: the rotor speed corresponds to the engine speed, there is no lag or lead, and the power output is smoother; Disadvantages: Because part of the engine power is consumed, the supercharging efficiency will be low. 2。

Exhaust gas turbocharging system: the exhaust gas discharged by the engine is used to achieve the purpose of supercharging. The supercharger is not mechanically connected with the engine, and the compressor is driven by a turbine driven by the exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine.

Generally, the pressurization pressure can reach 180~200kPa, which is about 300kPa, so it is necessary to add an air intercooler to cool the high-temperature compressed air. Domestic car 1998 was first used on Audi 200 with displacement 1.8, then Audi A6 1.8T, Audi A4 1.8T, until Passat 1.8T and Bora 1.8T. ..

Advantages: the efficiency is higher than that of mechanical pressurization; Disadvantages: the power output of the engine lags behind the opening of the throttle slightly, so it usually takes some time to increase the throttle, and then the engine will have an amazing power explosion. 3。

Compound supercharging system: that is, exhaust gas turbocharging and mechanical supercharging are used together, mostly for high-power diesel engines. The engine with compound supercharging system has high output power, low fuel consumption and low noise, but its structure is too complicated.

4。 Air wave supercharging system: air is compressed by pulse air wave of high-pressure exhaust gas.

This system has good low-speed supercharging performance, good acceleration and wide working range; But it is big, heavy and noisy.

Eight. The history of internal combustion engine The internal combustion engine is famous for its high thermal efficiency, compact structure, strong maneuverability and simple operation and maintenance.

100 years, the great vitality of internal combustion engines has been enduring. At present, the number of internal combustion engines in the world greatly exceeds that of any other heat engine and occupies a very important position in the national economy.

Modern internal combustion engine has become the most important, consuming and widely used thermal machinery. Of course, the internal combustion engine also has many shortcomings, mainly: high fuel requirements, can not directly burn inferior fuel and solid fuel; Due to intermittent ventilation and manufacturing difficulties, the power increase of single machine is limited. The maximum power of modern internal combustion engines is generally less than 40 thousand kilowatts, while the single power of steam engines can be as high as several hundred thousand kilowatts. The internal combustion engine cannot be reversed; The noise of internal combustion engine and harmful components in exhaust gas especially pollute the environment.

It can be said that the development history of internal combustion engine in the past hundred years is a history of continuous innovation and challenges to overcome these shortcomings. The development of internal combustion engine has a history of about one and a half centuries.

Like other sciences, every progress of internal combustion engine is a summary and generalization of human production practice experience. The invention of internal combustion engine began with the research and improvement of piston steam engine.

In the history of its development, we should especially mention German Otto and Dissel. It is they who put forward the perfect Otto cycle and Diesel cycle for the working cycle of internal combustion engine on the basis of summarizing countless practical experiences of predecessors, which made the practice and creative activities of countless people get a scientific summary and a qualitative leap. They inherited, developed, summarized and improved the superficial, purely empirical and disorderly experience of their predecessors. Reciprocating piston internal combustion engines There are many kinds of reciprocating piston internal combustion engines. The main classification methods are as follows: according to the different fuels used, they are divided into gasoline engines, diesel engines, kerosene engines and gas engines (including various gas-fueled internal combustion engines). According to the different number of strokes in each working cycle, it is divided into four strokes and two strokes; According to different ignition methods, it can be divided into ignition type and compression ignition type; According to different cooling methods, it can be divided into water cooling and air cooling; According to the different arrangement forms of cylinders, they are divided into in-line type, V-type, opposite type and star type. According to the number of cylinders, it can be divided into single-cylinder internal combustion engine and multi-cylinder internal combustion engine. According to the different uses of internal combustion engines, they are divided into automobile, agricultural, locomotive, marine and fixed use.

This article will mainly introduce the development of gas engines, gasoline engines and diesel engines to you. The earliest internal combustion engine-gas engine The earliest internal combustion engine was a gas engine with gas as fuel.

1860, the French inventor Lionel made the first practical internal combustion engine (single cylinder, two-stroke, uncompressed, electric ignition gas engine, output power 0.74- 1.47 kW, speed 100r/min, thermal efficiency 4%). French engineer de Rocha realized that in order to improve the thermal efficiency of internal combustion engine as much as possible, it is necessary to reduce the cooling area of each cylinder volume as much as possible, expand the piston as soon as possible, and expand the range (stroke) as long as possible.

On this basis, he put forward the famous four-stroke cycle of constant volume combustion in 1862: intake, compression, combustion expansion and exhaust. 1876, Otto, a German, made the first four-stroke reciprocating piston internal combustion engine (single cylinder, horizontal, gas as fuel, power about 2.2 1KW, 180r/min).

On this engine, Otto added a flywheel to make it run smoothly, lengthened the air intake and improved the cylinder head to make the mixture fully formed. This is a very successful engine, and its thermal efficiency is twice that of the steam engine at that time.

Otto integrated the three key technical ideas of internal combustion, compressed gas and four stroke, which made this internal combustion engine have a series of advantages such as high efficiency, small size, light weight and high power. At the 1878 Paris World Expo, it was praised as "the greatest achievement of power machine since Watt".

The four-stroke cycle of constant volume combustion is realized by Otto cycle, also known as Otto cycle. Although gas engines have great advantages over steam engines, they still can't meet the requirements of high speed and portability in the case of socialized mass production.

Because it uses gas as fuel, it needs a huge gas generator and pipeline system. Moreover, the calorific value of gas is low (about1.75 *107 ~ 2.09 *107j/m3), so the gas turbine has a slow rotating speed and a small specific power.

By the second half of19th century, with the rise of petroleum industry, it has become an inevitable trend to use petroleum products instead of natural gas as fuel. With the appearance of gasoline engine 1883, Daimler and Maibakh made the first four-stroke reciprocating gasoline engine. The carburetor designed by Maibakh was installed on this engine, and the ignition problem was solved by incandescent lamp.

In the past, the speed of internal combustion engine did not exceed 200 rpm, but the speed of Daimler's gasoline engine jumped to 800- 1000 rpm. It is characterized by high power, light weight, small volume, fast rotation speed and high efficiency, and is especially suitable for transportation.

At the same time, Ben Ci has successfully developed an ignition device and a water-cooled cooler, which are still in use. By the end of19th century, the main centralized piston internal combustion engines generally entered the practical stage, and soon showed strong vitality.

Internal combustion engines have been continuously improved and innovated in a wide range of applications, and have reached a higher technical level so far. In such a long development history, there are two epoch-making important development stages: one is the wide application of supercharging technology in engines; Then the application of electronic technology and computer in engine development since 1970s. These two trends are still in the ascendant. First of all, let's look at the development of gasoline engines in this century.

Driven by the automobile and aircraft industries, gasoline engines have made great progress. According to the process of improving power, thermal efficiency, specific power and reducing fuel consumption, the development of gasoline engines can be divided into four stages.

The first stage is the first two decades of this century. In order to meet the requirements of transportation, it is mainly to improve power and specific power. The main technical measures adopted are to increase the rotating speed, increase the number of cylinders and improve the corresponding auxiliary devices.

During this period, the rotational speed increased from 500-800 rpm in the last century to 1000-.

Nine. The history of aero-engine development "Kunlun" is the first aero-engine in China to complete the whole process of self-design, trial production, test and flight test, and it is the most advanced medium thrust military turbojet engine in China at present.

After hundreds of rigorous ground tests and flight tests in the air, the engine was officially approved by the National Military Products Standardization Committee in July 2002. Its successful development makes China the fifth country in the world to independently develop aero-engines after the United States, Russia, Britain and France.

The military code of Kunlun engine is turbojet 14. According to Yan Chengzhong, chief designer of Kunlun engine, its performance exceeds all domestic engines of China military aircraft in the past, including the best turbojet 13B. The design unit of Kunlun Engine is China First Aviation Shenyang Engine Design and Research Institute.

The development cycle is as long as 18 years. The project time is 1984.

The test flight lasted eight years. Aeroengine is a knowledge-intensive, technology-intensive and capital-intensive product.

Its development is a high-tech, high-risk, long-term and high-investment project. Without a solid technical and economic foundation, it is impossible to develop aero-engines, especially military aero-engines. At present, the only countries in the world that can really independently develop aero-engines are the United States, Russia, Britain and France.

Since 1956 Shenyang Aero-Engine Factory successfully copied the first turbojet -5 engine, China's aero-engine industry has been mainly copying and improving other countries' engines. Although we developed several engines ourselves, they all died halfway for various reasons. The successful development of "Kunlun" engine indicates that China has really completed the whole process of aero-engine design, trial production, test and flight test.

China aviation industry landmark "Kunlun" engine is a turbojet engine jointly developed by Shenyang Engine Design and Research Institute, Shenyang Liming Aero-Engine Group, Xi 'an Aero-Engine (Group) Co., Ltd. and Guizhou Honglin Machinery Co., Ltd. After hundreds of rigorous ground tests and air flight tests, it was officially approved by the National Military Products Standardization Committee in July 2002.

Kunlun engine is the most advanced medium thrust military turbojet engine in China, which can be used for J-7 and J-8 series aircraft. The engine still has development potential in performance and service life, and its development type can also meet the demand of China Air Force for large and medium thrust turbojet engines.

Its successful development marks that China's aero-engine has entered a new stage of independent development from mapping imitation, improvement and modification, ending the long history of China's inability to independently develop aero-engines, and also marks that China's aero-engine design has opened a new chapter of independent development. "Kunlun" engine is the first moderate thrust afterburner turbojet engine developed by Shenyang Engine Design and Research Institute, which fully implements the national military standard "General Specification for Aviation Turbojet and Turbofan Engine" (GJB24 1-87).

The successful development of Kunlun engine is a milestone in the development history of China aviation industry. The crystallization of new technology "Kunlun" engine is developed in full accordance with the most stringent national military standards. It has passed the almost harsh ground test and long-term flight test, and has better performance, higher reliability, durability and development potential.

Compared with the imitation engine, the whole process of Kunlun engine from design, manufacture, test, flight test to finalization, any technical details and design ideas are very clear. The process of copying an engine seems to be crossing the river by feeling the stones, and there is a phenomenon of knowing what it is but not knowing why.

So once there is a problem, we often have to go back and find out the design ideas again. Moreover, because the imitation prototype engine technology is outdated and the basic limitation in improving performance, it is often difficult to adopt newer technology.

In order to improve the performance of the engine, it is sometimes necessary to sacrifice the structural strength reserve and safe life reserve of the engine, which affects the reliability of the engine. The strength and service life of Kunlun engine are designed in strict accordance with the requirements of national military standards.

Its low-cycle fatigue life test is carried out with twice the index, which makes the engine life much longer than that of the current model and greatly improves its performance. Under the unfavorable conditions such as strict index requirements, lack of test equipment and tight research and development funds, all participating research units of Kunlun engine have gone through hardships and tenacious struggle, which lasted for more than 10 years. They have successively overcome dozens of major key technologies, such as mismatch of high and low pressure compressors, fracture of high pressure turbine blades, vibration, high-altitude rice surge parking, and high-altitude millet speed cut-off afterburner parking, and eliminated hundreds of ground test and air flight test failures. According to the requirements of the development task book, model specifications and additional test requirements of the Air Force, the ground assessment test and air flight test have been completed in an all-round way, and the design is finalized, which meets the requirements of equipping the China Air Force.

In the whole development process, 603 components have been tested for tens of thousands of hours, and the whole machine has been tested for thousands of hours and a large number of air flight tests. The number, scope and difficulty of test items are unprecedented in the development history of domestic aero-engines. On the basis of inheriting mature technology, Kunlun engine has adopted nearly 40 new technologies, new materials and new processes, such as directional solidification, precision casting without allowance and composite cooling hollow turbine blade technology, which have been applied to advanced engines in the world. The application of these technologies has effectively increased the temperature before the turbine and greatly improved the thrust of domestic engines with the same material level.

At the same time, "Kunlun" engine also adopts ring combustion chamber, advanced ceramic coating, digital anti-surge system, condition monitoring and other technologies, which effectively improves the stability and reliability of the engine, and the unit thrust and unit windward area are close to the world advanced level in the mid-1980s. The practice of improvement and modification to meet different needs proves that the improvement and modification of aero-engine has the characteristics of less investment, less risk and short development cycle, which can quickly meet the needs of customers and make manufacturers occupy a favorable position in the market competition.

The four major western engine manufacturers have adopted this method to develop aero-engines. This method is also used in the development of China "Kunlun" engine, and several modifications have been developed.

"Kunlun" I is a 1 modification of the prototype, and its performance is the same as that of the prototype. In order to meet the requirements of the aircraft, the external casing, accessories and pipelines have been made.