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Key points of geography review (Part VII)

I. The Earth and the Map

1. The shape and size of the earth

The earth is a sphere.

(2) Portuguese navigator Magellan led the fleet to realize the first human voyage around the earth.

③ The earth has a surface area of 5 1 10,000 square kilometers, a maximum circumference of 40,000 kilometers, an equatorial radius of 6,378 kilometers, a polar radius of 6,357 kilometers and an average radius of 637 1 kilometer.

2. Weft and warp yarns

Latitude: a circle perpendicular to the earth's axis and surrounding the earth.

Latitude varies in length, and the equator is the largest latitude circle.

② Meridian: a semicircle connecting the north and south poles and intersecting the latitude vertically.

The warp is equal in length.

3. Latitude and longitude

① Latitude change law: increasing from equator (latitude 0) to south and north pole. The maximum latitude is 90 degrees, at the South Pole and the North Pole.

(2) The latitude north of the equator is called north latitude, which is represented by "n"; The latitude south of the equator is called the southern latitude, which is represented by "S".

③ Divide the earth into two hemispheres, with the northern hemisphere in the north and the southern hemisphere in the south, with the equator as the boundary.

④ Variation law of longitude: from the prime meridian (0 meridian) to 180 from west to east.

⑤ The longitude east of the prime meridian is called east longitude, which is represented by "E"; The longitude west of the prime meridian is called the west longitude, which is expressed by "W".

⑥ The dividing line between the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere is the warp circle composed of 20 W and160 E. ..

The west of 20 w to160 e belongs to the western hemisphere (greater than 20 w or160 e).

East of 20 W to160 E belongs to the Eastern Hemisphere (less than 20 W or less than160 E).

4. the movement of the earth

①

Earth motion

What turn around?

direction

circulate

Natural phenomena produced

Radial

earth's axis

From west to east

About 24 hours

Alternate day and night

Rotate around (a larger celestial body)

sun

From west to east

1 year

Form four seasons

② The seasons in the northern hemisphere are opposite to those in the southern hemisphere (spring and autumn; Summer-winter)

③ The five zones on the earth's surface are divided into northern frigid zone (66.5° N-90° N), northern temperate zone (23.5° N-66.5° N), tropical zone (23.5° N-23.5° S) and southern temperate zone (23.5° S-66.5° S).

Cold zone: extreme day and night; Tropical area: direct sunlight.

Temperate zone: there is neither direct sunlight nor extreme day and night, and the four seasons change obviously.

④ Low latitude: 0-30; Mid latitude: 30-60; High latitude: 60-90.

⑤ Move the globe from west to east. Seen from the North Pole, the globe rotates counterclockwise; Seen from the Antarctic, the earth rotates clockwise.

5. Map

① Three elements of a map: scale, direction and legend.

② Scale types: line scale and digital scale.

③ Judgment of scale: the smaller the denominator, the greater the score, which is a large scale; The larger the denominator, the smaller the score, which is a small scale.

(4) Large scale, small scope and detailed content (such as the map of Dongtai City)

Small scale, large scope, and slight content (such as the map of Jiangsu Province).

⑤ The vertical distance of altitude at a certain place on the ground is called altitude. Connecting points of equal height into lines is the contour line. Contours can be used to represent the ups and downs of the ground.

Second, land and sea.

1. The distribution of land and sea in the world is very uneven. Land is mainly concentrated in the northern hemisphere, but there is an ocean (Arctic Ocean) around the North Pole. The oceans are mainly concentrated in the northern and southern hemispheres, but there is land around Antarctica.

2.7 1% of the earth's surface is ocean and 29% is land.

3. Peninsula is a protruding part where land extends into the ocean; A strait is a narrow waterway connecting two oceans.

Four continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Oceania.

Four oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean.

5. Causes of land and sea changes: changes in the crust and the rise and fall of sea level are the main reasons for land and sea changes, and human activities can also cause land and sea changes.

6. German scientist Wei Gena put forward the continental drift hypothesis.

7. In 1960s, earth science research showed that continental drift was caused by plate movement.

8. See page 37 of the textbook for the schematic diagram of the six major plates.

9. Generally speaking, the crust inside the plate is relatively stable; The area where plates meet has active crust, which is the concentrated distribution area of volcanoes and earthquakes in the world.

Three. Weather and climate (page 42)

1. Weather has two important characteristics: weather reflects the atmospheric conditions in a short time; At the same time, the weather in different places may be very different.

2. See Figure 3.4 on page 45 of the textbook for wind direction and wind force.

3. Temperature and its distribution

① The highest temperature in a day appears around 2 pm, and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise.

② In a year, the temperature in the northern hemisphere is the highest in July and the lowest in 65438+ 10.

In a year, the temperature in the southern hemisphere is the lowest in July, and the temperature in the mainland is the highest in 65438+ 10.

③ From the equator to the poles, the temperature gradually decreases.

(4) According to the observation, the temperature drops by about 0.6℃ every time the altitude rises 100 meters.

⑤ Use isotherm diagram to show the horizontal distribution of air temperature.

4. Precipitation and its distribution

① Rain, snow and hail falling from the atmosphere are collectively referred to as precipitation. Rainfall is the main form of precipitation. ② From the equator to the poles, the general trend is that the annual precipitation decreases gradually.

③ Near the Tropic of Cancer, there is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland and less precipitation on the west coast of the mainland.

④ In temperate regions, there is less precipitation in Chinese mainland and more precipitation in coastal areas.

⑤ The distribution of precipitation is represented by isoprecipitation line graph.

6. The world's "rainy pole"-begging for help; The world's "dry pole"-Atacama Desert.

⑦ Usually, there is more precipitation on windward slopes and less precipitation on leeward slopes in mountainous areas.

4. World climate

(1) Climate is the average weather condition of a place for many years, and generally it doesn't change much.

② See page 58 of the textbook for the world climate distribution map.

③ Near the equator (tropical rain forest climate); Polar regions (frigid climate); The east coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer (subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate); The west coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer (tropical desert climate); Mid-latitude inland areas (temperate continental climate).

④ Climatic characteristics of tropical rain forest: high temperature and rainy all year round; Mediterranean climate features: less rain in high temperature period and more rain in low temperature period.

⑤ The main factors that affect the climate are latitude, land and sea, topography, temperature and precipitation.

6. The content of this part in the geographical map set.

Fourth, residents and settlements.

1. Population and race

The speed of population growth is determined by birth rate and death rate.

② Natural growth rate = birth rate-mortality rate.

③ Population density indicates the degree of population density. Population density generally refers to the average number of people living per square kilometer.

Population (people) in a certain area

Population density (person/km2)

Area of this area (square kilometers)

(4) densely populated areas: coastal plain areas in the middle and low latitudes.

Sparsely populated areas: extremely arid desert areas, rain forest areas with excessively humid climate, high latitude areas with severe cold all the year round, or high plateaus and mountains.

⑤ Caucasians are mainly distributed in North Africa, Europe, Oceania, North America, East Coast of South America and West Asia.

Yellow people are mainly distributed in eastern Asia, northern North America and northwestern South America.

Black people are mainly distributed in southern Africa and northwest Oceania.

⑥ From the middle of16th century, European colonists began to capture African blacks and sell them to the United States as slaves to make up for the shortage of American labor.

2. World Language and Religion

Chinese is the most widely used language in the world, and English is the most widely used language in the world.

language

Main distribution area

China, China

English: Western Europe, North America, South Asia, etc.

Russia Russia

French-speaking France, Central and Southern Africa

Spanish, Spain, many countries in Latin America

Arabic West Asia, North Africa

②

Christianity, Buddhism and Islam are the three major religions in the world.

④ Christianity is the religion with the largest number of believers in the world.

(5) Muslims are called Muslims. Islam is also called Islam or Puritanism in China.

6 Christianity-church; Islam-mosque; Buddhism-temples.

3. Human settlement-settlement

Settlement is not only the place where people live, but also the place where people carry out labor production and social activities.

Generally speaking, there are rural settlements first and then urban settlements.

③ The residents in rural residential areas are mainly engaged in farming, grazing, fishing, logging and other production activities. Residents of urban settlements are mainly engaged in industry and service industry.

④ At present, in some plain areas in the middle and lower reaches of rivers, settlements are densely distributed; In mountainous and desert areas, there are few or no settlements.

⑤ Two-story wooden buildings or bamboo buildings (high-legged houses or elevated houses) are common in tropical and rural settlements that are hot and rainy all the year round.

In tropical desert areas, local houses have the characteristics of thick walls and small windows.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) development and cooperation

1. At present, there are more than 200 countries and regions in the world, which are distributed on all continents except Antarctica.

2. In terms of land area, the largest is Russian, and China ranks third in the world.

In terms of population, China is the largest and India is the second in the world.

There are two main political systems in the world: capitalism and socialism.

4. Some colonies and territories that have not gained independence are called "regions". At present, there are more than 30 regions in the world.

National boundaries are mainly divided according to mountains, rivers, lakes, oceans and longitude and latitude lines.

6. The territory, territorial waters and airspace within the national boundaries are collectively referred to as territory.

7. At present, there are more than 20 developed countries in the world, mainly in Europe, North America and Oceania. Japan in Asia is also a developed country.

8. At present, there are more than 150 developing countries in the world, most of which are newly independent countries after World War II, mainly distributed in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

9. Internationally, it is customary to refer to the political and economic discussions between developing countries and developed countries as "North-South dialogue"; The mutual cooperation among developing countries is called "South-South cooperation".

"South"-developing countries are mainly distributed in the southern hemisphere and the southern part of the northern hemisphere.

"North"-developed countries are mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere, and a few are distributed in the southern hemisphere.

10. At present, the largest international organization in the world is the United Nations, which was formally established in 1945 and headquartered in new york, USA. Its basic purpose is to "promote national development and safeguard world peace".

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