1) the causes of moon phases, eclipses and tides 2) the moon = people or people landing on the moon 3) excerpts from myths, legends and poems related to the moon.

As the moon moves a long distance from west to east in the starry sky every day, its shape is constantly changing, which is the phase change of the moon, called the moon phase. "People have joys and sorrows, and the moon has a full moon." The full moon and the full moon here refer to the "phase change of the moon": different images of the moon illuminated by sunlight seen on the earth.

Because the moon itself does not give off light, half of the sphere facing the sun is bright and the other half is dark under the sunlight. Because the position of the moon relative to the earth and the sun has changed, the side irradiated by the sun sometimes faces the earth and sometimes faces away from it; Sometimes the part of the moon facing the earth is larger, and sometimes it is smaller, so there are different moon phases.

Whenever the moon moves between the sun and the earth, and the hemisphere illuminated by the sun faces away from the earth, people can't see the moon on the earth. This day is called "new moon", also called "new moon", which is the first day of the lunar calendar.

After the new moon, the moon moves in the direction of the earth's rotation, and the bright area gradually turns to the earth. On the earth, you can see the moon with a slender silver hook appearing in the western sky, with its arch facing the sunset. This month is called "moth eyebrow month", which is the third and fourth day of the lunar calendar.

Then, the moon is away from the sun day by day in the sky. On the eighth day of the seventh lunar month, half the bright area faces the earth, and people can see half the moon (the convex surface faces west). This month is called "the first quarter moon".

When the moon moves in the opposite direction to the earth, that is, on 15, 16 and 17 of the lunar calendar, the bright areas of the moon are all facing the earth, and we can see a full moon, which is called "full moon" or "full moon".

After the full moon, the west side of the bright area began to lose money. On the 22nd and 23rd of the lunar calendar, you can see another half moon (the convex surface faces east), which is called "the last quarter moon". During this period, the moon is getting closer and closer to the sun and can only rise in the east at midnight.

After another four or five days, the moon turned into a moth-eyebrow-shaped moon bud, with its bow back facing the rising sun. This month is called "the waning moon".

When the moon moves between the sun and the earth again, it returns to the "new moon" state.

This is how the moon phase changes. If we use the period of the moon's phase change (that is, the whole process of the moon's phase change) to calculate, from the new moon to the next new moon, or from the full moon to the next full moon, it is a "shuowangyue" with an interval of about 29.53 days. The length of a month in the China lunar calendar is determined according to "Shuowangyue".

The formation principle of solar eclipse and lunar eclipse is due to the linear propagation of light.

The specific reasons are as follows:

Eclipse is a special astronomical phenomenon, which means that when the moon moves to the shadow of the earth, the area between the moon and the earth will be blocked by the earth because of sunlight. Now we see that the moon is missing a piece.

That is to say, at this time, the sun, the earth and the moon are just (or almost) in a straight line, so the light from the sun to the moon will be blocked by the earth.

As far as the earth is concerned, when an eclipse occurs, the directions of the sun and the moon will be different by 180 degrees, so the eclipse must occur at' Wang' (that is, around the lunar calendar 15). It should be noted that the orbits of the sun and the moon in the sky (called the ecliptic and the ecliptic) are not on the same plane, but have an intersection angle of about 5 degrees, so only when the sun and the moon are located near the intersection of the ecliptic and the ecliptic can they be connected in a straight line to produce an eclipse.

Classification of lunar eclipse

The diameter of the earth is about four times that of the moon. In lunar orbit, the umbra diameter of the earth is still 2.5 times that of the moon. So when the centers of the earth and the moon are roughly on the same straight line, the moon will completely enter the umbra of the earth, resulting in a total lunar eclipse. But if only a part of the moon is always covered by the umbra of the earth, that is, only a part of the moon enters the umbra of the earth, a partial lunar eclipse will occur.

The diameter of the sun is much larger than that of the earth, and the shadow of the earth can be divided into umbra and penumbra. If the moon enters the penumbra, the sunlight will also be blocked. This phenomenon is called penumbral eclipse in astronomy. Because the sun in the penumbra is still very strong, the brightness of the lunar surface is only slightly weakened. In most cases, the penumbra eclipse is not easy to distinguish with the naked eye. In general, because it is not easy to be found, it is not called an eclipse, so there are only two kinds of total solar eclipse and partial solar eclipse.

In addition, because the umbra of the earth is much larger than that of the moon, it also means that in the event of a total lunar eclipse, the moon will completely enter the umbra of the earth, so there will be no eclipse.

The number of solar eclipses occurs twice a year, up to three times, and sometimes none at all. Because under normal circumstances, the moon either passes above the Earth's umbra or leaves from below, rarely or partially passes through the Earth's umbra, so an eclipse will not occur under normal circumstances.

According to the statistics of observation data, the percentage of lunar eclipse, partial eclipse and total eclipse in the penumbra in each century is about 36.60%, 34.46% and 28.94%.

The process of lunar eclipse

After the total lunar eclipse, the penumbra begins to eclipse: the moon just touches the penumbra, which is invisible to the naked eye at this time.

The process of a formal eclipse can be divided into five stages: initial loss, eclipse, eclipse, luminescence and last contact.

The first loss: marks the beginning of the solar eclipse. The moon slowly entered the shadow from the eastern edge, and the umbra of the moon and the earth was delineated for the first time.

Eclipse: The western edge of the moon is inscribed with the western edge of the Earth's umbra, and the moon just enters the Earth's umbra.

Eclipse: The center of the moon is closest to the center of the Earth's umbra.

Luminescence: the eastern edge of the moon is inscribed with the eastern edge of the umbra of the earth, and the total solar eclipse phase ends at this time.

Final contact: the western edge of the moon is tangent to the eastern edge of the umbra of the earth. At this time, the whole eclipse was over.

The degree of eclipse is called "eclipse", which is equal to the ratio of the farthest distance from the edge of the moon wheel to the umbra of the earth and the meridian of the moon when the eclipse is serious.

End of the penumbra eclipse: The moon leaves the penumbra, and the whole eclipse process officially ends.

tide

The periodic movements and changes of the earth's lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere are caused by the tidal force of the sun and the moon. The elastic-plastic deformation of the solid earth caused by the tidal force of the sun and the moon is called solid tide, which is referred to as solid tide or ground tide for short. The periodic rise and fall, fluctuation and advance and retreat of the sea surface caused by the tidal force of the sun and the moon are called ocean tides, referred to as ocean tides for short; Periodic changes of atmospheric elements (such as pressure field, atmospheric wind field, earth's magnetic field, etc.) (such as 8 12, 24 hours). ) caused by the tide is called the atmospheric tides, referred to as the tide. Among them, the atmospheric tide caused by the sun is called the solar tide, and the lunar tide is called the lunar tide. Because the moon is closer to the earth than the sun, the ratio of tidal force between the moon and the sun is 1 1: 5. For the ocean, the moon tide is more important than the sun tide. The driving forces of earth tides, ocean tides and atmospheric tides are all caused by the different gravitational forces of the sun and the moon on various parts of the earth, and they influence each other. The elastic-plastic tidal deformation of the ocean bottom crust will cause corresponding tides, that is, tides have tidal effects; The migration of seawater quality caused by tidal waves changes the load borne by the crust and makes it bend again. The air tide is above the sea tide, which acts on the sea surface and causes additional vibration, making the change of the sea tide more complicated. As a complete tidal science, its research object should be solid tide, ocean tide and atmospheric tide as a unified whole. However, because the tide phenomenon is very obvious and closely related to people's life, economic activities, transportation and so on, it is customary to interpret the word tide as ocean tide in a narrow sense.

Eclipses and scientific research

Eclipses have been promoting the development of human understanding.

The earliest lunar eclipse was recorded in Mesopotamia in 2283. When China was in the Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng had discovered the principle of solar eclipse. Aristotle in the 4th century inferred that the earth was round according to the circle of the earth's shadow seen during the solar eclipse. Aristak, an astronomer in ancient Greece in the 3rd century, and Alistair in the 2nd century both proposed to measure the size of the sun, the earth and the moon by solar eclipse. Iba Valley also proposed to observe the lunar eclipse in two distant places at the same time to measure the geographical longitude. In the 2nd century AD, Ptolemy used the ancient lunar eclipse records to study the movement of the moon, and this method has continued to this day. Before the appearance of rockets and artificial earth satellites, scientists have been exploring the atmospheric structure of the earth by observing eclipses.

Apollo manned moon landing project was organized and implemented by NASA in 1960s and 1970s, or "Apollo Project". Apollo plans to use the lunar orbit rendezvous method to send a 50-ton spacecraft into lunar orbit with the powerful Saturn V carrier rocket. The spacecraft itself is equipped with a small rocket engine, which can slow the spacecraft into orbit around the moon when it approaches the moon. Moreover, a part of the spacecraft, the lunar module with rocket engine, can be separated from the spacecraft, carrying astronauts to the moon, returning to orbit around the moon and combining with the Apollo spacecraft. The project started in May of 196 1 and was successfully completed in February of 1972. It lasted about 1 1 year and cost $25.5 billion. At the peak of the project, 20,000 enterprises, more than 200 universities and more than 80 scientific research institutions participated, with a total number of more than 300,000 people.

The lunar module of Apollo 1 1 spacecraft in the United States.

Due to a tragic accident, the first manned Apollo flight was postponed. At that time, during a launch exercise, the spacecraft suddenly caught fire, killing three astronauts. Then, after several unmanned earth orbit flights, Apollo 7 finally took three astronauts around the earth on June 1968+00 1 day 163 laps.

Apollo 8, who took the first step of manned lunar exploration, went from circling the earth to the moon, and returned to the earth safely after completing the flight around the moon. After that, Apollo 9 flew around the earth for a long time and further inspected the lunar module. Apollo 10 flew into the orbit around the moon and lowered the lunar module to within 15 km from the lunar surface to test its performance.

1In July, 1969, Apollo 1 1 finally landed on the moon, which pushed the gradual Apollo moon landing program to a climax. Armstrong also became the first man to land on the moon, and the United States made the most brilliant achievements in lunar exploration. In the following three years, Apollo planned to carry out six manned missions to the moon, among which Apollo 1970 was launched in April, but it returned to Earth safely despite the explosion of oxygen cylinders.

The American "Apollo 1 1" spacecraft was launched.

On the last flight of Apollo program-Apollo 17 February, 1972, 12 astronauts landed on the surface of the moon. This series of "visits" greatly enriched human understanding of the moon. Every flight of Apollo carried out an extensive survey on the surface of the moon, and collected a large number of lunar rocks and soil samples, of which 440 kilograms of lunar rocks were brought back to Earth from the moon. During Apollo flight, many instruments were installed on the moon for scientific research, such as solar wind experiment and lunar seismic survey.

After the Apollo program, for various reasons, human exploration of the moon entered a "quiet" period. During this period, no country in the world made any new exploration of the moon. Until 1994 and 1998, the United States successfully launched "Clementine" and "lunar explorer" to explore the shape, resources and water ice of the moon, marking the beginning of a new era of "fast, good and economical" lunar exploration.

Talking about moon culture

Since ancient times, people have given the moon various cultural meanings. Many ethnic groups have myths and legends about the moon, articles and poems, couplets, riddles, music and paintings, as well as folk customs and scenic spots related to the moon.

Now, there are many myths and legends related to the moon, which were first recorded in ancient books such as Shan Hai Jing, Chu Ci and Huai Nan Zi. It is of great reference value for China to study the moon in the future. The story of the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon and Zhu Yuanzhang's resistance to Yuan Dynasty has been circulated among the people. There is a very representative legend, which goes like this: It is said that there is a laurel tree 500 feet high on the moon. There was a man named WU GANG in the Han Dynasty who was obsessed with fairy tales and didn't concentrate on reading. He was banished to the moon to cut laurel, but laurel was cut with it, so later generations can see the phenomenon that WU GANG cut laurel endlessly in the middle of the month.

The moon can be said to be the representative of art, in Qu Yuan's Songs of the South? "Song of JIU" says: What are the advantages of luminous? Have another baby when you die. What's the use of feeling arrogant and caring for rabbits? Q: What are the characteristics of the moon, and it grows back when it dies? What are the advantages of keeping a rabbit in your arms? Du Fu once said: "Xin should be clear in the middle of the month." This shows that the moon, a beautiful thing, has attracted many literati to praise it!

People's yearning for the moon is endless. People use countless wonderful couplets to praise and appreciate it. Flowers are everywhere in the shadows; A pavilion of mountains, mountains, colors and moons peeps at people. This is a masterpiece of enjoying the moon, which is intriguing.

"When will there be a bright moon? Ask for wine from heaven. " How many people are intoxicated by this well-known poem! In our modern times, the moon is also a mystery in our hearts. Many people want to reveal its true face, but due to limited technology, only two astronauts have landed on the moon so far. First, Armstrong and Aldrin.

Now, the moon is still a mystery we want to know.

Mid-Autumn Festival is a great contribution of China people to world culture. This contribution not only lies in eating moon cakes, enjoying the moon and reuniting, but also constitutes a moon culturology with extremely rich cultural connotations.

Generally speaking, knowledge about the moon involves two parts: moonology and moonology. The focus of lunar science is to study the composition, structure, movement (including lunar earthquake), appearance and formation process of the moon. The focus of lunar science is to study the relationship between the moon and the earth, especially the role and influence of the moon on the life of the earth and human culture.

Specifically, moonology can be divided into lunar geomorphology, lunar biology and lunar culturology.

The so-called lunar geomorphology mainly studies the influence and function of the existence of the moon on the earth's topography (including meteorological climate), among which the most prominent function is the ocean tidal phenomenon on the earth, in addition to the crustal tidal phenomenon and atmospheric tides phenomenon.

The so-called lunar biology mainly studies the role and influence of the moon on life on earth, among which the prominent phenomenon is the life cycle (including physiological cycle) of many life on earth, which is obviously influenced by the gravity of the moon and its effects (including tidal phenomena). For example, marine life, especially offshore life, is very sensitive to tides and the menstrual cycle of human women (further proof is needed), and some birds navigate according to the moon.

The so-called lunar culturology mainly studies the relationship between human culture and the moon. This is a very interesting question, which involves many aspects of human cultural life.

1. The existence of the moon should be regarded as the special attachment of nature to human beings. This is because a planet as big as the earth has a satellite as big as the moon, which is unique in the solar system and may be very rare in the Milky Way. Coincidentally, from the perspective of the earth, the perspective of the moon is almost the same as that of the sun, that is, the moon is as big as the sun, and the moon, the sun and the earth are basically on the same plane of motion, so there will be periodic changes in solar eclipse, lunar eclipse and the moon's profit and loss. In view of this, we have reason to believe that the existence of the moon is an important factor to promote the development of human thinking; It can even be said that half of human wisdom enlightenment comes from the moon. Mid-autumn festival, this should be one of the important contents of wanting the moon.

2. The moon's periodic movement around the earth and the periodic changes of the moon's surface light and shade directly promote the formation and application of the human calendar and the corresponding astrological culture (see Mysterious Astrological Culture and Games, PLA Literature and Art Publishing House). A calendar based on the movement and periodic changes of the moon is called the lunar calendar (the moon represents Yin in China's Yin-Yang culture), a calendar based on the periodic movement of the sun is called the solar calendar (the sun represents Yang in China's Yin-Yang culture), and a calendar combining the lunar calendar and the solar calendar is called the Yin-Yang calendar. The lunar calendar in China is called the lunar calendar (for example, the leap month belongs to the lunar calendar and the 24 solar terms belong to the solar calendar).

China people make or use the lunar calendar. At least in the Shang Dynasty, there were written records in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which described the periodic changes of the moon in detail. At the same time, the geographical documents of the Yin and Shang Dynasties, Shan Hai Jing and Si Ye Jing, also clearly recorded: "There was a woman who bathed the moon, and the wife of the emperor often gave birth to a second child in ten months, which was the beginning of bathing." Dijun is the ancestor of the Yin and Shang nationalities. The so-called "Moon Bathing in Changxi" actually means that Changxi invented or made a calendar of twelve months a year, and "Moon Bathing" is a demonstration of this calendar (belonging to astronomical witchcraft). See Reading Classic Mountains and Seas (Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House) for details.

3. Myths and legends about the moon, the most famous of which is the story of the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon. For the scientific information interpretation of this story (including related ancient myths and legends), please refer to the author's Chang 'e: the victim of disaster witchcraft, the immortal mark left by the collision between heaven and earth experienced by our ancient ancestors. In addition, there are stories about the Moon Palace, laurel, moon essence, laurel, moon rabbit and toad, WU GANG and so on.

4. Folk festivals about the moon and their folk activities, such as Mid-Autumn Festival, eating moon cakes, family reunion, and the custom that the marriage between people is led by the elderly under the moon. In addition, it also includes cultural content named after the word "moon". In ancient times, the farming and harvesting activities of some ethnic groups were often carried out at night with the moon; In contrast, many military activities are often carried out on moonless nights.

Literary works about the moon can be said to be overwhelming. Among them, the description of the moon in ancient poetry is more prominent in the association and emotional catharsis of seeing and thinking about the moon.

6. With regard to the moon's scenic spots, there are the Tiantan, Ditan, Ritan, Yuetan and Xiannongtan in Beijing, the Moonlight Jiangsheng Hall in the summer resort (the title written according to Su Shi's "Red Cliff Fu" before and after Kangxi), the Moon Rock in Daoxian County, Hunan Province, the Crescent Mountain in Guilin, Guangxi, and the Crescent Spring in Dunhuang, Gansu Province.

1, thrush gives birth to a new moon

Beautiful makeup looks like Chanjuan.

2. Clear water fish read the bright moon

Cui shan mu Lin guang

There is a moon in the water, but there is no moon.

There is no Japan behind the clouds.

4, the high window of the building can save the moon.

It is difficult to hide the scenery when the peak is flat and long.

5. Xiao Sheng called Guan Shanyue from afar.

Flute rhyme breaks the underwater sky.

6, the full moon shines on the square window, which is organized.

Write short poems with long notes, no square and no circle.

7. When the blade tip breaks the Jiang Xinyue, the water will be round.

Huansha stirred up waves on the lake, but the waves were still flat.

8. The moon is full and round, such as combing like a mirror.

The tide rises and falls, rising like a flower and falling like a town.

9, the moon is bright, and August is obviously extraordinary; Mountains and rivers, Xiu Xiu is very.

10, although the building is high, it was passed.

Small pools can send the moon.

1 1, with shadows everywhere.

Mountain, mountain, color, moon pavilion peek at people.

12, if the sky is affectionate, it is already old.

If there was no hate, the moon would always be round.

13, Mid-Autumn Festival, full moon; A wanderer is homesick, but his hometown is sweet.

14, full moon in the sky, half moon on the ground, full moon every half moon; At the end of this year, tomorrow, year after year.