Reference of history of qing dynasty in the 20th century.

The unification of the Ming Dynasty was based on the time of the Yuan Dynasty. After Chenghua, food delivery is often not checked. At the end of Wanli, Xu Guangqi, Li Zhizao and others translated the Book of Westerners into a new law, which was closely related to pushing food and bullying the market, but it did not apply. After Sai-jo set the tripod, he began to lack the old calendar of the Ming Dynasty. According to the new method, it took more than 260 years. Guangqi and others argued that it was providence to change the constitution for the new dynasty. The sage knew the way of the calendar well and decided to use the method of equal division and rotation, taking Zheng and Kangxi Jiazi as the yuan. During the Yongzheng period, at the request of the supervisor, the ellipse method was changed to take Yongzheng Guimao as the yuan. In Daoguang, the supervisor and the minister disagreed on the delivery of food. According to the measured data, the original profit and loss amount is based on Daoguang Wu Jia. As for Daoguang since Kangxi, the tuibu technique has been changed three times, and Daoguang's Wu Jiayuan calendar has only one catalog. As for pushing the sun, the moon and the five stars, it has not reached a book cloud. Tang Ruowang, a westerner, and Xu Guangqi, who translated the new law, used 42 facts to prove the westerners' isolation and the China people's lack of skills, and the children of the local people believed it at once. Mei Wending, a native of Xuancheng, studied the techniques of various schools of thought and the techniques of nine-holding-and-returning, but compromised on the new law, based on his original views, and investigated their similarities and differences. So he is a scholar who pushed forward. He began to know the consistency of Chinese and western learning, and did not show off new methods. At the same time, Tang Ruowang entered China for Munige and spread his knowledge in Zichuan and Xue Fengzuo, while Wang Xichuan, a native of Wujiang, invented a new method to push the solar eclipse, which made him unhappy for a second. The knowledge of these two schools is not listed in Taiwan Province official, but its accuracy is not as good as that of Taiwan Province official. This paper makes a detailed investigation on the advancing steps, seven policies, four redundancies, fundamental principles and methods of the current constitution. Those who are said by various scholars to have good mathematical principles are also included in their specialties. The unification of the Ming Dynasty was used by Kangxi at the beginning, so that it was recorded in detail in the Ming history.

Push and change skin

In June of the first year of Shunzhi, Tang Ruowang said, "I came to Beijing in the second year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty and worked out the old calendar according to the new western law. Today, I will use the new method to push the eclipse on the first day of August this year, and the food seen in Gyeonggi and other provinces will be limited in minutes, and the reset and image will be sent to the official for examination. " From it. In July, John took the astronomical phenomena one step further. In the same month, the Ministry of Rites said: "The promotion of the new law in Qin Dynasty has been completed. Please change your name and promulgate the world. " Prince Rui said, "It is appropriate to call it' Shixian' to show that the court is constitutional and the people are happy." From it. At noon on the first day of August, there was a two-minute and 48-second eclipse. College students Quan Feng and John went to the Observatory to test the replay. But the new methods are combined one by one, and the unification and regression of the two calendars are different. He said, "The old law is too old, and official studies are not counted. The new law is closely related to the sky. The Supervision Bureau should study it and not be lazy." 10, Shunzhi two-year constitution was promulgated. John added: "When paying tribute to people, it's all about the solar terms and the sun's day in and out. Today's solar terms are different from the day and night time of the sun, and are calculated according to the distance on the road. Please publish it in the current constitutional book. " From it. 1 1 month, John is responsible for supervising Qin Tian. John and others said, "I will calculate the time and minutes of solar eclipse according to the new law, redefine the annual bibliography and delete it to avoid confusion." In June, 2002, John and others said, "According to the old method, the solar eclipse in1February this year will be three points stronger and the lunar eclipse will be one point weaker. According to the new law, you should only eat half a penny, and you won't see it on the horizon before sunrise. Please send an official to test it. " From it. It rained until the end of the day, so the test stopped. In November, if I hope to change the name of the almanac of Chongzhen translated by Xu Guangqi, I will send it to the official school of the Supervision Bureau, and still declare that I will pay for the history museum and give it the title of Taichang Hall. Ten years, thanks to the hard work of Mr. John Xuan Tong.

If you look at the law, think of Tiancong as RMB. One day of the week is 360 degrees. The sun is parallel to 59 minutes and 8 seconds a day 19 micro 49 fiber 36 awns, with a maximum of 45 seconds a year, and parallel to the winter solstice of Chen Wunian with a maximum distance of 5 degrees, 59 minutes and 59 seconds. Lunar day is 13 degrees 10 minutes 35 seconds 13 degrees 3 minutes 53 seconds 56 seconds 3 minutes 10 seconds 6 minutes 4 1 seconds 54 seconds 46 minutes 25 degrees 32 minutes 15 seconds 34 minutes/kloc-0. Saturn's line should be parallel to the winter solstice at 18 degrees 5 1 minute 5 1 second in the eleventh house. This year, the highest row spacing from winter solstice is 9 degrees 57 minutes 59 seconds in the ninth house, the highest parallel distance is 9 degrees 53 minutes 52 seconds in the second house, and the orthogonal row spacing from winter solstice is 7 degrees 9 minutes 8 seconds in the sixth house. On average, one year, the parallelism is 12 degrees 1 3minutes 3 1 sec, and the highest row is120minutes12mum. If you subtract the highest line from the parallelism, it is 12 degrees 12 minutes 15 seconds, which is also an indicator of one year. The leap year is parallel 12 degrees 15 minutes and 35 seconds, and the reference is 12 degrees 14 minutes 15 seconds. It takes 42 seconds for the bank to pay a year. Jupiter's line should be parallel to the winter solstice, at 28 degrees 8 minutes 3 1 sec in the eighth house, and the highest behavior of this day in the eleventh house is 27 degrees 1 1 min 15 seconds. The highest parallel distance is the index, which is 57 minutes 16 seconds in the ninth house and 24 degrees 4 1 52 seconds in the sixth house. A normal year is a palace parallel to the winter solstice, 20 minutes and 32 seconds, and the highest behavior is 57 seconds and 52 microns. Subtract two numbers to get one palace 19 minutes and 34 seconds, which is an indicator of a normal year. The leap year is parallel to the winter solstice, and the reference number is Yigong 025 minutes 3 1 second. It takes a year for the bank to pay 14 seconds. The parallel distance between Mars lines should be 4 degrees 54 minutes and 30 seconds in the fifth house of winter solstice, and the highest value today is 29 degrees and 30 seconds in the seventh house. The highest parallel distance is the index, which is 5 degrees 23 minutes and 50 seconds in the ninth house and 17 degrees 2 minutes and 29 seconds in the third house. In normal years, it is parallel to the winter solstice, with the sixth house11:17:10, and the highest row 1: 14. If two numbers are subtracted, the sixth house is 1 1: 15: 55. The leap year is parallel to the winter solstice, and the quoted number is six houses, eleven years, 48 minutes and 36 seconds. Bank of communications is 53 seconds a year. Venus should be parallel to the winter solstice and at the same angle as the sun, that is, 53 minutes, 35 seconds and 39 microns at the beginning of the first house. The highest parallel distance is the number, the sixth house, 056 minutes and 55 seconds. From a long distance, the first one starts at nine degrees, eleven minutes and seven seconds, and the top row is six, 0 16 minutes and six seconds. The distance between a normal year and the winter solstice is 29 degrees 45 minutes 48 seconds in the eleventh house, the self-citation number is 29 degrees 44 minutes 17 seconds in the eleventh house, the hiding behavior is the seventh house 15 degrees 1 50 seconds, and the highest behavior is 1 minute 2 1 second. Leap year is a one-day journey from winter to Sunday. It is a journey of 59 minutes, 8 seconds and 3 degrees, 6 minutes and 24 seconds. Venus is orthogonal to the top 16 degrees, that is, the fifth house 14 degrees 16 minutes. Its line is very small, so its speed is uncertain, but there is no big difference between the top lines. Mercury's line should be parallel to the winter solstice at the same degree as the sun, with a maximum parallel distance of 29 degrees and 20 seconds. From the extreme distance, the number of rows of Mercury is 29 degrees 54 minutes 16 seconds in the third house, and the highest in the eleventh house is 052 minutes 42 seconds. The average annual distance is also the same as the winter solstice of the sun. The self-citation number is 29 degrees 43 minutes 5 1 second in the eleventh house, and there is a palace 23 degrees 57 minutes 26 seconds outside the whole three weeks. The number of quotations in leap year is 042 minutes and 59 seconds in the twelfth house, which is 27 degrees, 3 minutes and 52 seconds outside the whole week of Fujian and Hangzhou, so the cloud is difficult to determine.

If you look at the new law, there are forty-two things: the longitude and latitude of heaven and earth, the longitude and latitude of heaven and earth, and the longitude and latitude of the sun are all the same. It is said that all the obsidians are far apart, which refutes the mistake that the old calendar thinks they are concentric. Because the center of the circle is different, the circle of the sun is different from that of the earth, and the distance between two hearts is different from ancient times to modern times. It is said that the air is poor, and there is air underground. It is impossible to turn off the air difference unless it is determined first. It is said that different methods in ancient times used an arc triangle to measure the sky, which was regarded as a table cut by eight lines. It is said that the calculation is based on the ecliptic and the celestial declination instrument, and the longitude obtained is inconsistent. The new method is based on the longitude of the ecliptic and the ecliptic rate table, which is closely related to the antenna. From the solstice of winter two years ago, all the answers have changed. It is said that the old method of seeking truth and balancing solar terms is not true solar terms, but has been changed now. When the surplus shrinks to the true limit, the age is determined by dividing the given time by the average age and adding and subtracting the difference between the highest and lowest. The old method is to measure the winter solstice with a standard table, but now it is illegal to measure it with the spring and autumn dichotomy, which is more secret than the second one. It is said that the sun goes in and out, and the boundary between dawn and dusk, starting from the capital, increases and decreases everywhere. There is a difference between day and night, and this difference is stranger than an instant. On the one hand, the ecliptic is late in summer and late in winter, on the other hand, the width of the yellow equator is different, so the speed is different. Change the time and set the day and night to 96 minutes. Setting a leap is different. The old method of setting leap with flat solar terms is actually different. On the contrary, solar terms are set by the sun. It is said that the lunar calendar is added and subtracted, only at the beginning of the month, and there are two or three on the rest of the day, all with different numbers. The moon is high, humble and late, the moon is extremely late, and the lowest is extremely sick. Five stars allow this. See you one month after the new moon. First, you are sick and late. Second, the ecliptic rises and falls obliquely. Third, the white road runs across the south latitude and north latitude. It is said that the addition, subtraction, monthly exchange and equality of Bank of Communications will be inconsistent, because one addition and subtraction is set as the average value of Bank of Communications. In the old method, the latitude of the moon was five degrees different from that of the moon. I don't know if there are gains and losses besides Wang Shuo. The maximum distance is one third of five degrees. It is said that there is no eclipse, and the latitude from the ecliptic is two radii from the moon and the landscape, while the distance from the sun and the moon is two radii from the eclipse. Eat at a short distance, but don't eat at a long distance. Unlike the eclipse, the eclipse is tangent to the landscape for two weeks. Because the distance between the ecliptic and the ecliptic is larger than the radius of two eclipses, and the distance is used to push the Zhou Du's fixed food limit, the parallax must be added to the eclipse, and then the distance must be calculated. There are similarities and differences between solar eclipse and lunar eclipse. Distance is the distance between the center of the moon and the landscape during the eclipse, and the distance between the sun and the moon during the eclipse, but the eclipse is not based on the actual distance but on the sight distance. It is said that real food is eaten in the middle, and it is mainly based on the straight line from the center of the earth to the ecliptic. If the sun, the moon and the five stars live above this line, they will be eaten. The moon and the five stars live in the week of this round, and the center of the earth goes straight to the ecliptic, and the hearts of the two rounds are on the same line, so it is also Chinese food. There is real food in the sky during the eclipse, and some people see it by the human eye and the ground. It is said that 90 degrees of the ecliptic is the middle limit of the difference between East and West. On the zenith, the difference between height and height is positive, the difference between north and south is oblique, and one line in the middle of the difference between east and west is positive and the outside is oblique. On the road, the difference between north and south is a strand, the difference between east and west is a hook, and the difference between high and low is a chord. At the middle limit, the string is a line with no hook. Three parallaxes, with the radius of the earth as one side, the distance from the sun to the earth as one side, and the height of the second obsidian as one side, form a triangle to get the difference of height, and then turn south to change the difference of latitude between north and south; Change the latitude from left to right within the 90-degree limit of the ecliptic to get the difference between east and west. The outer three differences, the difference between the east, the west, the north and the south, are all born in the ground diameter, and the outer three differences are not born in the ground diameter but in the air. First, the air quality is poor; Second, clear the diameter difference; Third, the diameter difference of this round. It is said that the loss recovery is different, and it is not twice discounted. The new method is to change the time according to the line, so obviously, the loss recovery time is different. It is called solar eclipse calculation, and all parties calculate the solar eclipse time and solar eclipse minutes with the diameter of the ground. It is said that the eclipse is getting worse and worse, and it should be eaten according to law, but it is not eaten. The difference between the north and the south here will inevitably become the difference between the east and the west, only once or twice in thousands of years. It is said that the form of the new law can be traced back to the lower edge, and the book can be read easily. It is said that the five-star quasi-day, the old method is based on the number of days, sometimes long and sometimes short, but it is inevitable because of the position, so I will correct it today. The old method of five-star crouching is wrong to only use the ecliptic distance, so it is correct today. It is said that the five-star latitude, Taiyin Avenue oblique to the ecliptic, because the distance is the same as the lunar calendar, so is the five-star. The new law has been refined one by one, and the old law has become invalid. It is said that when the golden water lurks, Venus will not lurk with the sun, and Mercury will disappear from the sun. Just measure it with an armillary sphere, which can't be measured by the old method. The five-star measurement method is called, the five-star measurement must be based on the stars. It is said that the ecliptic is the pole of the star when it moves eastward. Stay close to the pole when you are away from the star every night, or stay away from the pole when you are away from the star. From Huangchi, the poles are different, and the non-distant stars are different or translocated. There are six kinds of stars of different sizes, which is unheard of. It is said that Tian Han solves doubts and uses a new method to measure the distance mirror. Tian Han is a collection of little stars. Yue is deleted and modified, Luo is the orthogonality of the white road, the plan is the intersection, and the moon is the highest point of the moon. To purple, countless can be decided, Ming history must be attached, and today it is changed and deleted. The new method adds measuring instruments, such as quadrant instrument, universal instrument, horizon instrument, crossbow instrument, celestial sphere gauge, mud cover simple horizon instrument, Huang Chiquan instrument, etc. The newly built telescope is particularly important for star measurement. The sundial is leveling, three links, one hundred links and one light. In addition, there are stars and the moon for night observation. If you want to say, according to the new law, the old skills are sparse, but the essence of the new law is also here.

In April of 14th year, predecessor Zheng said, "I have eighteen surnames, such as Zumohe and Yili, and I am from the Western Region. Since the Sui Dynasty, he has not reprinted his research and was awarded to Japanese officials. In 1599, it was devoted to the good and bad luck of the stars. Every year, it was calculated that the five-star ling of the lunar calendar was guilty, and the astronomical phenomena accounted for the test, and the sun and the moon were eclipsed, that is, it was a statute. In the third year of Shunzhi, the producer personally printed it, and the ministers, the five-star mausoleum of the lunar calendar and the astronomical phenomena did not have to be performed. I checked Wang Ruo's seven policies, but Mercury disappeared in February and August. Today, Mercury still looks at the East on February 29th, and looks at the East on August 24th. The relationship seems to be occupied, and it is afraid to listen to the facts. I will go back to the department to save my studies. " Play company. Yang Guangxian, the official scholar of Xin 'an, knocked on the fallacy and corrected the fallacy of Tang Ruowang's new law, saying: "The book of Shi Xian has the word' the new law depends on the west', which is particularly inappropriate." I entered the discussion of choice again. If I wish to choose Rong's burial date, I will use Hong Fan's five elements. Mountains, the sun and the moon are taboo.

In December of the third year of Kangxi, the Ministry of Rites proposed to change "the new law is based on the west" into "quasi-playing" in writing. In four years, State Councilor Wang said: one day 100 minutes, the new law changed to 96 minutes; In the order of 28 lodging, Tang Ruowang changed tapirs and ginseng lodging before and after; And delete the rest of the purple, it is inconsistent. His choice was to use Hong Fan's five elements instead of doing what is right, which made Shanxiang, Sun and Moon taboo to kill, and made a serious crime. This year, it was proposed to behead Tang Ruowang and Keguan. Tang Ruowang was pardoned, and Shi Xianke, Li Zubai and others were beheaded. So he reused the old technique of unification, and Yang Guangxian was in charge of prison affairs, so he refused to allow it. Light precedes pushing, and learning is not profound. In the year of Qi Tang, he explained that the year of December was a leap, and he wanted to find out his own mistakes and report them. However, the constitution has been promulgated, telling the world to stop flying over the moon. Wu Ming, deputy supervisor of the annual prison, said, "There is something wrong with the ancient law, and the five senses are different, so it needs to be corrected." The next ceremony is discussed by the Ministry of Rites. Does not repeat: "Ge Jiwen and others have made too many mistakes in the calculation of the seven strategies. The seven policies promoted by Chen Yuxin, the main book, have not been tested, and there are also mistakes. The seven policies promoted by Wu Mingxuan, the deputy supervisor, are similar to astronomical phenomena and should be promulgated. Supervisors and officials of the Fourth Division are still required to measure the scenery every day to determine the solar terms, and measure the five-star moon at night to determine the trip. " From it.

1 1 month, Ferdinand ferdinand verbiest, a westerner, said that the laws promulgated were against the sky, so he called Ferdinand ferdinand verbiest, Li Leisi, An Siwen, prison officials Ma You, Yang Guangxian, Wu Mingxuan and others to Donghuamen. Li Kai, a great scholar, sent a message: "Timing is an important policy of the country. Don't hold grudges, treat yourself as right. If it is, it should be done. If it is not, it should be changed. The service period is the best. " 1February, Ferdinand ferdinand verbiest illegally corrected the Constitutional Book of the Seventh Session of the Eighth Year of Kangxi, and went to a meeting with Wang, Jiuqing and Kedao to discuss Wang's words: "Begging Minister and Ferdinand ferdinand verbiest." Is to send Tu Hai, Li Kai and other 20 people to the Observatory for testing. In February 2008, the king replied: "Tu Hai and others went to the Observatory to do a test. Everything ferdinand verbiest said was right and everything Wu Mingxian said was wrong. He asked the supervisor about the horse, and so on, which also showed that Ferdinand ferdinand verbiest's calculation was consistent with the sky. Although I thought about it secretly for a long time, Ferdinand ferdinand verbiest's 96-minute method is in line with the astronomical phenomena and should be used. Ferdinand verbiest said that Luo, Yuan and Yuan were used for calculation, so it was recorded after the seventh administration that their purple star was useless and should not be built. Starting from the ninth year of Kangxi, we will use a 96-minute calendar. At that time, we made it clear that "I only know astronomy, but I don't know calendars", and we just said "I don't know calendars, but I know calendars". It's especially bad to speak first. In March, Qin Tian granted ferdinand verbiest the supervisor's deputy. First, according to the ancient law, the leap should be scheduled in December of the eighth year of Kangxi. Ferdinand ferdinand verbiest said that rain is the qi of the first month, the rain on the 29th of the month, and the first month of the 9th year of Kangxi. It shouldn't be scheduled for February next year. Prison officials were more open-minded. According to him, it was changed to February of nine years, so the unification and Huizong were abolished, and only western methods were used, such as the early Shunzhi period. In August, ferdinand verbiest illegally framed Yang Guangxian for Tang Ruowang's rebellion, and discussed with the king that "Tang Ruowang should resume Tongwei Normal School and give him a shirt according to the original product, and Yang Guangxian should sit back and watch." Do not discuss. "

/kloc-In February of 0/3, the newly-built instrument was successfully built, and Ferdinand ferdinand verbiest was awarded the title of Taichang Temple. /kloc-in February of 0/4, Yu Jian's deputy, Antai, learned the ancient calendar from He Junxi. In February of 15th year, Qin Tian supervised the solar eclipse in May. According to the ancient method, deputy supervisor Aetna ate five minutes and sixty seconds, while Ferdinand ferdinand verbiest's new method only ate one third of twenty minutes. In the stage exam, if you eat very much, you will get a point. At the beginning of the last contact, the scores inferred by the ancient method were far apart, and the new method was not very close. Ferdinand ferdinand verbiest said, "You can see the big from the small."

In July of the seventeenth year, Qin presented thirty-two volumes of Kangxi Yongnian Table. In 22 years 10, the supervisor worked out the 90-degree meter of Shengjing successfully. Ferdinand ferdinand verbiest said at the beginning: "The height of the Arctic varies from province to province, and the mating time varies from time to time, calculated on the 90-degree table of each province. I never knew the height of the North Pole in Shengjing, but I used Shi Jing's 90-degree watch. Today, it is measured that the North Pole of Shengjing is two degrees higher than that of Shijing. Please calculate the 90-degree table according to the height. " From it. Therefore, I gave a 90-degree watch to Shengjing, which is said to "always abide by" the cloud.

194 1 year1October, Li Guangdi, a university student, presented a three-volume question about Mei Wending's calendar in Xuancheng, saying, "I have paid attention to the calendar for many years, and I can judge whether it is right or wrong." It's a pro-approval, and it's spread with Mei Wending. Regarding the similarities and differences between Chinese and western laws, Wen Ding said: "Using the new calendar today is to learn from its strengths, make up for the shortcomings of the old law, and use new spells instead of abandoning the old law. The Gregorian calendar has more than one end. It is said that the five-star maximum addition and subtraction, that is, the Sino-French surplus has also decreased, which is also late in the lunar calendar. Say five-star wheel, that is, the festival of China and France. It is said that the stars travel eastward, which is the precession between China and France. It is said that the solar term will cross the palace during the day, which is the fate of China and France. It is said that the solar terms in different provinces are really different, which is the difference between China and France. Chinese and French words are full of surplus and slow, while western words are the highest and lowest. China and France tell jokes, while westerners make it clear by age; China and France say precession, while the West says that the stars move eastward to explain the reason. Of course, the China calendar is auspicious, while the western calendar is reasonable and desirable. If the husband has a bad temper, China calendar has its own methods, but it is not based on the law, and it has existed since ancient times. Since the western calendar, the latitude of five stars has also. The latitude of China calendar is only available to the sun and the moon, but not to the five stars. Today, the five stars in the western calendar have intersections and latitude lines, which are as detailed as the lunar calendar of the sun. It is the big end of China's calendar defects, and it needs to learn from the west to make up for its lack of preparation. When the husband is in the same position as China and France, he can not only explain why this happened, but also make up for what he was not prepared for in China and France. Therefore, people waiting for me will benefit from what he said, and unbelievable people will know that they are not fake because of my accumulation. Although the saints rise again, they are also taken from everything. "

In October of fifty years, an imperial edict was sent to university students and others. : "I have been paying attention to astronomical calendars. The western method is correct, but there is no difference in scales. On the solstice of this summer, Qin hit the sun at exactly 3 noon. I carefully measured the scene of the sun, which was 9 noon on the third day. There is a slight mistake at this time, and I am afraid it will be worse in a few decades. Judah's money and grain are fleeting, though few, but together, every little makes a mickle. This fact has been verified, and it is no better than that scholar's argument. You can fill the accusation with empty words. " He also ordered the department of rites to take the effectiveness algorithm personnel and Gu Yan and other 42 people to take the exam in Qinxuan. In May, 5 1 year, I was lucky enough to drive to the summer resort and invited my grandson Zimei to go there. First, Guo Zong, Qin Wuguan and Ming Gatu, sons of professors Chen Houyao, He and He Junxi of Suzhou Government, were appointed as vice supervisors of Qin. They are all Shi Zhi's retinue. It's hard to ask questions like a master and a disciple. And signing up for it has a symmetrical purpose, so it is equal to the straight court of the lower back. 1952 In May, the book Lu Arithmetic, edited by Prince Edward, Fifteen Sons and Sixteen Sons, edited by He Guozong and Mei, and comprehensively proofread by Chen Houyao, Wei Tingzhen and Wang Lansheng, came out. The compiled books are submitted daily, and parents supplement and revise them.

1in April, 953, Yucheng, the prince of Yucheng, said, "The scale of the ancient calendar is very good, but its figures are already out of date. This book should be counted according to the scale of the ancient calendar. " 10, another imperial edict was issued: "The height of the North Pole, the distance from Huangchi, is the most important, and it must be measured every day after Lianning's residence." It is a quadrant, five feet in diameter and made of copper. It measures the sun during the day and the stars in Abatti Giresse Concorde at night. There are also two tables, the middle table, the front table and the inverted table, all four feet high. The middle table measures the sun center, and the front table and the inverted table measure the upper and lower scenes of the sun. However, the mantissas of the six tables are all uneven. Hai said: "foresight is hard to be true, and it has suffered from it since ancient times." In the past, Guo Shoujing was a bronze watch with two dragons at the tail, and the beam was lifted to 40 feet. Because of its empty scenery, it was created as a landscape symbol to shoot a real shadow. Its system is made of copper, which is two inches long and twice as long as copper. It is like a needle, with a square wood as a hook in the middle and a shaft at one end, so it can be opened and closed. Take a look at one end of it, make its needle tilt, the north is high and the south is low, and the communication is contained in the virtual shadow. Sunlight is like millet, and the light beam is hidden inside. " It is a six-scene symbol imitated by Guo Shoujing in Yuan Dynasty. If it is legal, the shadow mantissa will be uncomfortable at first. According to the survey, the North Pole of Shen Yan Spring Garden is 39 degrees 59 minutes and 30 seconds higher than that of Shi Jing Observatory, and the distance between Huangchi and Shenyang is 23 degrees 29 minutes, which is two points less than the old measured value. In November, Prince Cheng Yunzhi and others said, "Guo Shoujing is a timekeeper and sent 27 people to measure it, so he can get close to it. Today, in addition to the daily tests of Shen Yan Spring Garden and Observatory, the inland areas of eight provinces, including Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Henan, Jiangnan and Zhejiang, are particularly poor. Please send someone to measure it every day to get the real figures. There is evidence for the internal differences between east, west, north and south, and the radius of the sun and the sky. " From it.

1February, 958, due to the shortage of manpower, the clerk of the Ministry of Rites sent Meng Yangzhai to take the exam, took away 28 people, including Fu Mingan, and ordered them to walk in the book repair office. In 60 years, the imperial algorithm was written, giving the mathematical essence of names. Yu: "Give a copy of this book and ask him to proofread it carefully." Send a letter to his Sun Meicheng. 196 1 June, the calendar manuscript was completed, and the rules and algorithms were combined into one. * * * is a hundred volumes of the origin of the calendar: the calendar was divided into upper and lower parts the day before, the rules and regulations were refined the day before, and the numbers were refined and accumulated the next day. In the first year of Yongzheng, the calendar image passed the examination in Qin, which was the Jiazi Yuanfa of Kangxi. From the fourth year of Yongzheng, the constitution book was formulated according to the method of calendar examination. He also discussed his imperial book batch, which did not need Qin Tian's supervision, and granted the supervision right to westerners who ruled the calendar. In June 2008, Ming Jiatu, the supervisor of the State Council, said: "The sun and the moon are in parallel, and the law is getting worse and worse. It is necessary to reform the law before it can be closely combined. I calculate the constitution according to the imperial calendar. According to Ignaz Kgler, the director, and Xu Maode, the deputy director, I think it is slightly different. During the solar eclipse on the first day of this month, I took part in a public test with other officials, and the measured score did not match the calculated score. I asked ignaz kogler and Xu Maode to make detailed corrections. " From it. In April of ten years, the sun sets and the moon leaves the table.

In April of the second year of Qianlong, Gu Yuyan, the official assistant, said, "Sejong told the supervisor to compile two tables of the sun and the moon, so as to promote the intercourse between the sun and the moon, make excessive intercourse with the palace, and bully the market day and night for 39 pages, which will be continued at the end of the calendar. The person who inspected and made this watch was Ignace kogler, a foreigner in the West. The people who can use this kind of watch are Xu Maode, a vice westerner, and Minggatu, a five-sense person. It is planned to take Ignace kogler as the president, Xu Maode and Mingatou as the vice presidents, and make every effort to test the water and make up the map. If there are any random changes in the calendar, they will also be carefully corrected. " Hehe: "That is, Gu Yan is in charge." In May, Yan Fu said, "Qi Mei is the president, and He Guozong cooperates with the president." From it. In November, Zhuang was appointed Prime Minister of Yunlu.

In April of three years, Zhuang said to others, "The almanac has been tested into a book, but its number has been reduced by two points, and the rest are still the old books of Sidi Valley. And Garcini, Fahlander, etc. Among the Chinese and western people in Kangxi, who has Tycho's unfinished intention? There are three major ends: first, the radius difference of the sun, which used to be set at three o'clock, is only ten seconds today; One is the poor air quality. In the past, it was 34 minutes on the horizon, 45 degrees high and only 5 seconds. Now it is 32 minutes on the horizon, 45 degrees high and 59 seconds. One is that the sun, the moon and the five stars are not oblate, but are all ellipses with long diameters at both ends and short diameters at both ends. So the three are slightly different in latitude and longitude. Ignaz K?gler and others are familiar with what he said, and dare not take it for granted, because it has not been tested. In June of the eighth year of Yongzheng, there was an eclipse. The old method pushed nine minutes and twenty-two seconds, and the present method pushed eight minutes and ten seconds. The actual measurement shows that this method is close. Therefore, it is accurate to reconstruct the difference between the date and the month from the new table, so as to continue after the calendar check. I was ordered to add a new watch to explain the painting. According to the new table, the spring equinox is thirteen minutes later than the previous one, the autumn equinox is nine minutes earlier than the previous one, and the winter and summer solstice is two minutes later. However, the height of the sun is measured at noon, but the winter solstice is two points higher than before, and the summer solstice and the autumn equinox are only twenty or thirty seconds apart. Coverage is measured on the ground, and the calculation is based on the center of the earth. Today's radius difference and air difference are different from before, so it is estimated that each difference is several minutes, but the measurement is not very far. Until today's legislation Suiyuan, although the calculation is more complicated, and the old number gains and losses are combined with the sky, which is quite innovative. I clarified the reason, wrote nine articles and counted them, begging my relatives to add a ruling. After the exam, it was strictly said that it was compiled after the imperial system. I won't repeat where the previous book has been invented. " In the seventh year of the news in Zhongzhuang, Yunlu and others played ten volumes of Sun Pian and Li Yue and Jiao Gong Shu, which was the method of returning to Maoyuan during Yongzheng period.

1999 10, producer Dai Jinxian said: "The original record of the stars in the instrument is about 70 years different from the image record of gv 10, which has been a long time and should be revised. When Kangxi cataloged in the thirteenth year, the distance between Huangchi and today was different, and the list should be revised one by one. The three walls, the twenty-eight lodges and the stars are different from the past, and they should be determined. " Zhuang, E Ertai and Zhang Zhao proposed to play. 1 1 month, approval is still managed by three people. This year, Luo He's name was changed and purple was added as the fourth surplus. In seventeen years, the astrology recorded by Zhuang, Yunlu and others was mostly out of order. Corrected in turn today, * * * became a 30-volume book, giving names to the images. It was Prince Yuezhuang and others who repeatedly corrected the latitude and longitude tables of the stars and worked on duty for 28 nights. The college reunion will discuss and play with Jiuqing. /kloc-in October/February, Fu Heng, a university student, said, "Please change the constitutional value from the 19th year of Qianlong." From it. Then Qin calculated that Saturn had a difference of 30 points, and from the time after Qianlong to the early years of Daoguang, the minutes of solar eclipse gradually disagreed with the original calculation.

In August of the 18th year of Daoguang, Shang Shu, the minister in charge of the prison affairs in Qin Dynasty, said, "Since the 4th year of Daoguang, I have been in charge of the prison affairs and checked the instruments in the observatory. In the 13th year of Kangxi, the Huang Chi distance was 23 degrees and 32 minutes. After nine years of Qianlong, the Huang Chi distance was measured to be 23 degrees and 29 minutes, indicating that the original instrument has been out of touch with Tianxing, and now it will be a hundred years, that is, the instrument for caressing Chen has also been lost. I will replace the axis of the instrument and the instrument will be placed. In addition, make a small quadrant for officials and students to measure the sun, moon and stars on the daily line and at night. Whenever there is a solar eclipse, the measured real number does not match the calculation, and a detailed inspection will be carried out. Knowing that the latitude of the sun is different, the distance between yellow and red is slightly smaller than before, and its number is only 23 degrees and 27 minutes. From the node time, we can know that the latitude of the sun is uneven. The degree of the sun is the basis of speculation, and Zhu Yaozong is it. The trip to Japan is based on the reality of the year and the spirit should be different, saying that today is the lowest trip. The plan is based on Wu Jia, which has been in Daoguang for fourteen years. According to the measured data, the original consumption is slightly increased or decreased, and the daily delivery time is pushed closer to the measured data. To the degree of lunar, the test of big end is to make food. In recent years, more eclipses have been measured earlier and fewer have been delayed. Therefore, monthly parallelism, self-reliance, and internal volume of Bank of Communications are all profit and loss. According to the current parallel lines, the old number of the average is still used, and it is concluded that there will be three eclipses after Daoguang 14 years. Except for 17, which suffered a loss at the beginning of March and was not measured on cloudy days in September, only the eclipse of Daoguang 16 in September/0/5 was measured, which was similar to the new map. But I only ate it once and it has not been proved, so I still need to test it at any time. There was an eclipse on August 15 this year. We want to calculate the time and location of the solar eclipse from the newly proposed number, which is a few minutes earlier than the original number, and submit another list. When the time comes, I will wait for the exam on the hour and then play it truthfully. " to report the news

In June 2002, Zheng Jing and others said, "Every eclipse, according to the newly proposed figures, is close to the actual measurement. By the solar eclipse in June this year, the new calculation was only a few seconds away from the actual measurement. It is a new number, which is undoubtedly reasonable. Today, we plan to measure the stars first, then the sun and the moon to coordinate the sky. Please revise the latitude and longitude tables of the stars and the Yellow Equator according to the distance from Huang Chi in the 14th year of Daoguang, that is, take a detailed examination of the five latitudes of the moon when calculating, so as to complete the food books of the stars, the five latitudes and the sun and the moon next time. " From it. In July of that year, he served as president of the school calendar, with Zhou Yuqing in charge and Gao Yu, deputy director of Zuo, as vice presidents.

In July, 2005, thirteen volumes of the Zodiac Equator Latitude and Latitude Table, one volume of the Moon's Five-Star Distance, and four volumes of the Tianhan Boundary Table were presented, each of which has been tested by the Examination of Stars, the Song of the Stars and the General Rules of the Stars, and is a continuation of the Examination of Instrument and Image. By the eclipse, all five elements are missing and there are no clouds. At that time, Ting Dong, who was in charge of the winter season, wrote a new parallax method to bully the city. By calculating the arc triangle, the high arc triangle of the yellow meridian was obtained by limiting the height from the ground and the distance from the star, which was simpler than the old method. After Qianlong, Tingdong was the only one in the old way to gain and lose the calendar function. The following are Xue Fengzuo and Wang Xichan, especially Jiang Yong, Dai Zhen, Qian Daxin and Li. His explanation of Chinese and western calendar theory is far beyond that of Xu Guangqi and Li Zhizao.