Methods and time of beekeeping and honey collection in China

Bee colony management in spring is the key to high honey yield. Bee colony management in spring can begin after the solar term in beginning of spring, and the central task is to protect worker bees. The main measures to promote king spawning, cultivate strong colony and restore colony potential are as follows.

1, the normal overwintering bees should be excreted 20 ~ 30 days before the local honey source appears, but the defecation time of the overwintering dysentery group should be advanced. When the air temperature is above 14℃ and the wind force is below level 2, the place where bees are excreted and displayed should be selected in a dry place with natural or artificial wind barriers in the northwest. Indoor overwintering bees, move the bees to the excretion place before 8 am, and open the nest door 20 minutes later to let the bees fly and excrete; Outdoor wintering bees, remove the heat insulation layer at the top and front of the hive, let the sun shine directly on the hive, and then open the door of the hive to let the bees excrete.

2. Pay attention to the large temperature difference between day and night in spring, expand the nest door during the day and narrow it at night. Both sides of the nest and spleen in the box are covered with cotton pads. When the insulation is wet, it should be replaced frequently. The outside and bottom of the hive are filled with hay, and the box is covered with a straw curtain and covered with plastic film. When unpacking at the end of spring, the strong group should be dismantled first, the weak group should be retreated, the top should be dismantled first, and then the periphery and the bottom of the box should be evacuated. The insulation in the box should be gradually removed with the expansion of the nest door.

3, finishing the hive is to change the spleen and shrink the nest. The spleen, empty spleen, crystallized honey spleen, fermented honey spleen, moldy spleen and diarrhea contaminated spleen in the nest during the wintering period should be replaced with sterilized spleen. If the nest is higher than the ovary, the spleen left in the nest should be cut off to facilitate the queen bee to lay eggs. The relationship between early spring bees and spleen is: 1.5 ~ 2 bees 1 spleen, 2.5 ~ 3 bees with 2 spleens, 3.5 ~ 4 bees with 3 spleens and 5 bees with 4 spleens. The second is to adjust the feed. Each spleen should have 1 kg of high-quality honey, and the spleen without honey can be supplemented with honey or syrup with higher concentration. Each population also has half to/kloc-0 pollen spleen. 1 The bee colony with spleen should choose a nest with both honey powder and ovaries. If there is less honey on the spleen, you can inject syrup. If you use a big pink spleen, you can only put it on the outside of the partition, and put another ovary to give birth to the spleen, and put honey in it. A bee colony with two spleens should be honey spleen and pollen spleen, and there is an empty nest room on the spleen for the queen bee to lay eggs. There are many bees outside the spleen, and when supplementary feeding is limited, a honey spleen can be raised outside the partition, and the honey cover is often cut off to feed the bees, which not only ensures sufficient feed, but also plays a role in rewarding feeding, and at the same time can avoid diseases caused by feeding feed with high water content in early spring.

4. Reward feeding and powder feeding: There is no fresh pollen when bees start to lay eggs in early spring, and1000g of dry pollen can be mixed with about 600g of hot water at 50℃ to make cakes. Wrap it in wax paper when feeding, and leave both ends blank for feeding. In the case of honey without powder, defatted soybean powder, defatted milk powder and yeast powder can be evenly mixed according to the ratio of 2: 1: 1, and 200 grams of honey can be added to replace pollen for spleen supplementation per 1000 grams. Water delivery: The weather is bad in early spring, and bees can't get out of their nests to get water. They can put cotton in the water on the bee road and change it once a day. Sugar feeding: If the spleen in the nest is covered with honey, the nest cover can be cut open with a knife for bees to eat. If honey is scarce, you can feed it with 2: 1 sugar water at night.

5, expand the egg circle, add spleen to expand the nest If the egg circle is biased towards one end of the nest spleen, there are more bees than the spleen, and the climate is good, you can choose one of the spleens to switch back and forth, so that the egg circle can be quickly expanded to the whole frame. If the spleen has only three frames, two large and one small, the small spleen can be transferred to the middle, and the spleen can be added after the whole frame is expanded. Adding spleen should be added to the second spleen position outside the secondary spleen and inside the feed spleen.

6. The weak and the strong use each other. In early spring, the temperature is low, the weak population has poor heat preservation and feeding ability, and the expansion of spawning circle is limited. The eggs of the weak group can be attracted to the strong group and replaced with empty spleen, so that the queen bee can lay eggs, which can not only exert the oviposition ability of the weak group, but also make full use of the feeding ability of the strong group. When the strong colonies of new bees leave home one after another, the spleen of the strong colony with young bees and the spleen of the old man who is about to leave home are given to the weak colony, making the weak colony become a strong colony. A large group and a small group are kept in the same box, the small group is reserved as a breeding area, and the rest are all supplied to the strong group, which can form a strong production group before the arrival of the big honey flow period.

Summer management

Due to the changeable climate and low temperature in spring, special attention should be paid to the following issues during spring breeding:

The temperature is low in spring, so the site should be disinfected in the early stage of spring breeding. It is best to expose the internal insulation to the sun. Eliminate all kinds of microbial germs. In addition, the hive can be disinfected if conditions permit.

In spring, the temperature is relatively low, so keep warm, and the gap in the hive keeps things safe. Prevent cold air, put plastic valves on the hive cover in rainy days or at night. It can effectively prevent the aging speed of bee colony and improve the breeding speed in spring.

Generally, try to choose a remote, quiet and sunny place far from the countryside.

In summer, the weather is hot, the external honey source is lacking, the queen bee lays fewer eggs, and bees face unfavorable environmental factors such as high temperature and summer decline. Therefore, to ensure the safety of bees in summer, we must pay special attention to the following three measures.

First, solve the feed. Feed is an important condition for bees to spend the summer. 5 ~ 8 kilograms of summer honey must be left in each hive. If honey is insufficient, you can artificially make mixed feed to feed. Method for make compound feed: wrap high-quality watermelon, tomatoes and that like. Apply 2-3 layers on clean gauze, then squeeze hard and collect juice for later use; Processing fried soybeans into powder for later use. When making, 200g of watermelon, 70g of tomato juice, 20g of sugar100g, 20g of soybean flour, 5g of milk powder/kloc-0, 0g of salt10g, and 0g of yeast slice10g are ground, mixed with 50g of cold boiled water, or mixed with 50g of tomato juice and watermelon juice. The artificially prepared mixture is fed when the weather is dry and the honey source is scarce.

Second, prevent the decline in summer. It is hot in summer, and the labor intensity of bees is great, and the life span is greatly shortened; The brooding of queen bees tends to decrease, the number of dead bees is greater than that of raw bees, and the population trend generally shows a downward trend. If the management is a little poor, the number of bees will drop sharply. Control methods: high-quality new king can be used to hatch, expand the egg circle and accelerate the reproduction of new bees; Choose a place with ventilation and shady trees to put bees; Or cover the hive with a straw curtain to prevent the sun from drying the hive to increase the temperature of the hive and make the bees uneasy; Enlarge the nest door to make the air in the box circulate; When the weather is too hot, you can pour cold water outside the box and feed cold boiled water; For crowded bees, add relay boxes as soon as possible, increase the nest spleen and nest base, and expand the hive. If there is not enough feed in the nest, you should feed thick pulp at one time and reward it every day later. In addition, it is necessary to prevent pesticide poisoning.

Autumn management

1. Cultivate overwintering bees of suitable age

The so-called school-age overwintering bees refer to worker bees who have not participated in collection activities and have carried out excretory flights. If there are many overwintering bees in the bee colony, it will be safe to overwinter and consume less feed, and it will develop rapidly in the next spring. On the other hand, it is difficult to overwinter, worker bees die early and reproduce slowly in spring.

The cultivation of suitable overwintering bees should be carried out at the beginning of the last main honey collecting period. The old king with poor spawning can be replaced by a new king. During the honey flow, the honey stored in the spleen should be removed, and a new spleen suitable for spawning should be selected to expand the spawning area as much as possible. At the end of honey flow, spare honey spleen should be taken out, empty spleen should be properly supplemented, bee spleen should be kept in proportion, heat preservation and reward feeding in the nest should be strengthened to promote the queen bee to lay eggs. But when the temperature is low, it is necessary to control the queen bee to lay eggs. The worker bees that came out in the later period failed in excretory flight because of the low temperature, which was not conducive to overwintering. In order to ensure the potential of overwintering population, two or three weak populations can be raised in the same box, and 1 queen bee can be selected to merge with the population before overwintering. It seems that there are few bees, but it can enhance the potential of overwintering bees, and the bees will develop quickly in the next spring, and the bees will develop faster if they are manually divided early.

2. Reserve wintering feed

Selecting and maintaining honey spleen coverage is a major task in autumn management, because feeding honey juice or syrup temporarily before overwintering will increase the workload of bees. For example, honey spleen is too late to cover, and it is easy to deteriorate in winter, leading to bee diarrhea. Experienced beekeepers choose four or five rooms with flat nests and no drones for the first time in the last major honey harvesting period of the year, and put them on the side of the relay box to expand the bee path. By the time they take honey for the second time, these honey spleens have been sealed and can be taken out for storage. If the first time is not enough, you can keep the second time. The number of honey spleen depends on the length of the overwintering period of the bee colony. Generally, one honey spleen is left in each overwintering bee rack, and more can be left in cold areas, and less can be left in bee farms moved to the south in winter. The honey spleen of wintering feed should be well preserved and placed in a cool and ventilated place. In order to prevent the harm of nest worms, sulfur and other drugs can be used to kill them. The method is to put 8 honey spleens on each trunk, put several trunks on the empty nest box, ignite the sulfur in the box, close the nest door, cover the top trunk with gauze cover and big cover, and stick the gap between boxes tightly. You can also put several boxes containing honey and spleen on a strong colony and keep it until winter. If the overwintering feed cannot be kept in the last main honey collecting period for some reason, the bees should be fed with high-concentration syrup (2 parts of sugar, 1 part of water) or honey juice (1 part of honey,1part of water) three or four days before the queen bee approaches to stop laying eggs, and after the honey spleen is covered, the bees should be taken out or directly left in the nest for overwintering feed.

Store nest spleen

In autumn, we should scrape the nest spleen out of the bee colony with a scraper, scrape the protruding room wall with a sharp knife, and then spray 5% new disinfectant solution for disinfection. After the liquid medicine is dried, it should be stored and properly kept. Nested spleens are generally stored in relay boxes, 8 in each box. According to the quality of nest spleen, honey spleen, semi-honey spleen, pink spleen, empty spleen and semi-mature spleen are stored separately, and bees are fumigated with sulfur or carbon disulfide for two or three times before storage. When fumigating with sulfur, every nest and spleen 10 is fumigated with 3 ~ 5g fully burned sulfur for 4 hours each time. It is best to build a storage room with closed structure, convenient fumigation and rat prevention, with shelves for placing nests and spleen and ultraviolet disinfection equipment in the room.

Prevent bees from being stolen

In autumn, especially in late autumn, honey sources are scarce and it is easy to steal bees, so we should take precautions. In addition, when encountering low temperature, we should pay attention to the heat preservation in the nest, appropriately narrow the nest door, and keep the number of bees properly dense.

5, to prevent pesticide poisoning

According to the actual situation of beekeeping production in recent years, September is the high incidence period of bee pesticide poisoning. The main reasons are: the decrease of external honey sources and the high enthusiasm of bees to go out to collect honey, but the overall resistance of bees is relatively weak. Using pesticides outdoors is easy to cause bee poisoning and lead to a large number of bee deaths;

The experience of beekeeping practice is that the plan of beekeeping for one year lies in autumn. Because the population potential in autumn will directly affect the overwintering of bees, and it is also the basis for the success of beekeeping production in the coming year. Therefore, we should attach great importance to the prevention of pesticide poisoning in the production and management of beekeeping in autumn. Please pay special attention to the following points:

Strengthen feeding management

After entering autumn, some beekeepers think that the main production stage has passed, and gradually relax the management of bees, leaving less and less feed in bees. They think that the trend of bees can be restored and strengthened in the following spring, which often leads to a large number of worker bees going out to collect when the weather is clear in autumn, and the group trend decreases, which also causes great hidden dangers of pesticide poisoning.

Choose the place for winter carefully.

In addition to having the necessary wintering conditions, we should also consider the use of pesticides around us, and try to choose a place at the foot of the mountain and around the barren slope for wintering; If pesticides may be sprayed around, local farmers should be consulted in advance, and they should be informed before using drugs, so as to take timely measures to prevent pesticide poisoning. At the same time, it is best to avoid multiple bee farms wintering at close range.

Winter management

The main task of winter management is to provide suitable living conditions for young bees and ensure the safety of bees in winter. The following work should be done well.

1. The wintering ground should be in a place with warm leeward, high terrain, no humidity, dryness, quietness and good ventilation.

2. Dense bees.

3. Overwintering feed. Before overwintering, honey spleen should be prepared for bees, and alternative feed should be fed when the honey source is insufficient. The method is to heat bloom with sugar water according to the ratio of 2: 1, feed it at a cool temperature, and feed it within one week, before 10 and 10. Average per spleen 1.5-3 kg.

4. Do a good job in daily management. When the temperature is low in winter, observe outside the pipe to prevent rats, moisture and interference, and keep warm moderately. When the temperature is high, try to cool down when the bees disperse. When the temperature is below -7℃, keep warm moderately to prevent icing. If any abnormality is found during the wintering period, it should be treated symptomatically.