What are the topographic factors that affect the temperature distribution?

Terrain has obvious influence on temperature, mainly in:

(1) With the increase of altitude, the temperature decreases, the temperature in alpine plateau is low, and the temperature in plain area is high;

(2) The windward slope temperature is relatively low and the leeward slope temperature is relatively high. On the side facing the cold air, the cold air is blocked and the temperature is low. The terrain blocks cold air, and the leeward slope is weakly affected by cold air, and the temperature is relatively high; On the side facing the summer monsoon, the temperature is low, while on the leeward side, the water vapor in the air condenses, the air is dry, and the temperature in the foothills rises obviously.

(3) The temperature at high altitude is low all year round.

Ice and snow at the top of Kilimanjaro