The prevailing winds in summer and winter under different climate types.

1. Tropical rain forest climate

It is mainly distributed in the range of north latitude 10 and south latitude 10 on both sides of the equator. It is located at low latitude, the source of equatorial air mass, and at the same time it is located in the equatorial low pressure area, where the trade winds of the northern and southern hemispheres meet and rise, and there is a lot of convective rainfall. In summer, the average temperature of each month is 25-28℃, and the daily range is slightly larger than that of annual range. The average annual precipitation is more than 2000 mm, and the minimum monthly precipitation is more than 60 mm. The zonal soil is tropical rain forest latosol. In addition, it is also distributed on the east coast of the mainland and several islands in the tropical ocean in the north latitude10-25 trade wind zone, including the east coast of Central America and the West Indies, the narrow strip of the east coast of Brazil Plateau in South America, the east of Madagascar Island in Africa, the coast of Queensland, Australia, and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean. These areas are located on the windward coast of the trade winds, and tropical marine air masses prevail all the year round. In addition, after landing, the trade winds in coastal mountains rose, so a high-temperature and rainy climate with marine characteristics was formed. This is tropical rain forest latosol.

2. Seasonal climate of savanna

Also known as tropical dry and wet climate, it is mainly distributed in the periphery of equatorial rainy climate zone, which can generally reach about 20 degrees north and south latitude and can also extend to about 25 degrees. Including Sudan grassland in Africa, Ethiopian plateau, northern East African plateau and South African plateau, Brazil plateau and Orinoco River plain in South America, Pacific coast in Central America and northern Australia. The climate is characterized by high temperature all year round and obvious dry and wet seasons. In the dry season, controlled by the trade winds, tropical continental air masses prevail, with little rain; The rainy season is controlled by the equatorial low pressure area, and it is wet and rainy when the equatorial airflow convergence zone moves. The vegetation soil type is tropical savanna red brown soil.

3. Tropical desert climate

It is mainly distributed in the inland and west on both sides of the Tropic of Cancer, roughly between the north and south latitudes 15-30. Typical tropical arid climate zones include Sahara Desert in Africa, kalahari desert and namib desert, Arabian Desert in West Asia, thar desert in South Asia, desert in central and western Australia and Atacama Desert on the west coast of South America.

4. Tropical monsoon climate

Mainly distributed in Indochina Peninsula, Indian Peninsula and Philippine Islands in Asia. In summer, due to the influence of land and sea thermal factors, a thermal depression is formed in the northwest of South Asian subcontinent. At this time, the southwest monsoon blowing from the Indian Ocean, that is, the summer monsoon, prevailed, and the rainy season was formed due to heavy precipitation. In the season when the solar altitude angle is small, there is a weak high pressure in the northwest of the subcontinent. At this time, the northeast monsoon, that is, the winter monsoon, prevailed, and the thousand seasons were distinct due to the lack of precipitation.

Second, the land mid-latitude climate.

(1). Terrestrial subtropical climate

Terrestrial subtropics are mainly distributed in areas between 25 degrees and 40 degrees north and south latitude. Due to the subtropical high and the location of land and sea, the east coast of the mainland generally has a subtropical humid climate or a subtropical monsoon climate; The west coast of the mainland has a subtropical summer dry climate (Mediterranean climate); There is a subtropical continental arid and semi-arid climate between them.

1. Subtropical monsoon climate (subtropical monsoon humid climate)

It is distributed in subtropical East Asia, mainly including the area south of Qinling-Huaihe River in eastern China, the area north of tropical monsoon climate zone, southern Japan and the southern tip of Korean Peninsula. The change of air pressure configuration caused by different sea-land temperatures in winter and summer is the main reason for the climate in this area. In winter, the Asian continent is controlled by the high pressure, and the northwest wind blows from the land to the ocean, that is, the winter wind, with less precipitation; In summer, the Asian continent is controlled by low pressure, from the southeast wind blowing from the ocean to the land, that is, the summer monsoon, with more precipitation.

B. Subtropical monsoon humid climate

It is mainly distributed in the 25°-35° N zone in the east of North America, the southeast edge of Brazil Plateau in South America, the east of the middle and lower reaches of parana river, and the east of pampas Grassland. In addition, it is also distributed in the southeast coast of Africa and the southeast coast of Australia, but the area is small. Its main feature is that the temperature difference between winter and summer is smaller than that in subtropical monsoon climate zone, and the precipitation distribution in one year is even than that in monsoon climate zone. These areas are similar to the subtropical monsoon climate zone in East Asia (the east coast of the mainland) in latitude and land and sea position, but due to the small continental area and adjacent ocean area, the thermal difference between land and sea is not as prominent as the latter, so a typical monsoon climate has not formed.

2. Subtropical Mediterranean (dry in summer) climate

Also known as the Mediterranean climate, it is mainly distributed on the west coast of the mainland at 30-40 degrees north and south latitude. The Mediterranean region has the largest summer drought climate range and the most obvious characteristics. In addition, it also includes the Pacific coast of the southwestern United States, central Chile, the southern tip of Africa and the southern tip of Australia. The planetary wind system on the west coast of subtropical continent is normally distributed, and the climate here is controlled by the seasonal alternation of subtropical high and westerly winds. In summer, this area is controlled by subtropical high pressure zone, dominated by downdraft, and the climate is dry and hot; Winter is controlled by westerlies, where temperate ocean air masses prevail, cyclones are active and precipitation is high.

(2). Terrestrial temperate climate

The temperate zone of the land is mainly distributed in the area of 35 ~ 60 N, and the temperate zone in the southern hemisphere is not large, because only a small piece of land extends to the south of 40 N. Due to the influence of ocean division, the temperate zone has obvious east-west differentiation. Generally, it has a temperate monsoon climate on the east coast of the mainland, a temperate maritime climate on the west coast of the mainland, and a temperate continental climate in the interior between the two.

1, temperate maritime climate

It is mainly distributed in the western part of the mainland at 40-60 north latitude, including the western and southern Scandinavia in Europe, most parts of central and western Europe, the Pacific coast west of cordilleras in North America and Canada, the western Andes in southern Chile in South America, and Tasmania and New Zealand in Australia. The westerlies and temperate marine air masses prevail here all the year round, and warm currents pass along the coast, forming a climate characteristic of warm in winter and cool in summer, small annual variation, more precipitation throughout the year and a little more rainfall in autumn and winter. Besides, it's rainy, cloudy and sunny here.

2. Temperate monsoon climate

It is mainly distributed in East Asia near 35-55 N, including the north of Qinling-Huaihe Line in eastern China, most of the Korean Peninsula, northern Japan and southern Russian Far East. The climate is similar to the subtropical monsoon climate. Winter is controlled by temperate continental air mass, which is cold and dry with large temperature difference between north and south; In summer, it is warm and rainy due to the influence of ocean air mass or denatured tropical ocean air mass, and the temperature difference between north and south is small.

3. temperate continental climate (including temperate continental humid climate, sub-frigid coniferous forest climate, subtropical continental arid and semi-arid climate)

A temperate continental climate, also known as temperate desert and temperate grassland climate, is mainly distributed in the hinterland of Asia and North America, Patagonia Plateau in South America and pampas grassland in the west. This climate zone in Asia and North America is far away from the sea, deep inland, surrounded by mountains and plateaus, and it is difficult for humid ocean air to reach. Temperate continental air masses prevail all the year round, forming a temperate continental arid and semi-arid climate with hot summer and little rain in winter. Generally speaking, the average annual precipitation in arid climate is below 250 mm, and the average annual precipitation in semi-arid climate is 250-500 mm. This climate zone in South America is located on the east coast of the continental westerly belt, which is a rain shadow zone, and there are tall Andes mountains on the west coast. The west wind sinks after crossing the mountain, which is warm, dry and rainy, and there is a cold current along the coast, so the air is stable and precipitation is scarce.

B. temperate continental humid climate

It is mainly distributed in the eastern part of North America and the eastern part of Eurasia temperate maritime climate zone between 35 and 55 north latitude, that is, the eastern part of Eurasia temperate maritime climate zone and the area about 40 to 60 N east of North America100 W. The temperature and precipitation of this climate are somewhat similar to those of temperate monsoon climate, but the seasonal changes of wind direction and wind force are not as obvious as those of temperate monsoon climate.

C. Coniferous forest climate in sub-frigid zone

Also known as the sub-frigid continental climate, it is generally distributed between 50 and 70 north latitude, and the west coast of the mainland is between 60 and 70 north latitude, including most of North Asia, Northern Europe, Alaska in North America and central and northern Canada. The climate here is mainly influenced by the polar ocean air mass and the polar continental air mass, and it is the source of the polar continental air mass.

D, subtropical continental arid and semi-arid climate

It is mainly distributed in the subtropical continent, including the Iranian Plateau and Anatolia Plateau in West Asia, the inland plateau in the western United States and Granchako in South America. The arid climate is formed because the inland is far away from the sea or blocked by mountains, and the humid ocean airflow is difficult to reach, and it is located in the subtropical zone, so it is hot in summer and mild in winter.

Third, the land high latitude climate.

1. Polar tundra climate

Also known as the long cold climate, it is mainly distributed on the coasts and islands of the Arctic Ocean in Eurasia and North America. The latitude is roughly between 70 and 75 N, which is already within the Arctic Circle, so the extreme phenomenon of day and night is obvious. The climate is characterized by winter all year round, with the monthly average temperature of 0-IO ~ C for only 65,438+0-4 months in a year, and the precipitation is scarce, which mostly belongs to the glacier front, mostly snow, with plenty of clouds and weak evaporation.

2. Polar ice sheet climate

Mainly distributed in the Antarctic continent, the Arctic Ocean and most parts of Greenland. The latitude is the highest here, and the longest day and night can last for half a year. Controlled by polar high pressure for many years, it is the source of ice ocean air mass and Antarctic air mass. It is very cold all year round, with little precipitation, and snowstorms are common. Due to years of accumulation, a huge ice sheet has been formed. The Antarctic region is the world's cold pole, wind pole and the driest ice continent, while the Arctic region is a sea of ice sheets and floating ice.