What is the process of lotus planting?

Lotus planting-1. Sowing and propagation

Seeding and seedling raising saves lotus seeds, labor and capital, convenient transportation and simple operation. The planted lotus has strong vitality and can propagate rapidly in a large area. However, seedlings are easy to mutate and can't maintain the excellent characters of varieties, so they are usually used to cultivate new varieties.

As early as the 6th century AD, Jia Sixie's Book of Qi Yao Min recorded the method of "planting lotus seeds" in detail. There are three main points: first, when picking lotus seeds for sowing, the peel must be black and fully mature; Secondly, lotus seeds should be treated to destroy hard shell tissue, so as to facilitate water infiltration, promote germination and not damage lotus seed meat; Third, before sowing in the pond, lotus seeds should be wrapped in thick mud balls one by one to prevent them from drifting away after drowning. Once germinated, the young roots plunge directly into the mud. A set of basic technologies is still in use today.

Lotus seeds are long-lived seeds and have no dormancy period. As long as it is ripe, it can be picked and sown at will, or it can be sown and propagated every few years, decades or even hundreds of thousands of years, provided that it can only be sown with mature lotus seeds. Lotus peel is hard and sealed, which is a self-protection device to continue the adaptation of future generations to adverse environment. The red-violet in the Great Lakes is in frequent natural disasters of floods and droughts, but it has not been extinct. This is because the tens of thousands of lotus seeds scattered in the lake are undoubtedly "natural sowing". Once the environmental conditions improve, new life rises quietly. During the period of 1954, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River flooded, and the 30000hm2 lotus in Honghu Lake, Hubei Province was destroyed. After 1958, a large number of lotus seeds germinated in the lake, and now the green leaves cover the sky. The wild lotus along the Heilongjiang River basin and its tributaries has been circulating since ancient times, relying on the unique natural derivation and family inheritance skills of lotus seeds.

(1) There is a 2.46 hm2 lake pond in Nanjing Xuanwu Lake Park. 198 1 In spring, the lotus seeds of red lotus and white lotus are produced in Hongze Lake. They are soaked in shells and planted on the lakeside sowing belt with a water depth of 10cm and a width of 2-3m in mid-April. New roots and tender leaves grow after 5-7 days, and floating leaves appear in early May. Floating lotus seedlings should be replanted according to the plant spacing of 0.6-1.0m. After the Ye Ting is established, the water level should be raised by 0.3-0.5m Weeds should be pulled out at any time during seedling stage to control aphids. The first lotus blooms in late June. From mid-July to late August, the pond is full of red and white flowers. In that year, 24,750 lotus seeds were planted, and lotus seeds 1.50 kg were harvested. The cost of sowing and raising seedlings is 26.7% of that of breeding chickens that used lotus root in that year. Achieve the effect of sowing in the same year, flowering in the same year, bearing fruit and growing lotus roots. This method is suitable for medium shallow lakes and ponds, and is used to develop large lotus with few petals.

(2) The seedling transplanting method in Baoying County, Ouxiang County, Jiangsu Province is as follows: in late March, the lotus seeds with treated peels are poured into a container, moved to the sunny place indoors, soaked in warm water (25-30℃) to fully absorb the lotus seeds, and the water is changed 1 time every day. After 3-4 days, it is moved to an incubator at 25-30℃ to accelerate germination, and after 5-6 days, young roots grow, and then it is moved to a plastic greenhouse to raise seedlings. When the lotus seedlings grow three tender leaves, plant them horizontally in fertile paddy fields according to the row spacing of 8- 12cm, level the soil, make them transition to autotrophic and cultivate strong seedlings. In the middle and late May, when the temperature rises above 20℃, the lotus field can be transplanted with soil. The soil preparation of lotus root field should be flat, and the base fertilizer should be sufficient. First, shallow water should be planted, and the water level will gradually deepen with the growth of lotus root seedlings. The amount of seeds used is 0.5-0.75 kg per 667 m2. The new area of this county develops lotus root production, which solves the problem of long-distance transportation by sowing and raising seedlings and saves the initial planting funds. Especially early seedling raising, as long as the technical measures are proper and the management is fine, there will be a certain yield in that year. Hubei Fisheries Research Institute used seed lotus ('Lian Hongjian') for seedling transplanting, and transplanted' Lian Hongjian' in a fertile fish pond with an area of 65438±0.27 hm2, sowing 65438 04 thousand seedlings (more than 2700 plants per 667m2 on average), and achieved a high yield record of 29kg per 667m2,700 lotus seeds that year.

(3) Combining potted plants with cultivating new varieties, it is appropriate to choose lotus seeds for sowing small flowers. Sowing can be carried out in the Yangtze River basin from late April to late August. No matter whether sowing early or late, some varieties can bloom in the same year.

Lotus seeds should be cut off before sowing, so as not to hurt cotyledons. Seeds should be soaked indoors at room temperature to accelerate germination. Germinate in about 5 days, grow 2-3 tender leaves in about 20 days, and have young roots at the same time, which can be planted in open-air mud pots. When the temperature is suitable (20-24℃), when the seeds are soaked and germinated, they can be sown in advance and the whole seedlings can be obtained.

Non-porous flowerpot for sowing (diameter 14- 17cm) is filled with rich and thin pond sludge, and the depth is 3/5 of the height of the pot. Place the lotus on the edge of the flowerpot and gently press it into the mud to expose the peel. After a day or two, fix the lotus seedlings in the mud and then pour a little water. At this time, if the petiole of young leaves is burned by the sun, as long as the new buds are green, the leaves can still be regenerated. Later, as the seedlings grow up, the water level will continue to rise.

Sowing pots are big and need not be transplanted. Small ones (diameter 14cm or less) with 2-3 vertical leaves can be transplanted into a flowerpot larger than the original one, which can promote flowering in the same year. On June 28th, 1982, 15 pots of seedlings such as' Golden Whipple Lotus',' Doll Lotus',' Pink Bowl Lotus',' Jade Bowl' and' Apricot Spring Rain' were transplanted in Wuhan East Lake, and in mid-September of that year 12 pots blossomed, accounting for 80%. There are 65 pots that have not moved, and only 29 pots are flowering, accounting for 40%. The transplantation method is simple. First, fill a small amount of mud in the new basin, then remove the mud and quickly move it to the center of the new basin. Be careful not to break the new leaves, there is mud in the gap of the basin. Survival rate after moving 100%.

Lotus planting -2. Split propagation of lotus root

Lotus seeds can be divided into main lotus root, sub lotus root and sun lotus root. As long as they have a complete terminal bud (stem head), fresh and free from pests and diseases, they can be used as seeds. Lotus farmers are used to using whole lotus root or main lotus root as seeds, and the dosage is about 250 kg per 667 m2, accounting for about 1/4 of the yield, which seriously affects the promotion of improved varieties and economic benefits. In fact, both sub-lotus root and sun-lotus root are suitable for planting, and their yield and flowering number are not inferior to those using whole lotus root or main lotus root. Time-sharing, according to local conditions. There is a great disparity in latitude between north and south in China, and the spring return is very different in the morning and evening. The Yangtze River basin is most suitable around Qingming. During this period, the temperature was basically stable at about 65438 05℃, and the terminal buds of lotus root began to germinate. The agricultural proverb that "the lotus root grows thick on the third day of March" is a scientific reflection of the phenological phenomenon of lotus. The Yellow River Basin should be around April 10. In Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, the temperature did not rise above 1 3℃ until after May1,and May 10 was the suitable time for lotus separation. In Shenzhen and Foshan, Guangdong, the spring is beautiful, and early and middle March is suitable for parting.

When planting lotus, propagation and cultivation often go hand in hand. The land for planting lotus roots and lotus seeds should be carefully prepared, with two plows and two rakes. With a rake, apply 3000-4000kg of livestock manure every 667 m2, or 100kg of cake fertilizer plus 1000kg of livestock manure, or 40kg of lotus root coating fertilizer plus 25kg of ammonium bicarbonate. Every 667 m2, my daughter uses 170-200 lotus roots, and there are 1 terminal buds every time she goes, which is different from lotus roots in weight. 1 hole planting 1 lotus root, with the row spacing of 1.6m× 1.6m or 2.0cm×1.6m. The specific operation is to arrange lotus branches at an angle of 20-25+00- 15 cm. The relative planting method is adopted, that is, lotus root heads and lotus root tails are inverted in rows, only two rows of lotus root heads in the middle of the ridge are opposite, and all lotus root heads around the ridge face the ridge, leaving a distance of 1.5-2m along the edge of the ridge, so that once the lotus root whip reaches the ridge in the future, the lotus root heads can be turned over in time. Three pots are planted, 1 hole is planted with three lotus roots, the lotus root heads radiate outwards in a fan shape, and the rest are arranged in reverse. The methods of planting lotus seeds, lotus roots and hualien in fields and ponds are basically the same.

Hualien is mostly planted in ponds, and ponds with a water depth of more than 1.4m are generally not suitable for planting lotus unless there are varieties that are particularly resistant to deep water. When the water depth is less than 1m, it is necessary to pump water to fish and poison snails and crayfish. Leave shallow water to turn over the pond mud. If the soil is barren, base fertilizer should also be applied, and the dosage per 667 m2 is 1000kg of decomposed livestock manure. Choose varieties that are more resistant to deep water, such as Qingling Honglian, Xihu Honglian, Xuanwu Honglian, Zhongxin, Sunny Day, Red Chiba, Guangchang Lotus, Chunbulao and other red strains. Pink flower varieties include Fenchuantai, Bayi Lotus, Smile, Zepan Xue Ying, Daikin, Qingfeng Leng Yue and Hongtailian. White flower strains include White Lotus, Yiqing, White Swan, Night Pearl, Chutian Xiangyun, Lian Bi, White Chiba, Qianling Lily, White Lotus, Double petal, Yiqing and so on. Small ponds can be planted in 1 ponds with 1 varieties, and larger ponds can be mixed with many varieties to form colorful landscapes. Planting density is more flexible than cultivating lotus seeds and lotus roots. Generally, there are 1 root lotus roots (both primary lotus roots and secondary lotus roots) in every 2m2 species. If you want to be effective in that year, you should plant it closely, with a maximum of 500 lotus roots per 667 m2. If the pond is large and there are few lotus seeds, and the planting density is still not less than every 3m 2 1, you can plant the pond below half pond or 1/3 pond first and let it grow. After two or three years, the natural lotus will fill the pond.

Cultivating potted lotus flowers is often combined with turning over pots and clearing seeds. Before separating lotus roots, select suitable containers and plant large and medium-sized varieties in flat-bottomed tanks. Generally, 2-3 lotus roots are planted in a 1 jar with a diameter of 35-60cm. 1m diameter vat, planting 4-5 lotus roots in 1 vat. Bowl lotus should be planted in non-porous flowerpots, glazed bowls or porcelain bowls, with a diameter of 17-24cm, and each pot should have 1-2 lotus roots. Some medium-sized varieties, such as Sunny, Xiao Xia and Daikin, have great plasticity and can bloom in containers of different sizes. However, most plant-type varieties rarely bloom in pots, and are not suitable for potted plants, such as' Fenshiba' and' Subailian', which are loosely tied and have stretched stems and leaves, and the flowers are beautiful as soon as they are put into the pool. The same is true of the medium-sized Huang Lian. When planted in a jar, there are few flowers. When planted in a pond, the flowers are colorful. Using substrate, lake mud rich in organic matter is superior. Potted plants should also be added with appropriate amount of decomposed cake fertilizer or livestock manure, but it is not necessary to apply base fertilizer. The mud layer is 3/5 of the depth of the container, and it is pounded into a thin paste with water. When planting, the top bud is facing down, and mud is inserted obliquely along the edge of the cylinder basin, and the tail section protrudes out of the mud. If two kinds of lotus roots are planted, the other one is connected with the lotus root head and tail at the same distance along the edge of the cylinder, and the mud is inserted obliquely. Do not water for 1-2 days after planting, only water a little after the mud is slightly dry and the lotus root is fixed. Lotus seeds that can't be planted or left in the nursery for a while should be bundled and listed according to the variety and put into the pool or ditch to "plunge in". If you don't want to blossom in that year, in order to increase the coefficient of planting lotus roots, you can use large containers and sun lotus roots as breeding materials. Because the sun lotus root is small, it blooms late, the flowers are sparse, the nutrient consumption is low, and the underground stems are branched. In the middle growth stage (late June), 400× 10-6 plant cytokinins such as NAA or IBA were irrigated. This treatment can double the underground stems of most species of water lily.