What achievements have the monk and his party made? What is his position in Buddhism?

One line (683 ~ 727), the name of Buddha and monk. Zhang Sui, a native of Changle, Weizhou (now Nanle, Henan), was a famous astronomer and Buddhist in the Tang Dynasty in China. He presided over the revision of the new calendar, and the most important achievement was the compilation of Dayan Calendar.

Major achievements

Make a zodiac travel tool

The bank advocates compiling calendars on the basis of actual measurement. To do this, first of all, you need an instrument to measure the position of the sky. In the 9th year of Kaiyuan (AD 72 1), he led a government soldier, Cao Jun, to join the army in Lianglingzan, designed the patrol etiquette of the zodiac, and made it into a wooden model. The group decided to adopt copper-iron casting, which was completed in the 11th year of Kaiyuan (AD 723). The ecliptic of this instrument is not fixed, and it can be translated on the equator to conform to the precession phenomenon (at that time, it was thought that precession was the westward retreat of the ecliptic along the equator, but in fact it was just the opposite).

Make an armillary sphere in the water

Later, the delegation and Liang Lingzan designed and manufactured the water elephant. This water-powered elephant, with a time-telling device, can automatically tell the time, which is called "muddy sky on water" or "overlooking view of muddy sky on water in Kaiyuan".

Water-borne armillary sphere is an instrument which can run by water power, imitate the operation of celestial bodies and measure time. This armillary sphere improved the design of Zhang Heng, a scientist in Han Dynasty, and injected water into the wheel to make it turn day and night. Besides the movement of the stars, it can also show the rising of the sun and the setting of the moon. Of course, it is more exquisite and complicated than Zhang Heng's water transport armillary sphere. Therefore, when making the water-borne armillary sphere, put it in front of the Wucheng Hall, and watch it by officials of civil and military affairs. All these are beautifully made, and it is amazing to measure Wang Shuo and report the time accurately. * * * Call it wonderful.

Especially on the water armillary sphere, there are two wooden figures (related to the remains of bronze shrines in Shangzhou), which are driven by gears. One wooden statue automatically drums every moment (in ancient times, it was a hundred minutes a day and night), and the other wooden statue automatically rings the bell every morning (within two hours). These two wooden figures are ancient robots made by mechanical principles. This is a very clever timing machine, the earliest mechanical clock device in the world and the ancestor of modern mechanical clocks. It was six centuries earlier than the wicker clock that appeared in the West in 1370, which fully showed the intelligence of the working people and scientists in ancient China.

Although this kind of water-borne armillary sphere was used for some time, it could not be rotated and entered the museum because of the gradual astringency of copper and iron. However, Liang Lingzan and his party went down in history forever because they got the invention right of astronomical clock. Dr Joseph Needham, a famous British historian of science and technology, said in the fourth volume of the History of Science and Technology in China: The parallel linkage device invented by the eminent monk and Liang Lingzan is essentially the earliest mechanical clock, the ancestor of all escapements, and the first mechanical clock in Europe before14th century;

The water-borne armillary sphere is engraved with 28 nights, and water is injected into the wheel once a day, which is exactly the same as the apparent motion of the celestial body on Sunday. Half of the water-borne armillary sphere is in the water tank, and the box on the water tank is like the ground, naturally ringing the bell. The whole water-borne armillary sphere can not only demonstrate the apparent motion of the sun, moon and stars, but also automatically tell the time. There are two Woodenhead, who play drums every moment (in ancient times, a day and night was divided into 100 minutes =0.24 hours = 14, 4 minutes) and ring the bell every hour (now it is two hours). This is the earliest device in the world that applies the escapement mechanism to timing, which is more than 600 years earlier than the appearance of chimes abroad.

A group of people observed the movements of the five stars of the sun, the moon and the ecliptic with the newly-made zodiac navigator, and measured the equatorial coordinates of some stars and their relative positions with the ecliptic. It was found that the positions of these stars changed greatly from those measured in the Han Dynasty.

astronomical surveying

After the imperial edict was changed to calendar, a group organized and launched a large-scale astronomical geodesy. This survey completely negates the wrong theory of "the shadow of the sun is one inch, and the earth is thousands of miles away" with measured data, and provides quite accurate length of the first arc of the meridian of the earth.

The delegation initiated this large-scale astronomical survey for two main purposes. First, there is a traditional theory in ancient China:

"The shadow of the sun is one inch, and the ground is thousands of miles." According to the survey data in Jiaozhou (now Hanoi, Vietnam) at that time, He Chengtian, an astromathematician in Liu and Song Dynasties, began to doubt this, but it was not confirmed for a long time. Liu Zhuo, a mathematician in Sui Dynasty, put forward a concrete scheme, and denied this erroneous statement with the measurement results. He said: "The state of making love, there is no trace in the north, tens of thousands of miles, and there is a sun in the south, which is a thousand miles and an inch. It is really not bad." He suggested: "Please hire a water conservancy engineer and be a warlock. Take the land in Peiping, Henan, and you can measure hundreds of miles, so that the north and the south can make the right. When judging, if there is air leakage, level it with rope and divide it with air, which will be carried out on the same day. The difference rate can be known in the book. Then heaven and earth have nothing to hide, nothing to hide. It is shown to the saints in advance, and the effect is to eliminate doubts. " But this suggestion was not adopted in the Sui Dynasty. A survey line realized this plan. Secondly, at that time, it was found that the time of the solar eclipse and the eclipse it saw were different at different observation points, and the length of the solar shadow and the missing day and night minutes of each solar term were also different. This phenomenon was not taken into account in the past calendars. This requires field measurements in various places.

In this survey, Tai Shi Jian Nan Gong said that Tai Shi Guan Daxiang Yuan Tai and others went to various places to "wait for the shadow of the sun and repay Japan". And this line "is based on the contest between the north and the south, calculated by Pythagoras' method." It can be seen that the front line is not only responsible for organizing and leading the measurement work, but also personally undertaking the analysis and calculation of the measurement data.

At that time, the scope of investigation was very wide, from Tiele Uighur Department (southwest of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) at about 5 1 degree north latitude to Lin Yi (central Vietnam) at about 0/8 degree south latitude, which exceeded the land boundary between north and south of China. This scale is unprecedented in the history of world science.

Among them, the most noteworthy thing is that the survey team led by Nangong Said personally measured four points in the plain areas on both sides of the Yellow River according to Liu Zhuo's plan. From north to south, there are Baima in Huazhou (now hua county, Henan), Taiyuetai in Junyi, Bianzhou (now northwest of Kaifeng), Fugou in Xuzhou (now Fugou, Henan) and Tianjin Pavilion in Yuzhou (now Shangcai, Henan). The white horse is in the north of the Yellow River, and the other three points are in the south of the Yellow River. They are all between east longitude 1 14.2 degrees-1 14.5 degrees, almost at the same longitude (that is, "north-south alignment" as Liu Zhuo said). There are 270 steps from Baima to Shangcai 526, and the height difference of the North Pole is 1.5 degrees. The conclusion is that there are about 80 steps in 35 1, and the height difference of the North Pole is 1 degree. This actually increased the length of the earth's meridian by one degree.

Because people have different views on the value of Tang ruler at present, the accuracy of this meridian measurement is limited. The preliminary estimation results show that the relative error between the measured value of a certain line and the modern value is about 1 1.8%.

Eratosthenes, an ancient Greek scientist, was the first to calculate the circumference of the earth according to the length of foreign sun shadows. Around 240 BC, he calculated the diameter of the earth in line of sight according to the different solar heights and trigonometry between Alexander and Aswan. Statia is a unit of length in ancient Greece, which varies from place to place. If calculated according to the length of Athens, the circumference of the earth is 46,620 kilometers, which is 16.3% more. If calculated according to the length of Egypt, the circumference of the earth is 39,690 kilometers, with an error of less than 2%.

* * * The earliest meridian measurement in the world was in AD 8 14. Ninety years later, the astronomer Alhuala Mizi (about 783-850) participated in a geodetic survey of the Euphrates River Plain, and the calculation results showed that the meridian was once 1 16538+0. 49866.8686868686 1

Make a big calendar

From the 13th year of Kaiyuan (AD 725), the bank began to compile calendars. Two years later, it was compiled into a draft and named "Greater Yan Li". "Da" was later compiled into a book with Li Guan Chen. Since the 17th year of Kaiyuan, calendars compiled according to Dayan calendar have been issued nationwide. After testing, Dayan Calendar is more accurate than other calendars in the Tang Dynasty. In the 21st year of Kaiyuan (AD 733), it was introduced to Japan and used for nearly a hundred years.

Scientific achievements

Nine-service shadow algorithm in Dayan Calendar and its tangent function table

The ancient calendar in China began with the four-year calendar in the Eastern Han Dynasty. At the beginning of each solar term, the length of the sundial and the number of solar poles were observed. Leak engraving and sundial have become important calculation items in ancient calendars. After the invention of the quadratic equidistant interpolation method in Sui Dynasty, Li first introduced the quadratic interpolation method into the calculation of leakage, and calculated the number of leakage and shadow every day from the number of leakage and shadow on the first day of each gas. However, most of the missing shadows recorded and calculated in various calendars are the values of Yangcheng (now Gaocheng Town, southeast of Dengfeng, Henan Province). When compiling The Great Yan Li, a group made a large-scale astronomical survey. Through observation, we know that the shadow length that changes dramatically with the passage of time varies from place to place, but it has a fixed corresponding relationship with the zenith distance of the sun. In Yan Li, a group of people invented a method to calculate the length and extreme value of the sun shadow anywhere, which is called "Nine Clothes Shadow".

The solar depolarization of various gases in Yangcheng is given in the calendar, so we know the solar zenith distance difference of various gases, which is equal to anywhere. In this way, for any place, as long as we know the solar zenith distance of a solar term (such as summer solstice), we can calculate the solar zenith distance of other gases by adding and subtracting this difference. The remaining two problems need to be solved: first, how to find the solar zenith distance of a certain summer solstice (or winter solstice); Secondly, it is known how zenith distance transforms the shadow length. These two problems can be solved by establishing a table corresponding to the shadow length of the sun and the zenith distance.

If we list a numerical table with zenith distance as the independent variable and the shadow length every other degree, we can solve the above two problems: first, measure the shadow length of the measured place from summer to the sun (in the geodetic survey led by a line, this measurement is carried out everywhere), get the solar zenith distance from the shadow length look-up table, then add and subtract the difference as mentioned above to get the zenith distance of each gas in this place, and then look up the table again to get the shadow. A line in Da Yan Li's "Step Leakage" established such a corresponding table between the shadow length of each degree from 0 to 80 degrees and the zenith distance of the sun, which is the earliest tangent function table in the history of mathematics in the world.

Abroad, around 920, * * scholar al-Battani (about 858-929) compiled a table of 12 foot pole shadow length every 0-90 degrees, which is actually a table of 12ctgα. Aboul Wafa (940-998), another * * * scholar, compiled a tangent cotangent function table around 980, and gave a value every 15 degree and 10 degree. He also introduced secant and cotangent function for the first time. The method of compiling a line into tangent and cotangent function tables is almost the same as that of Al Batani. A line uses the zenith distance of the sun, and Al Albatani uses the elevation angle of the sun. They are complementary angles, so their findings are the same. The tangent function table of a line is nearly 200 years earlier than that of Al Albatani and 250 years earlier than that of Al Weaver. Although the tangent function table of a row is only from 0 degrees to 80 degrees, and the error is relatively large, it is the earliest tangent function table in the world after all.

Interpolation algorithm of Dayan calendar

Newton interpolation formula commonly used today, its unequal interval form is much more complicated than equal interval form. There is a popular view in the history of celestial arithmetic that astronomers and mathematicians in the ancient Tang Dynasty in China invented quadratic unequal interval interpolation in their Great Yan Li, and they consciously applied the approximate formula of cubic difference interpolation. Therefore, his contribution to interpolation has attracted the attention of Chinese and foreign researchers in the history of astronomical computing. The nonlinear interpolation method in ancient China was put forward by Liu Zhuo in his "Imperial Calendar" (604). At that time, the nonuniformity of solar motion was considered to calculate the correction value of solar latitude. The new achievements in the mathematical research of China's ancient interpolation method show that the principle of Liu Zhuo's quadratic equidistant interpolation method is based on the model described in Nine Chapters Arithmetic, which holds that the daily running speed of the sun constitutes a arithmetic progression. In a word, the mathematical method used is to construct a arithmetic progression and find the sum of its first items. One-line interpolation is not as meaningful as people think. As far as the interpolation algorithm itself is concerned, the one-line algorithm is exactly the same as the Liu Zhuo algorithm. The difference is that "yellow" is obtained by interpolation on the basis of the sky sundial table. The solar calendar is inserted on the sundial table at regular air intervals.

After the taichu calendar Law, every calendar divides the tropical year 365.25 into 24 equal parts, and each solar term is 15.22 days. The 24 gas specified in this way is called "normal gas" or "flat gas". Zhang Zixin pointed out that "the day after the vernal equinox is too late, and the day after the autumnal equinox is too fast", so when Liu Zhuo wrote "The Emperor's Calendar", he realized that there must be a "fixed day" for the twenty-four spirits. He said: "It is strange to go to the winter solstice in spring and autumn, and it is also strange to go to the summer solstice on the 93rd." However, Liu Zhuo did not understand the relationship between the increase and decrease of the sun's speed and the seasons. His sundial table divides the vernal equinox into 12 segments, with each breath 14.54 days. After the vernal equinox and before the autumnal equinox, it is also divided into 12 segments, and each breath is 15.45 days. This is obviously not a "fixed gas." On the other hand, one line thinks that the tropic year is 365.2444, the sun runs at 365.2444 degrees, and the air runs at 15.2 185 degrees. The diurnal variation speed near the winter solstice is the fastest, so the running time between the two gases is the shortest, and the diurnal variation speed near the summer solstice is the slowest, so the time between the two gases is the longest. In fact, in the Dayan calendar, the concept of dividing the ecliptic into 24 equal parts was first put forward, and the length of each solar term is the time when the sun actually passes through each equal part, which is also commonly known as the concept of "fixing qi". After a row put forward the correct concept of constant gas, it is natural to use constant gas as interpolation interval when calculating solar correction. As for interpolation itself, it completely follows Liu Zhuo's method.

It is worth mentioning that Liu Zhuo stipulated in the Sun Image Map that the variation law of the apparent motion of the sun in a year is: the fastest in winter to the sun, gradually slowing down in winter to the future, accelerating in beginning of spring, reaching the fastest at the vernal equinox, and the daily average speed is faster from winter to the sun to the vernal equinox. After the vernal equinox, the apparent motion of the sun suddenly becomes the slowest, then gradually accelerates, and then slows down in the long summer, reaching the slowest in the summer solstice. From the vernal equinox to the summer solstice, the speed is slower than the average. The changes after the summer solstice are mirror images in the summer solstice.

The change trend of the surplus and contraction point of the solar calendar in a year is that the surplus and contraction point is the largest near the winter solstice, then gradually decreases, the smallest in the summer solstice, and then gradually increases. This is equivalent to taking the winter solstice as the perihelion and the summer solstice as the apohelion. This understanding is correct, but Huang's regulations are not in line with reality.

It is said that a line has consciously applied the approximate formula of cubic difference interpolation method, which refers to the interpolation method used in the yellow latitude algorithm of the moon pole and the correction algorithm of the five-star central difference in Dayan Calendar. After deeply understanding the construction principle of interpolation methods in China's ancient calendars, the researcher further compared these two interpolation methods with Liu Zhuo's quadratic equidistant interpolation method, and proved that they are essentially the same.

People think that Dayan calendar adopts cubic difference interpolation method because Dayan calendar introduces the concept of "median difference" into the interpolation methods of the above two algorithms. But in fact, the reason for introducing the "medium difference" in one line is that the difference of the decline rate of each gas in Liu Zhuori's table is equal, while the difference between two adjacent columns in the lunar polar latitude and longitude table in Dayanli is generally unequal. This phenomenon is the result of a large number of astronomical observations made by a group of people. If we still copy Huang's practice, there will be a phenomenon that two different values may be obtained from the same point, which will force a bank to make some careful adjustments in the calculation method.

Buddhist status

There are two kinds of secret methods: the secret method of fetal storage and the secret method of king kong. The tantric descendants who have made outstanding contributions to the astronomical calendar are a group of monks and scientists.

He read widely since he was a child, and by the time he was about twenty years old, he was already proficient in classics, especially the study of Yin-Yang and Five Elements. He once wrote a monograph to explain Yang Xiong's "Tai Xuan", which was quite famous. At that time, Wu Sansi was interested in making friends with him, but he ran away for fear of his bad reputation. He happened to meet the Zen master Puji and became a monk from Puji. A hermit named Lu Hong, after learning of his talent, said to Puyi in amazement that this son "was not taught by you, and he is going to study abroad" (Biography of One Line and Biography of Song Monks, Volume 5). Puyi agreed to go out to visit a famous monk, so he visited the famous place at that time and went to the Congress Temple in Tiantai Mountain, Zhejiang Province to learn from an old monk.

While in Beijing, he participated in the translation of classics and engaged in his own astronomical research. "History of Buddhism" said, "King Kong, who preaches esoteric teachings, is fearless" and learned esoteric teachings from these two masters who preach different esoteric teachings. When it comes to Xubodhi Sinha, Volume XIII of Buddhist Biography of Past Dynasties also records that a group of people participated in the translation of Xubodhi Sinha. In the 12th year of Kaiyuan (724), a line of pre-translated Sun Jing was written as Shu Shu the following year. This Shu Shu was written by a group of people, who asked Mituo Buddha to explain the significance of the Sun Sutra, which was recorded and developed by a group of people. Therefore, this Shu Shu reflects the thoughts of Suhakarasinghe and his party. According to the Biography of Song Monks, the group learned Dalagni's seal from King Kong Zhi. The body of King Kong also set up an altar for the group, and the group also asked the body of King Kong to translate a series of secret methods of the realm of King Kong, so in the eleventh year of Kaiyuan (723), the body of King Kong organized the translation of Yoga Chanting and Dalagni, which was accepted by all. A line of worship is not empty for the teacher, not empty in its "Diamond Sutra, Big Yoga Secret Practice Righteousness Tactics" said, "In the seventh year of Kaiyuan, as for Xijing, thich nhat hanh begged me to be enlightened." Therefore, the secret method of a line can be combined with the Tibetan and diamond circles and can be integrated. It turns out that the theory of the hidden world and the wisdom of the diamond world are also combined, and the integration of the two constitutes a complete whole.

The main purpose of Xuanzong's invitation to Beijing was to draw up a new calendar. Because there were 25 calendars in the history from the beginning (the year number of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty) to the first year of Linde (664), none of them were accurate, because the solar eclipse marked by Linde calendar was always inaccurate, so Xuanzong ordered the formulation of a new calendar. The team spent seven years, consulted a lot of data, made a lot of actual measurements and made instruments. With rigorous scientific spirit, it finally wrote Da Yan Li. And made a very precise ecliptic instrument for the compilation of Dayan calendar. The zodiac is made into a sphere, imitating the shape of the sky, and cast in copper, with the stars, equator and Sunday degrees marked on it. It rotates by hydraulic drive, day and night, and the sky turns once. There are two wheels in the sky, on which the sun and the moon are cast, and they can also rotate. Take the wooden cabinet as the ground, put it in the wooden cabinet, half of the celestial sphere is outside the cabinet, and half is inside the cabinet. Make two wooden figures, put them in front of the wooden figures respectively, and automatically beat the drums every moment, and automatically ring the bell every morning. A gear system is used here. At that time, everyone called this production a wonderful feat, and Xuanzong ordered it to be placed on the Wucheng Hall for officials to visit. But later, because of rust, it couldn't move, so it was collected in Jixian Hospital.

His party died in October in the 15th year of Kaiyuan (727), and Xuanzong personally wrote the inscription of Taming, and named his party "Dahui Zen Master".

A line of works, with Da Sun Jing Shu as the masterpiece of his profound thoughts and Da Yan Li as the masterpiece of his calendar, was compiled and officially used by Xuanzong imperial edict in the second year after his death, and it was called Kaiyuan Da Yan Li, with a total of 52 volumes.

A line "Shu" in Tai Sun Jing explains some obscure meanings. The exposition of some doctrines combines the viewpoints of various Buddhist schools such as Huayan, Tiantai, Pure Land, Knowledge-only, Confucianism, etc. More importantly, Shu systematically organized the theory and rituals of tantric Buddhism, so it is very important to tantric Buddhism.

The group thinks that the first product in the Great Sun Sutra, Being True and Keeping Mind, is the outline of the whole classic, and discusses the general idea of the whole classic. This product has three sentences: bodhicitta as the cause, compassion as the root, convenience as the end, which is particularly important. All kinds of merits are born from the heart, so bodhicitta is the cause. This heart is like a void. "Those who are empty in mind are pure bodhi" (The Great Sun Sutra, Volume 19). The so-called great compassion is the root, which means "holding". Just like the root of a tree, holding the stem, leaves, flowers and fruits will not fall down. Sorrow is also bright and compassionate, and it should be great sorrow. Initiate sorrow and wish to return to all sentient beings, uproot the suffering of all sentient beings. This great compassion is born of bodhicitta. "Since then, the bodhi mind has been pure, and great compassion has been born" (ibid.). The so-called convenience, in the final analysis, means that everything goes round and round, and there is no way to increase it. We should do what we can. " (The Great Sun Sutra, Volume I) refers to the convenient method of entering the door of truth. The line said that this convenience has three basic aspects, namely, the secret door of body, the secret door of language and the secret door of heart. These three secrets all have profound meanings. For example, the mantra read by the secret door is "Tathagata quip". Another example is the body seal of the secret door of the body, "The left hand rubs the ground three times, the right hand prajna paramita is more, and the ten fingers and ten paramita are more to satisfy the righteousness" (Volume II of the Great Sun Sutra). These three sentences are all from the bodhisattva's bodhicitta. Because since the enlightenment, a sentient being, can't feel it, so he is merciful and compassionate, saying convenient methods for all sentient beings, saving all sentient beings and letting them get to the end.

For Datura hidden in great compassion, the bank gave a detailed explanation. This kind of mandala takes the fetus as a metaphor, which means that when the yogi first develops bodhicitta, just like the parents' karma, the knowledge of seeds first enters the fetus, then grows up gradually, and after birth, he has enough roots. Great compassion is also gradually born from seeds, and it is full of thousands of lines. Another example is a baby, who can start a career by learning various skills after birth. The same is true of all kinds of things born of pure heart, and all kinds of conveniences are initiated to help all beings. This is called "hidden fetus". Take the lotus as an example. The seeds of the lotus are hidden in a hard shell, but the seeds contain the characteristics of branches, leaves, flowers and fruits of the lotus. So is the original bodhicitta seed. When the seeds are in bud, the lotus and the fruit are hidden in the lotus leaves, just like the heart is hidden in the pile. Under the cover of lotus leaves, lotus can grow day and night without being hit by wind and rain, just like a great pity. Once it is achieved, it can bloom in the sun. This meaning is called "lotus fetus hiding"

This kind of fetal storage is also called Aryan knowledge, "Aryan knowledge", which means "containing storage". The translation is' room', which means that all aggregates are born here and die here. It is the cave of all aggregates, hence the name. "("The Great Sun Sutra "Volume II) The bank analyzed Alaye's knowledge in terms of separation, industry and truth.

The position of mandala in the uterus is triple from the inside out, with the center as the first, which indicates the Buddha's bodhi self-certification virtue. The second is great compassion and the third is convenience. The third is like the monarchs of various countries, and the second is like the officials of the imperial court. The first priority is to protect the monarchs of the listed houses. This gentleman is the Buddha of the Great Sun.

This triple Datura, the first central eight-leaf courtyard, is surrounded by eight-leaf lotus flowers, and the Great Buddha is the king of the Great Datura. Eight leaves are among the four buddhas and four bodhisattvas. The four buddhas in the southeast and northwest represent the four wisdom of the Buddha, and the four bodhisattvas represent the four lines of the Buddha. Around the central courtyard, "the Buddha's body is on the top, the virtues are solemn, and the Buddha's messenger is on the bottom, all of which are named Tathagata Department, the right is Tathagata's great compassion and samadhi, hence the name Lotus Department, and the left is Tathagata's great intelligence to break through three obstacles, hence the name King Kong Department" (Volume 5 of the Great Sun Sutra). The upper part is the Institute of Cosmic Knowledge in the East, the lower part is Jimyoin in the West, the right part is the Vajrayana Institute in the East, and the left part is the Guanyin Institute in the West. The second category includes the obstacle-removing courtyard in the south of Vajrayana Courtyard, the Dizang Courtyard in the north of Guanyin Courtyard, the Dizang Courtyard in the west and the Sakyamuni Courtyard in the east of Quan Zhi Courtyard. Thirdly, Wen Shu Academy is in the east of Sakyamuni Academy, Suxi Ground Academy is in the west of Void Tibetan Academy, and Waijingangbu Academy is in the south of Seal Academy.

As far as every specific person is concerned, it is also considered as a fetal Datura, and its structure is, "The head is an inner tube, the first hospital is above the heart, the second hospital is above the navel, and the third hospital is below the navel" (Volume XIV of the Great Sun Sutra). The human body contains a triple mandala. In this sense, all sentient beings have Buddha nature. "All sentient beings are from the heart, that is, the Buddha hides Datura in great compassion, so what? All sentient beings, that is, the hidden in the middle of Taiwan ("Da Sun Jing" Volume 12). This line puts forward the view that "the heart is the Tao", but this is only the general view of Mahayana in obvious religions. The lines even talk about the unique view of Tantric Buddhism, that is, "People who know the land can keep their bodies secret without sacrificing their knowledge" (the fifteenth volume of Da Sun Jing). However, "if the heart is Tao, why can't all beings become Buddhas after reincarnation?" A group of people think that it is because all beings can't "know according to the facts" and don't know that their true self is Bodhi. Buddha without Buddha, always strict and clean. This is called "ignorance" and "ignorance" If we can know the truth, we can achieve enlightenment at the beginning, which is also the idea of Tathagata hiding. However, although other Mahayana religions also talk about the idea of Tathagata hiding, in the view of a group of people, the possibility of becoming a Buddha is often uncertain. "Those who have been robbed by countless monks have either become Buddhas or have not become Buddhas" (ibid.). It takes a long time to become a Buddha. And this curse door, as long as it is done according to its law, can quickly prove the solemn realm, and even "even on the same day, it can be caused" (ibid.).

As for the general procedure of becoming a Buddha, it is divided into five processes: believing, burying, five connections, two multiplication and becoming a Buddha. The letter means "I am sure that the Tathagata is hidden, and I have decided not to doubt it;" It is convenient to believe in Buddhism. If you follow the Buddha, you will become Bodhi. "("The Great Sun Sutra "Volume 15) When you enter the ground, you will enter the first place in ten places. Five links refers to the realm of five links after reaching the fourth place. Two-way means that sound, smell, ride and edge are perceived to be the eighth. Becoming a Buddha means becoming a Buddha from the ninth to the tenth place. After becoming a Buddha, "knowing the fruits of the world is inexhaustible." "(ditto) once realized, it becomes eternal.

The order of this mandala is earth, water, fire, wind and air. "First, the wind rises from the air, the wind catches fire, the water rises from the fire, and the ground rises from the water" (Volume 14 of the Great Sun Classic). These are the five elements of building the world, which are expressed by the word "seed", that is, "the door is the ground, the door is the water, the door is the fire, the door is the wind, and the door is empty", which are indispensable and "indispensable" (Book I of the Great Sun). In essence, the five edges represent color, and this kind of heart is also called dharma. "When you know the idealism of all dharma circles, the reality in your heart is all kinds of wisdom, that is, the dharma circles of all Buddhists, and the dharma circles are the noumenon of all dharma circles" (The Great Sun Sutra, Volume 7). These five fates and the fate of the heart constitute the tantric theory of six sources.

As a scientist, Hangxing has an important position in the history of science and technology in China. As a Buddhist monk, the role of inheriting the two secret laws of Tai Zang and Jin Gang in the history of tantric Buddhism is not only to systematically sort out the tenets and rules of tantric Buddhism, but also to integrate the two parts. As scientists and monks, their special status also shows the integration of Buddhism and science and technology under certain conditions.