What achievements has Stone God made in astronomical research?

Stone God was an astronomer and astrologer in Wei State during the Warring States Period. He is one of the China people named after the crater on the back of the moon.

Stone gods have systematically observed the movements of five planets, namely gold, wood, water, fire and earth, found their haunting laws, recorded their names, and determined the orientation of 12 1 star. These data were used by later astronomers. The Shi Gan Xing Jing, which he co-authored with Gander, occupies an important position in the history of astronomy in China and even in the world.

After long-term observation and detailed inspection, Shen Shi detected 138 stars and 8 10 stars. The original Astronomy (8 volumes) was lost early. Later generations filled in the blank, and combined it with Kandi's Star Zhan into eight volumes, called Star Classic, also known as Star Classic, which was once included in the book Taoist Collection published in the Northern Song Dynasty, entitled Zhan Tong Xiang Li. Shi Gan Jing has two volumes, in which later generations added some embellishments, but it still kept its original appearance. This is a document of high scientific value for astronomical research.

The research results of Shi Shen and Gander have been valued by astronomical astrologers in past dynasties, and a large number of their research results have been quoted by official astronomical records. The craters on the back of the moon are all named after the late world famous scientists. Among them, the names of five China people were selected. Because of Shi Shen's outstanding contribution to astronomical research, his name was also placed on the Moon Palace. The crater named after the stone god is located in the northwest corner of the back of the moon, not far from the North Pole. The coordinates of the lunar surface are east longitude 105 and north latitude 76, covering an area of 350 square kilometers.

According to the seven records of Liang cited in the Historical Records of Justice, it can be known that his original work consists of eight volumes of astronomy, which belongs to astronomy. Shi Shen's Book of Historical Records of the Five Senses said that he "considered his book biography because of current events, so he took advantage of it (that is, nuanced)." Visible skill is profound. Under the condition of underdeveloped science and technology at that time, it was really hard to get such great achievements. He, Gan De of Qi State and Hsien Wu of Shang Dynasty were the earliest compilers of China's catalog and the founders of world azimuth astronomy.

They were the first to systematically observe the stars, more than 60 years earlier than Aris Lalus and Tim Charles in Europe, occupying a special position in the history of world astronomy. It is because of Stone God's outstanding contribution to astronomical research that his name is on the Moon Palace.

Stone God's contribution to astronomy is that he and Gander measured and accurately recorded the positions of the stars near the ecliptic and their distances from the North Pole. This is the oldest catalogue in the world. According to some contents of Zhan Jing's works on stone gods preserved in Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty, the most important star he determined was the coordinate position of 12 1 star marked "Stone Moon" (this edition of Kaiyuan Zhan Jing lost its six-star official).

Modern astronomers have verified some coordinate values (such as the extremes of officials in the stone and the external and internal degrees of the ecliptic) according to the calculation of astronomical phenomena in different periods. ) It may have been measured in the Han Dynasty. Another part (such as the distance of twenty-eight nights, etc. ) is indeed consistent with the era in the 4th century BC, that is, the Story of the Stone.

A catalog is a compilation of the measured coordinates of several stars (usually together with other features). It is an important tool in astronomy. China compiled many catalogues in ancient times, the earliest of which was the Warring States Period. The observer was a stone god, and he also wrote eight volumes of astronomy, which was honored as Shi Shi Jing by later generations because of its high value.

Unfortunately, The Records of the Historian was lost after the Song Dynasty, and now we can only see some excerpts from the astronomical works of Kaiyuan Zhan Jing in the Tang Dynasty. Later generations sorted out a Stone Star List from these fragments, including 28 distant stars (the iconic star of each night is called the distant star of this night) and other stars *** 1 15 (the original version of the Stone Star List was 12 1, and this edition has 6 stars).

Stone star table is the basis of ancient astronomical measurement, because measuring the position and movement of the sun, moon and stars requires data of 28 declination (the difference between declination and declination is called declination). This is an important basic data in China astronomical calendar.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, astronomical calendars got extensive development and progress.

At that time, the most famous was Gander Shen Shi. They belong to the same period.

Shi is good at observing the stars in the sky for a long time. He and Gander and others established different naming systems for Quantianxing. The method is to give the name and asterisk of a star official according to law, and then point out the relative group of the star official and another star official, thus qualitatively describing the distribution position of the star in the whole day.

Study the stars, measure the movements of the stars, the sun and the moon and observe the climate. A genealogist focuses on dividing four seasons, determining solar terms, calculating the running time of the sun, moon and stars to keep track of time, and repairing the chronology of ancient emperors. Five elements, study the evolution of Yin and Yang and Five Elements. Jia Gui, studying tortoise divination and the art of divination. Miscellaneous occupations infer the signs of good and evil according to the signs of various things, including dreaming, seeking happiness, exorcism, praying for rain and so on. Legalist, learn geography physiognomy. The above six families all attach importance to nature, and infer good and bad luck according to natural phenomena, providing reference for the king's administration.

Shi Shen and Gan De had a great influence in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, and formed two schools in parallel. After the Han and Wei Dynasties, the school of poetry continued to write, and these books were all titled "Poetry", such as "Poems and Poems in Jing Shu Praise".

During the Three Kingdoms period, Master Wu ordered Chen Zhuo to combine three stars, namely Shi, Gan and Xian Wu (astronomers of Shang Dynasty), to form a constellation system of 283 stars 1464 stars. Since then, there has been a book on astrology, which combines the three star palaces. One of them is called Classic of Astrology, also known as Classic of Astrology in the Calendar of Zhan Tongxiang, which was once included in Tao.

This book was called "Shi Gan Jing" in the Song Dynasty, and its title was "Han Gan Gong and Shi Shenzhu". It was first recorded in Chao Wu Gong's Reading Records of Zhai Jun, and it has been circulated ever since. The book contains the star officials of Wu Xianjia and the place names of the Tang Dynasty, which cannot be regarded as the original works of Shi Shen and Gan De.

The Warring States Period is the period when astronomers in China founded the four seasons calendar and made it perfect and systematic. Judging from the scattered historical documents preserved so far, Shishenfu has played a very important role in the development of the four seasons calendar. His contributions are as follows: (1) Historical Records Biography of Heaven Officials says: "Therefore, the five-star dharma calendar is only rebellious." "Tian Han Wen Zhi" also said: "The five-star push of the ancient calendar will kill the retrograde. To the sweet and stone meridians, it is retrograde, which is too white for confusion. " "Kaiyuan" contains the calculation method of the dynamics of Shi Jinxing (including the line), which shows that Shi Shen has the method of calculating the dynamics of five stars, and has involved the calculation of the retrograde of Mars and Venus.

(2) Wei promulgated the four-season calendar, adopting the principle of 365+ 1/4 days a year, 29+499/940 days a month, seven leaps in nineteen years and a cycle of seventy-six years. Its basic data and model are similar to those in Historical Records and Almanac, and all kinds of documents are omitted.

(3) Use trunk and branch calendars to cycle calendars.

(4) Chronological method of history is used to cycle chronology, and both historical records and official history are recorded.

(5) Use Zhou Zheng, and take the month of winter solstice as the beginning of the year.

According to the official "Tian Guan Shu", there were four famous astronomers in the Warring States Period: "Qi Zhong, Gan Gong; Chu,; Zhao,; Wei, Shi Shen. " It is also said that the astronomy of various factions has the content of astrology. In their works, we can see the situation of war and mutual search at that time, and record various statements about political events, that is, "the fields are compiled, and the three factions are divided into Jin, which is the Warring States Period." In the battle for prisoners, the war became more intense and several cities were massacred. Because of hunger, the priest is very worried, and he is particularly eager to see the stars. In modern times, twelve kings and seven kingdoms were kings, and the speakers followed suit from the vertical, while Gao, Tang, Gan and Shi discussed books on current affairs, so they occupied miscellaneous rice and salt. "

"Justice in Historical Records" quoted the Seven Records of Liang in the Southern Dynasties as saying: "During the Warring States Period, there were eight volumes of stone gods and astronomy." Unfortunately, this book has been lost.

Sporadic fragments of Shi Shen's works quoted in Tian Han Wen Zhi can give China students a glimpse of his research contents in astronomy and astrology: "The old star (Jupiter) wins (five stars emerge early), while in the southeast," Shi "sees a comet win the northeast, and" Shi "sees a star (also known as Tianjing)"; Shrinking (five stars come out late) in the western market, "Shishi"' see Tan Yun (that is, the Temple of Heaven, a comet with a pointed tail), such as cattle'; Shrinking to the northwest, Shishi' sees a gun cloud (a kind of celestial gun, a pointed comet), which looks like a horse'. "Shishi" "Gun, sandalwood, cockroach, coma is different. If they are destroyed, there will be national destruction and chaos, and what is left is endless drought, fierceness, hunger and sudden diseases. "

According to Yu Hai's observation and discovery of the stars from Jiangxi Elephant New Book, "There are 59 official stars in Gande, including 201 stars, which are smooth and sincere; Thirty-nine foreign officials, * * * two hundred and nine stars, Tianmen to Shang Qing; 20 crape myrtle stars, * * * stars11. * * * 1 18 seats, 5 1 1 star. " Gan's Discovery of the Stars has been lost and cannot be verified.

Stone gods have also made epoch-making achievements in the study of planetary motion. Especially for the operation of the five elements of fire, water and soil in Jin Mu. Gander calculated that Jupiter's circle period is 400 days, which is worse than the exact value of 398.88 days 1. 12 days. It is also recognized that Jupiter runs fast and slowly, often deviating from the north and south of the ecliptic, which represents the advanced level of Jupiter research during the Warring States period.

Stone god's observation of Jupiter is particularly detailed. He is an expert on Jupiter and wrote a monograph "Chronicle of Stars" about Jupiter.