What are the characteristics and climate of all continents and countries in the world?

Asia The Asian continent spans the cold zone, warm zone and hot zone. The main features of climate are complex and diverse climate types, typical monsoon climate and obvious continental nature. The southeast half of East Asia is a humid temperate and subtropical monsoon region, Southeast Asia and South Asia are a humid tropical monsoon region, and Central Asia, West Asia and the inland of East Asia are arid regions. It is between the above-mentioned humid monsoon region and inland arid region, while most parts of North Asia are semi-humid and semi-arid regions. In most parts of Asia, the temperature is very low in winter. The area with the highest average temperature below 0℃ in Leng Yue accounts for about 2/3 of the whole continent. In Yangshuo and Oymyakon, the average temperature in 65438+ 10 is below -50℃, and the extreme minimum temperature in Oymyakon is as low as -7 1℃, which is the lowest temperature in the northern hemisphere, and is called the northern hemisphere cold polar region. The temperature generally rises in summer, and the average temperature in the hottest month is between 10- 15℃ except the coast of the Arctic Ocean. The area above 20℃ accounts for about 1/2 of the whole continent. The extreme maximum temperature in Basra, Iraq reaches 58.8℃, which is the hottest place in the world. The regional distribution of precipitation varies greatly, and the main trend is decreasing from the humid southeast to the dry northwest. The equatorial belt is rainy all the year round, with an annual precipitation of more than 2,000 mm. The average annual precipitation in Kilapanchi in northeast India is as high as 1 1.430 mm, making it one of the wettest areas in the world. Southwest Asia and Central Asia are areas with little rain all the year round, and the annual precipitation in most areas is below 15000mm. During the period of 65438+1October from September to June, strong cold air (cold wave) often moves southward over Siberia and Mongolia Plateau, and most parts of East Asia are vulnerable to invasion. In May -65438+ 10, a typhoon occurred in the western part of the Central Pacific Ocean, attacking the eastern coastal areas of East Asia and Southeast Asia; Hurricane in the Bay of Bengal hit the coastal areas of the Bay of Bengal from May to June in 65438+1October, which often caused serious disasters. Africa Africa is called "tropical continent", and its climate is characterized by high temperature, little rain and dryness, and the distribution of climate zones is symmetrical from north to south. The equator passes through the center, and with the increase of latitude, the climate generally decreases from the equator. The areas with an annual average temperature above 20℃ account for about 95% of the whole continent, of which more than half are hot all year round, and nearly half have warm and cool seasons. The annual average temperature in Daluoer in the northeast of Ethiopia is 34.5℃, which is one of the highest temperatures in the world. In Azizia, south of Tripoli, the capital of Libya, the temperature in September 1922 was as high as 57.8℃, the highest temperature in Africa. Kilimanjaro is located near the equator. Due to its high altitude, Kilimanjaro is covered with snow all year round. The precipitation in Africa decreases from the equator to the north and south sides, and the distribution of precipitation is extremely uneven. In some areas, there is almost no rain all year round, and in some places, the annual precipitation is as high as 10000mm or more. The average annual precipitation in the whole continent13 is less than 200mm. There is more precipitation on the windward slope in the southeast, along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea and in mountainous areas. The climate in most parts of Europe is mild and humid. The north-south latitude of the mainland is 35 degrees, including the affiliated islands, only 47 degrees. Except for the northern coast and the islands in the Arctic Ocean, which belong to the cold zone, the coastal areas in southern Europe belong to the subtropical zone, and almost all of them are in the temperate zone. It is the continent with the widest distribution area of temperate maritime climate in the world. Western Europe is less than 700 kilometers away from the ocean, while the farthest place in the east can reach 1600 kilometers, so Europe has a transition from maritime climate to continental climate from west to east. Because of the vast plain, the humid westerly wind blowing from the vast Atlantic Ocean can penetrate inland unimpeded, and the humid air regulates the temperature, and the warm current of the North Atlantic makes the whole coastal areas of western Europe and northern Europe warmer. The vastest area of Leng Yue is in 0? 16℃; The average temperature in the hottest month is usually between 8- 14℃. Due to the distance from the Atlantic Ocean and the prevailing wind direction, rainfall and rainfall distribution are also different. The average annual precipitation on the windward slope near the Atlantic Ocean is over 1 1,000mm, and the average annual precipitation on the vast low mountains, hills, plateaus and plains is between 500- 1 1,000mm. The southern part of the three southern European peninsulas belongs to the subtropical Mediterranean winter precipitation area, and the winter precipitation accounts for about 30-40% of the annual precipitation. Water system: The river network in Europe is dense, short and rich, and many rivers are connected by canals. The outflow area accounts for about 80.5%, of which the river basin area flowing into the Atlantic Ocean (including the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea) accounts for about 68% of the whole continent; About 12.5% flows into the Arctic Ocean; The inflow area accounts for about 19.5%, and most of it flows into the Caspian Sea. The main rivers are Volga, Danube, ural river, Dnieper, Don, Rhine, Rhone and Thames. The largest waterfall in Europe is Olmery Waterfall in Norway, with a drop of 563 meters. There are many lakes in Europe, which is a continent with many small lakes, but the distribution is very uneven, mainly in the north and Alps. Most lakes in Europe are formed by glaciation. There are many large moraine lakes and tectonic lakes in the foothills of Alps, and most mountain rivers flow through them. North America North America spans tropical, temperate and frigid zones, and its climate is complex and diverse. The north is in the Arctic Circle, which is a world of ice and snow. The southern Caribbean benefited from the equatorial warm current, but was hit by tropical hurricanes. The vast area in the middle of the mainland is located in the north temperate zone. Because all the mountains are north-south or close to north-south, the humid air from the Pacific Ocean only reaches the western coastal areas; Cold air from the Arctic Ocean can cross the central plain to the south; The humid air blown from the tropical Atlantic can also penetrate deep into the north through the central plain, so the climate in North America is very unstable, sometimes cold and sometimes thawed in winter, while in the subtropical areas along the Gulf of Mexico, it will be cold and snowy in winter. The average temperature in Leng Yue (65438+ 10) in North America is below 0℃, accounting for about 3/4 of the whole continent. The entire Arctic Islands (collectively referred to as the islands north of the North American continent and west of Greenland) and most parts of Greenland are below -32℃, and the central part of Greenland is as low as 0℃, which is a cold polar region in the western hemisphere. In summer, the whole continent generally warms up, and the average temperature in the hottest month (July, mostly August along the coast) is 0-3℃, which is the coolest area in the northern hemisphere in summer. The rest of the vast areas are between 0 and 32℃, of which the area above 20℃ accounts for more than half of the whole continent, and the area above 30℃ is small. Death Valley in the southwestern United States, with an extreme maximum temperature of 56.7℃, is the hottest area in the whole continent. There is more precipitation in eastern North America. The annual precipitation in the Pacific coast of Canada and Greenland, the eastern United States, Canada and Alaska is about 500-300 mm; The Pacific coast of Canada and Alaska is more than 2000 mm high, which is the most rainy area in North America. The annual precipitation in the Florida Peninsula, the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains, the Great Plains and the Yukon Plateau is 250 mm; The Caribbean belongs to the tropical rainforest climate, with high temperature and rainy all year round. The areas with the least precipitation are the southwest of great basin, the lower reaches of the Colorado River and the northern parts of the Arctic Islands and Greenland. The average annual precipitation is less than 65,438+000 mm, and it is 65,438 438+ 10/0 from May to June every year. Southeast North America is often hit by hurricanes, which often causes serious disasters. Cold, strong storms and tornadoes often blow in winter in central and northern North America. After crossing the Rocky Mountains, the westerly wind forms Chinnock Foehn at the eastern foot. South America Most of South America has a tropical rain forest and savanna climate. The climate is warm and humid, mainly tropical and continental. Except for mountainous areas, the average temperature in Leng Yue is above 0℃ in winter, and the average temperature in tropical areas, which occupy the main part of the mainland, exceeds 20℃. Winter is far warmer than North America. The average temperature in the hottest month of summer in most areas is between 26-28℃, which is far less than that in tropical areas of Africa and Australia. The annual temperature difference in all parts of South America is small, unlike that in Asia and North America. The whole continent is rich in precipitation, and the area with annual precipitation above 1000mm accounts for more than 70% of the whole continent, which is a small desert area in all continents. Water system: The water system in South America is bounded by the Andes of the Cordillera Mountains, and the east and west belong to the Atlantic water system and the Pacific water system. The source of the Pacific water system is short and fast, and many of them flow into the sea alone. Most of the rivers in the Atlantic system have a long history, many tributaries, abundant water and vast river basins. Among them, Amazon River is one of the longest rivers in the world, with the widest drainage area and the largest flow, with more than 20 tributaries exceeding 1000km. The inflow area of South American water system is very small, and inland rivers are mainly distributed in the desert plateau in central and western South America and northwest Argentina. Except for the southernmost tip of South America, rivers are not frozen all year round. There are many waterfalls in South America. Angel Waterfall is the largest waterfall in the world with a drop of 979 meters. There are not many lakes in South America, but many lakes are built in the desert plateau of the Andes, such as Lake Titicaca and Lake Bobo. There are many glacial lakes in Patagonia plateau in the south; There are many inland salt marshes in the internal flow area. Lake Maracaibo in the northwest of South America is the largest lake. Most of Oceania lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, and most of it belongs to tropical and subtropical regions. Except for the continental climate in the inland areas of Australia, the rest areas belong to the maritime climate. The average annual temperature in most areas is 25? Between 8℃. In the northern hemisphere, from the northernmost surface of the Hawaiian Islands to the equator, the average temperature in the coldest month rises from 16℃ to 25℃. The southern hemisphere increases from 50 south latitude to equator, from 6℃ to 25℃; The South Island of New Zealand and the mountainous areas in southeastern Australia can reach below 0℃. From the northernmost part of the Hawaiian Islands to the vicinity of the Mariana Islands, the average temperature in the hottest month in the northern hemisphere rose from 24℃ to over 28℃. The southern hemisphere starts from about 50 degrees south latitude to the northwest of Australia, and rises from 12℃ to 32℃. The extreme maximum temperature in Crockley, Queensland, Australia is 53℃, which is the hottest place in Oceania. The average annual precipitation in the desert areas of central and western Australia is less than 250 mm, which is the least in Oceania. The annual average precipitation in the northeast of Kauai, Hawaii is as high as 12 000 mm, which is one of the regions with more precipitation in the world. Northern New Guinea, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia are tropical precipitation areas, which are rainy all year round, and the annual average precipitation on windward slopes exceeds 2 000 mm.. In northern Melanesia, northern New Guinea and southern Marshall Islands, the average annual precipitation can reach 3 million millimeters, while the leeward slope is only 1 1,000 millimeters ... Northern Australia and the southeast coast of New Guinea are warm season rainfall areas with an average annual precipitation of 750,000 millimeters, accounting for about 50% of the annual precipitation. Southeast Australia and New Zealand belong to temperate precipitation areas, with relatively uniform precipitation in each month, but slightly more in winter. The average annual precipitation is more than 500,000 mm, and in some areas it is as high as 5,000 mm. The southwest and southwest coast of Australia belong to the Mediterranean winter precipitation area, and the winter precipitation accounts for about 40-60% of the annual precipitation. Antarctica Antarctica's climate is characterized by cold, windy and dry. The average annual temperature in the whole continent is -25℃, the average temperature in the inland plateau is about -56℃, and the extreme minimum temperature has reached -89.2℃, making it the coldest land in the world. The average wind speed of the whole continent is17-18m/s, and the coastal surface wind speed often reaches 45m/s, and the maximum wind speed can reach more than 75m/s, making it the strongest and windiest area in the world. The precipitation in most areas is less than 250 mm, and it can reach about 500 mm only in the marginal areas of the mainland. The average annual precipitation in the whole mainland is 55 mm, and the annual precipitation in the mainland is only about 30 mm. There is almost no precipitation near the pole and the air is very dry, so it is called "white desert".