Practical couplets of couplet knowledge

Couplets, which can be classified as practical couplets, should have two characteristics: first, the hanging time is short, and the prescription is fast and short; Second, the requirements for the carrier can be low or high, but generally not high. Practical couplets are all used in interpersonal relationships. At present, there are three kinds of couplets commonly used in society: wedding couplets, birthday couplets and elegiac couplets.

The first section wedding anniversary

Wedding couplets, especially wedding couplets. As the name implies, Jubilee must be jubilant, and it must be written as jubilant. Before liberation, couplets were sent to happy events, old and new. If you borrow a place outside-for example, salute in a restaurant, you have to hang a pair of wedding couplets to build momentum. After liberation, all new things were made, and most of them were given to daily necessities, which were suitable for home use. However, there are many similar gifts, and some have received twenty or thirty thermos gifts, which is difficult to handle. Nowadays, people's living standards have been greatly improved, and it is popular to pursue cultural taste and give away paintings, books, stationery and other things. In fact, hanging some couplets in the new house can add a festive atmosphere. I suggest that comrades who have hobbies and abilities in this field try it.

After hundreds of years of creation, the practice of Western Union has gradually formed certain ideas. All kinds of popular couplets have records of demonstration couplets, which appear in the form of capital letters. Generally speaking, it can be divided into the following categories:

First, cut the year, month, day and season, especially the month and season. This is because a year is too wide and a day is too narrow, and only months and seasons are moderate. However, it should be noted that most of the couplets recorded in couplets are cut in the lunar calendar, and the old tune should be changed into new words when selecting and flexibly using them. Furthermore, it is best to bring some images with you at the end of the season. Here is an old couplet to congratulate you on getting married in autumn for your reference:

Wine-brewed Huanghuahe;

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Title: Red leaves are concentric.

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Second, cut out the newlyweds' surnames, preferably their first names. Let me first talk about two points related to surname association and name association:

One point is to cut the surname in (that is, secretly point it out) or embed it in couplets. This is not limited to wedding couplets, but also often used in door couplets and church couplets to express residents' surnames and county hopes to visitors in an implicit way. It is said that some small villages and towns in the south of China still retain this ancient tradition, and the couplets engraved on the gates of all villages and towns contain allusions to their surnames, which is also a local feature for discerning people. Surname couplets, all kinds of couplets are often compiled in special articles. There are also special books, such as Gu Xiangyang and He's Historical Review of China Surname Couplets, which are quite easy to choose and can be compiled into couplets with a little change. After liberation, due to fewer and fewer couplets at the gate (especially in cities), hall couplets (especially in the living room or study of individual households) and wedding couplets have almost become representative couplets of surname cutting. Let's take an old couplet as an example:

Cultivate plum blossoms into families;

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At first, Song Xue was a fairy.

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This couplet cuts out the woman's surname "Lin" and uses the story of Lin Bu's "wife Mei He" in the Song Dynasty. Remove this person's surname "Zhao" and use the code name "Song Xuedao". The four suffixes are combined into "immortal family".

Another point is that the names of both men and women can only be embedded in wedding couplets. There is an unwritten rule in all the styles of poems and songs, couplets, poems and chimes in ancient China that the names of a man and a woman are forbidden to avoid unnecessary misunderstanding. Some contemporary people advocate breaking this boundary. The author is a conservative and thinks that writing an article is like sailing in a vast ocean. Why do you have to hit the rocks? But when a man and a woman are spouses, they have to be double! Starting from ancient parallel prose and modern poetry, the requirements for antithesis are relatively wide. As long as it can be leveled, especially the leveling of suffixes, there is generally no requirement for word meaning.

Late flowers are bright in autumn; (Albino note: "Late Flowers" Dark Spot Middle-aged Sequel)

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Xinyan returned to Huanmei's home.

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Wei minghe married (albino note: Xie's second sequel)

The beauty of Wei Ming is full of words and laughter;

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Yulan promises success, IKEA Yi Shi.

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When we say that Mr. Wu is a "holy hand", we mean that it is easy to be frivolous or delicate to write such couplets, but Mr. Wu's couplets are natural and graceful, with the bearing of the elderly. This is the unity of talent and knowledge, related to literacy, which is beyond the reach of ordinary joint family.

Third, from the characteristics, characteristics and relationships of the bride and groom. You can also cut into some connections between yourself and these two parties. This is broader. Pay attention to the appropriate wording. Or take the old couplets as an example:

Green China emphasizes the poet's pen;

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Bachelor of Red Candle.

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"

Embroidered pavilions look at the moon together;

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Xiang Runjing is good at playing the piano.

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The first one uses the story of "black ox spreading the moon", and the second one uses the story of "casting pearls before swine". Seemingly harmless, it may hurt feelings. Let's look at an example in couplets:

Yuanyang has known each other since childhood;

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Parrots are afraid to speak in front of people.

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This is a couplet for deaf and dumb people to get married with their cousins. In our opinion, it is really inappropriate to make fun of the disabled and pick words that others don't like to hear on the wedding day of the disabled. This kind of couplet is sometimes recorded as a smile in some couplet books, which is really weird. Beginners must not believe in this kind of thing, let alone imitate it. The so-called morality in life, virtue in writing and virtue in writing couplets refer to these aspects.

Second, don't inadvertently bring some taboo words into couplets. For example:

The peerless Yiheng Ci returns from Mishima's old country;

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The heirloom "Hu Ailian Fu", Baihua's birthday is He Xinlang.

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Section 2 Shoulian

Life couplets are a large number of couplets and a kind of festive couplets, which are still used in a small scale at present.

The Connotation and Writing Method of Shoulian

Birthdays were very popular before liberation. Starting from "thirty years old", it will be a lifetime. After liberation, Chairman Mao advocated not giving leaders birthdays. Celebrating the lives of celebrities and scholars has been popular since 1970s and 1980s. The whole life is every tenth of life; Some people do it on Friday, but usually they don't. Throughout the past twenty years, except for the Cultural Revolution and the ten years before and after it, compared with the ten years at the beginning of liberation, the application frequency of Shoulian in society has increased. But the scope of application is much narrower than before liberation. One is generally in the cultural circle, compared with before liberation, for example, any old lady or shopkeeper must have several pairs for her birthday (especially in restaurants), which is a great contraction. Second, after liberation, the average life expectancy of China people has been greatly prolonged, from 40 to 70 years old. At present, it seems that only when a person is 60 years old can he barely qualify for a lifetime. The large-scale public sacrifice birthday party in academic circles has generally increased to 80 years old. This will affect the content of the birthday couplets we are going to talk about next.

In ancient times, "70 years old is a rarity", not only the birthday age was advanced to 30 years old, but also the life expectancy of the "birthday girl" was generally more than twice as high as the current age. For example, a 30-year-old person says "Gu Xi"; Forty years old, leaning on eighty years old (eighty or ninety years old); 50 years old is "a hundred years old, like Japan". Before liberation, celebrating a person's 30th birthday means wishing him "a long life". There are still 70 years, which is too long. Nowadays, the birthday age is getting higher and higher, which has broken through or is equivalent to the limit of the ancients. So, if you use the old birthday celebration phrase again, don't be wrong. An old gentleman celebrated his eightieth birthday and wished him "old and rare". This is not ten years! The Beijing Evening News reported that an old man in his 90s was blessed with "a long life". The old man was greatly annoyed and said, "doesn't this mean that I can't live for a few years!" " This is a new situation, which urges us to innovate and not forget the past.

Moreover, the usage of some specific numbers in ancient times has its specific meaning, and we contemporary people should understand it carefully before using it. For example, "a hundred years" means people die; "Hundred years old" is often used for "long life", which is an idiom to congratulate a child on a certain stage after birth. Also, in the old society, birthdays were often concentrated on children and grandchildren. The so-called "more happiness, longer life and more men" now seems to be inconsistent with the national policy of family planning; Second, the awareness of the elderly has long been improved, and they may not like it. It is likely that they think their grades are not high. Time-shifting substitution, the old-fashioned writing is not working.

There are many Shoulian couplets in books such as Lian Lian, Lian Tan and Lian Ji. It is often collected in two ways: one is according to boys' day, girls' day, double birthdays (couples celebrate birthdays together, preferably at the same age) and birthdays; Another is to divide 12 months according to time or time, according to solar terms or anniversaries, and some are refined to a certain day. Or according to the whole life age, starting from the whole life of 20. These two methods are often mixed. These ready-made materials can be used for our reference. Of course, we must be flexible, turn decay into magic and make it work for us.

Joint assessment

Below, give a few examples selected from this kind of books and explain them a little:

1 1 month 1 1 day;

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Eight thousand spring eight thousand years.

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Konoha is young, and his fame is only half a year;

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Luoyang is watching, and all storms will meet in Zhongzhou.

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In some books, "centenary" means "centenary", "honor" means "fame", "half a year" means "half a year" and "looking at tigers" means "living in a tiger house". Who is right? Readers should learn for themselves.

The carrier of the first link is also mentioned here. There are various carriers, and the same requirement is to be as exquisite as possible. For example, paper books have the most birthday couplets, but white paper and cool paper are not allowed, and bright yellow is not allowed. Be sure to use warm paper, but the color can be lighter to avoid ink stains. Be sure to frame it or set it in a long glass frame. Silk books also have the same requirements. In the past, embroidered couplets were sometimes used to wish women a long life, especially those old people with status (both old people and women can live a long life), which is time-consuming and laborious and should not be advocated in contemporary Chinese mainland. It is best not to use cursive script in font. Regular script appeals to both refined and popular tastes. Running script, official script and seal script can also be prepared.

Matters needing attention when writing suggestions

Pay special attention to taboos when writing birthday couplets. For example, Zhang Taiyan (Bing Lin) presented Huang Kan's 50th birthday couplets:

Bian Wei's three "musts" are now deeply rooted in the hearts of the people;

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Cut and write yellow silk.

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According to, the first part uses two allusions of Confucius. Bian Wei Sanjue directly uses the Book of Changes of Confucius in his later years contained in Historical Records Confucius Family. "know life" is a story of Confucius' self-report that "fifty people know his destiny" in The Analects of Confucius, describing Huang Kan's hard struggle. The second Yellow Silk uses the story of Shi Shuo Xin Yu. And "yellow silk" is a kind of colored silk fabric, but a kind of "colored silk", which can be combined into a "unique" word. Here, China people's traditional taboo research is just ignored by Mr. Zhang Lao. According to the couplet method of "Lian Ge", that is, the way that the upper suffix and the lower prefix can be embedded together, that is "fate"; There are "three musts" ahead! Isn't this a fatal thing? According to legend, when Huang saw this couplet, he was surprised and thought it was a sign, so he was unhappy and died soon.

Regarding taboos, you can also cite a story about the incompatibility between ancient spoken and classical Chinese, which leads to problems:

Before the Ming Dynasty, there were Confucius and officials in imperial academy. Every time they learn to make grass with native soil, they should read carefully according to the case and report any mistakes. Liu Siming got a taste of the "message from the Prince Shaving the Tire", in which he used the language of "Chang Ke Ke Jun". The official holds it and asks for it. Hei Ming said, "This statement is worthy of being long and worthy of being king. It's really nice." The official said, "reading Chinese documents is better than reading English documents, and the most taboo is language." Being long and handsome is almost useless. " Liu nai was frightened. This official can be described as a person who knows the genre! (Liang Qing Shao Ren's Essay on Two Kinds of Autumn Rain Temple, Volume 8, Han Ethan)

Visible, China ancient taboo, deep knowledge, must pay more attention to. Another example: Recently, people celebrated the birthday of the old-timers, using the code name "Three Unique People Push Old Zheng Qian". I don't think so. The word "Jue" must not appear in birthday couplets, even if it is intentionally used in reverse, it is easy to cause problems, let alone mention it positively! How does the old gentleman resist being pushed by others? This contemporary doyen lived for a long time, which is far from being compared with Zheng Qian who was demoted as a traitor. There is also a homophonic "old money"!

Another point is, beware of the use of allusions. This happens from time to time, although great writers are inevitable. Here are two examples to illustrate. For example, Yuan Meishou's "Shi Yizhi's 70-year-old Couplet":

Mr. Liu Yi of Nangong;

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Three thousand disciples in the north.

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"Nangong" can refer to six ministers in Qing dynasty, especially the minister of rites; It can also refer to the examiner, especially the examiner. In the above aspects, Shi Yizhi is qualified. "Mr. June 1st" is the name of Ouyang Xiu, a famous artist in the Song Dynasty, used for comparison. He seems to be good at praising and praying. When Shi Yizhi was in charge of imperial academy, Yuan Mei was a commoner and quite popular. The bottom line is also promising. What is not resistant to scrutiny is that Ouyang Xiu lived to be 66 years old. This couplet is too solid! Relatively speaking, Zeng Guofan's 70-year-old birthday couplets for Ouyang are much more vivid:

The spring of three thousand years is still young;

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On June 1st, Fengshen was rare in ancient times.

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Ouyang Zhaoxiong's birthday is in October of the lunar calendar, which is called "Xiaoyangchun". Books such as "Hanwu Story" and "Shennongjing" record that the peaches of the Western Queen Mother grew up in three thousand years, and Dong Fangshuo has three theft records; Peaches can become immortals when eaten, and so on. Therefore, people in China use peaches to prolong life. The first couplet uses "three thousand" to praise, using these mixed fuzzy concepts. The bottom line is "ancient rarity", saying that the birthday girl has Shen Feng like Mr. June 1, with the purpose of secretly sharing the same surname, which is not sticky, so it is high.

There is also something in common with the first point, that is, unless an old friend who knows the root of the matter very well, a close friend, can say something emotional for Shou Wengshoumu when writing birthday couplets, it is best not to be original. In short, keeping the alliance is mainly based on good praise and good prayer. Now, let's take Mr Nie Shaonu's birthday couplets as an example. Please note that these are special cases. There is friendship and tolerance between old gentlemen, but we'd better draw a tiger less:

Endure being a thief on the other side; ("The hut was broken by the autumn wind")

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But I feel that singing has ghosts and gods. ("Drunk Song")

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This is a collection of poems by Du Fu written by Mr. Cheng in memory of Mr. Nie. Anyway, the two old gentlemen have experienced the vicissitudes of the world, and they don't care! After learning that, like the author, he broke out in a cold sweat.

It has been a lead industry for 1000 years.

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Or dry kunyi cloth.

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This is a birthday couplet written by Mr. Yu Beishan. It's rather obscure. After the rehabilitation, many people went to bed again, but Mr. Nie remained the same. On the surface, it seems unfair to Mr. Nie, but in fact it praises Mr. Nie's loneliness.

Do composition exercises

Some people say that you have talked so much, and you will be able to write. Show your finished product to everyone. The author will report to you: I have written several pairs, but I can't get into the eyes of famous artists. Since it's better to be respectful than obedient, take out a few pairs and make a fool of yourself.

One is 1990, dedicated to the 80th birthday couplet of Mr. Lin Jingxi (G), an old professor of Chinese Department of Peking University and our teacher:

The sea country is famous and the weather in the Tang Dynasty is prosperous.

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Long life and youthful spirit in poetry.

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The old man in Antarctica has his own pine and cypress posture.

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Mr. Zhou is good at literature and history. He is the vice president of the Chinese Buddhist Association, and concurrently serves as a consultant for various societies. Buddhism calls Buddhist works as internal canon and other knowledge as external canon. Vimalakīrti, a layman, is a famous Buddhist scholar who is familiar with the classics both at home and abroad. In the folklore of China, the elderly in Antarctica are considered as the traditional birthday stars. The Analects of Confucius said: "When the cold comes and the summer goes, you will know that the pine and cypress are withered." Metaphor is an old man who has experienced the wind and frost of the world and adhered to the right path.

Section 3 elegiac couplet

The elegiac couplet is a big part of interpersonal relationship-entertainment couplet. Other conjunctions in entertainment couplets are always related to celebration, and only elegiac couplets are used for mourning and decoration.

Generally speaking, couplets themselves will not last long. Before liberation, the mourning hall was hung for seven days, sometimes as long as 7749 days, and the couplet was hung one after another. After liberation, the mourning hall was established for a short time. Generally, it is only hung at the farewell party or memorial service, and it can be removed within a few hours at most. According to the custom, the elegiac couplet should be melted when the spirit is taken. There is no reason to hang elegiac couplets at home, even the masterpieces of celebrities or famous calligraphers are not immune. However, some mourners often make up "mourning" and "mourning notes" during or after the funeral, and a large number of them copy elegiac couplets, which will be passed down forever. There are also some elegiac couplets engraved in the tomb, which is an indirect preservation of the original.

Carrier and Calligraphy

This must first talk about the carrier of elegiac couplet here. Generally, elegiac couplets are written in white paper without mounting, so that they can be posted temporarily and incinerated quickly afterwards. So just from the carrier, it is really "a scholar's human paper is half a piece", which belongs to the most extensive type. Before liberation, in order to financially support families who lost their loved ones, people often sent large pieces of white cloth to make elegiac couplets or elegiac couplets, and wrote them in black ink. After hanging it, the funeral home dyed it black and used it as the lining of the clothes. After liberation, the supply of cloth was very small, and this practice was actually cancelled. Since the reform and opening up, with the substantial improvement of people's living standards, it has been replaced by long double pieces of black or blue wool, or white or yellow silk, made into elegiac couplets and baskets, cut into squares with white paper, and placed on them word by word. After the funeral, take it down and the funeral home can be used as clothes. The author believes that these are all gifts in disguise, and some hinder the building of a clean government and are not worth promoting. When writing this kind of couplets, we must measure the size of cloth to determine the number of words, which is the most important thing to pay attention to.

Generally speaking, writing elegiac couplets can only use regular script and ink pen, some running scripts and official scripts are acceptable, and illegible fonts such as cursive script and seal script are not suitable. Because the elegiac couplet is written for undertaker and mourners, and it should be based on the principle that most people can understand it. The mourning hall is not a place where calligraphers can show their faces. The author has little knowledge. I only heard that at Marshal Chen Yi's memorial service, the elegiac couplet of Mr. Zhang Boju that Chairman Mao appreciated was written in bird seal script (Chairman Mao mainly appreciated the content of this couplet), but I have never seen the elegiac couplet written in seal script and grass!

Writing method

The writing, carrier and calligraphy of elegiac couplets are secondary, but the content is the main one. Get to the point: to write elegiac couplets, we must first look forward and look back. In other words, looking forward, we should have a thorough and comprehensive understanding of the advantages, characteristics or outstanding contributions of the deceased's life, and then we can have a general statement. After consideration, we should know something about the attitude of the families of the deceased. Looking around is to clearly understand the attitude of the deceased's unit, and then understand the views of the deceased's relatives and friends, the more the better. Never think that you and the deceased are acquaintances. Don't think about it, just write. It is easy to offend the families of the deceased and some living people. Remember: elegiac couplets are written for the living, not for the dead. On the surface, it is addressed to the dead, but in fact it is addressed to the living. Especially when writing elegiac couplets on behalf of organizations and ghostwriters (secretaries are the easiest to share this thankless work), it is even more necessary to straighten out the relations in all aspects.

Of course, elegiac couplet is not equal to the life story of the deceased, and it is even more impossible to draw a conclusion. Therefore, generally speaking, we only talk about advantages and benefits, and we are talking about going through five customs and beheading six generals. Never mentioned going to Maicheng. It is not advisable to suppress too much. A common way of writing is to express an appropriate evaluation. Take Mr. Shao Xunzheng as an example:

From ancient times to high years, it will eventually be used with the revolution;

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The school donated old skills instead of being a Ganjia Temple.

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This couplet has been circulated in academic circles for some time and is still popular today. Many people think the evaluation is appropriate.

Ji Yun, who has been praised by the couplet family for hundreds of years, can completely vividly show the identity of the deceased:

Dai has a vast color and small mountains;

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The sky is bleak and the stars are heavy.

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This alliance must be a prime minister and a veteran with the qualifications of three immortals, and it was highly valued by the emperor at that time.

And the public-private relationship between the two sides is very clear, and there is a feeling of mourning.

Academia has never sung with his son;

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Make love with flesh and blood, so you can be sad when you die.

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The academic, business relations, friendship and cooperation works of both sides are all included in a couplet, and if you suffer from elegance, Mr. Zhao Yuanren can take Mr. Liu Bannong's couplet as an example:

It is difficult to make a song without words after playing the double reed for ten years;

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A few people are weak, teach me how not to think about him.

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"Teach me how to think of him" is a lyric for Teacher Liu, while Teacher Zhao composes and has been singing for a long time. This connection should be born from this sentence, which is very good, and the other three clauses can also be compared with it. Although the words are humorous, it is not easy to show the inner pain. This also shows later generations that without Mr. Zhao's level and tragic mentality at that time, we should not rashly use too playful spoken language.

Dr. Sun Yat-sen's "Qiu Jin Couplet" is an evocative work after the victory of the Revolution of 1911, and was later engraved on Shaoxing Yuting. In fact, it belongs to a special kind of couplet, but it is no different from the general couplet. Qiu Jin's determination to take the lead in participating in the revolution in Tokyo (formerly known as Edo); The second part: Xia Xia's sacrifice and today's evocation commemoration;

Edo Yasunari, Duojun first praised Lian;

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The porch pavilion is full of blood and hates me for recruiting chivalrous female souls today.

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Note: The word "duo" is used here as the predicate of the word "jun", which means "appreciation". "Duojun" is a conative usage. The sentence "many kings praise the alliance" means "I think what you deserve to praise is to praise the alliance first" In Gong Zizhen's Miscellaneous History of Jihai, there is a sentence "Many kings solemnly ask about Wuyi", and the usage is the same as here. Intellectuals before and after the Revolution of 1911 were familiar with Gong's poems. The word "hate" uses ancient semantics, which is close to the meaning of "regret" in modern language. Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Regret, hate." Zhuge Liang's Model: "I don't want to sigh and hate Huan and Ling Ye." Among them, "hate" means "sadness and regret". Dr. Sun Yat-sen used this idea.

It is also a practice to link the date of birth of the deceased with the date of death, season and festival. For example, Mr. Lin died in April 1955, 1):

A lifetime of poetic Chihiro Waterfall;

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April day of the world.

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The month Lin died.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there was a couplet about the death of a young Peking Opera actor in Beijing, which was frivolous and inadequate, causing some contemporary people to mistakenly think that the couplet about actresses was actually about actors, which was also a bad atmosphere at that time. However, it is quite clever to link the date of birth with the date of death. Let me give you an example:

A hundred flowers blossom in the past, and colorful flowers bow their heads;

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Spring returns at dusk in March, and the world is always fascinating.

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According to legend, February 15th of the lunar calendar is the "Flower Festival", which is the birthday of Baihua. The birthday of the deceased mentioned above is the day before the Flower Festival; The date of death of the second couplet is the dark day of the third month of the lunar calendar, which is the last day of this month. Unofficial history in Qing Dynasty quoted this couplet, saying that Emperor Xianfeng and Beijing official Liu Meisheng loved Zhou Cuiqin in Hannah Quinlivan, so "paradise on earth" had different meanings. That's too much to ask. I don't believe this rumor all the time. I think it's a rumor copied from Li Shishi. It was not until the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China that Wang Keqin, Liu Hexian and Ganoderma lucidum came onto the stage that Beijing became popular.

Writing elegiac couplet, of course, should bring out some condolences and feelings. Some people can't squeeze out tears, or sigh. Then, the author suggests that the method of collecting ancient poems can be adopted. Since ancient poems are poems, they always bring some poetry and emotion. There are allusions, which can be replaced by body double flowers and transferred to your own side. You can kill two birds with one stone. Take Master Wang Yaoqing's praise of his teacher, Chen Delin Old Master Q Alliance:

Life as a teacher, life as a friend; (Li Shangyin's "Crying Liu Ben")

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Since they broke up, his body and voice have been strange to her. (Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow)

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