Summary of compulsory geography knowledge points in senior high school

Many students are reviewing the required geography course in senior three, because there is no systematic summary, which leads to low review efficiency. The following is a summary of the required knowledge points of senior high school geography for your reference only. Welcome to read this article.

Compulsory knowledge of geography in senior one 1

The earth in the universe

1. 1 the cosmic environment of the earth

Celestial system: Celestial bodies attract each other and revolve around each other due to gravity, forming a celestial system. Structural hierarchy (omitted)

Visible universe: also known as "known universe", refers to the limited universe observed by human beings, with a radius of about 65.438+0.4 billion light years.

Conditions of life on earth:

External conditions: stable sunshine.

The big and small planets go their separate ways, making the earth in a safer cosmic environment.

Internal conditions: the distance between the sun and the earth is moderate (65.438+0.5 billion kilometers)-the temperature is suitable.

The volume and mass of the earth are moderate, and the primitive atmosphere has evolved for a long time-an atmosphere suitable for biological breathing.

Water vapor escapes from the earth, forming a hydrosphere.

1.2 the influence of the sun on the earth

1. Solar radiation: the energy radiated into space by the sun in the form of electromagnetic waves.

1 energy source: nuclear fusion reaction in the center of the sun (four hydrogen nuclei coalesce into helium nuclei and release a lot of energy);

Features: solar radiation is short-wave radiation, and its energy is mainly concentrated in visible light with short wavelength;

Significance: Maintaining the surface temperature is the main motive force of the earth's atmospheric movement, water cycle and life activities, and the main energy source for human production and life.

Solar constant: the energy index indicating that solar radiation can reach the upper limit of the atmosphere, with the size of 8.24 J /cm2. Measuring drop

Two: the influence of solar activity on the earth

1 External structure of the sun: refers to the atmospheric structure of the sun, which is divided into three layers from inside to outside: photosphere, chromosphere and corona.

2 Impact on the Earth: (Sunspots are signs of the intensity of solar activity, and the period is about 1 1 year)

1.3 the movement of the earth

First, the basic characteristics of the earth's revolution and rotation

Second, the geographical significance of the Earth's rotation

(1) Day and night alternation: the period is one solar day (24h). Interpretation of morning line and faint line.

(2) Local time: Due to different longitudes, the time is also different. East is early and west is late.

(3) Geostrophic deviation: the moving direction of objects moving horizontally along the surface deviates, the northern hemisphere tilts to the right, the southern hemisphere tilts to the left, and does not deviate at the equator. (Right-handed in the northern hemisphere and left-handed in the southern hemisphere)

Third, the relationship between the earth's rotation and revolution:

(1) Equatorial angle: the intersection angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane. Currently around 23.5? . If the angle between yellow and red becomes larger, the tropical and cold zones will expand and the temperate zone will shrink. If the ecliptic angle becomes smaller, the temperate zone will expand and the tropics and frigid zones will contract.

(2) The existence of the ecliptic angle and the unchangeable orientation of the earth axis lead to the regression movement of the direct sun point between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer.

Four: the geographical significance of the earth's revolution

The diurnal variation of 1;

1) Global situation at a certain moment: In the hemisphere where it is pointed, the day is longer than the night, and the higher the latitude, the longer the day, and the extreme daytime phenomenon appears near the pole, while in the other hemisphere, the day is shorter than the night, and the higher the latitude, the shorter the day, and the extreme night phenomenon appears near the pole.

2) Annual situation in a certain place: summer solstice is the longest and winter solstice is the shortest.

3) Equinox of Spring and Autumn: the world is divided equally between day and night;

4) The equator is equally divided day and night throughout the year. The higher the latitude, the greater the change of the length of day and night.

2 changes in the height of the sun at noon:

1) At sunrise and sunset (at the finish line), the sun height =0 degrees, and the maximum sun height in a day is the noon sun height, which is the sun height at 12 local time.

2) Global situation at a certain moment: the noon sun height decreases from the latitude where the direct point is located to both sides, and the farther away from the direct point, the smaller the noon sun height.

3) Annual situation in a certain place: in the area north of the Tropic of Cancer, the maximum value appears on June 22nd, and the minimum value appears on June 22nd. In the area south of the Tropic of Capricorn, the minimum value appeared on June 22nd, and the maximum value appeared on June 22nd, 65438+February 22nd. In the area between the Tropic of Cancer, the maximum value appears when the direct point passes through the latitude (that is, direct sunlight), and the minimum value appears from winter to the sun.

The formation and division of seasons: astronomical four seasons (summer is the season with the highest sun height and the longest day in a year, and winter is the opposite, such as the traditional four seasons in China) and climatic four seasons (June, July and August in the northern hemisphere, 12 and 1 2 in winter).

The formation and division of five zones: the tropic of cancer and the polar circle.

Tropic of Cancer = ecliptic angle, polar circle =90 degrees-ecliptic angle.

5. Interpretation of light map

(1) judging the north and south poles, the earth's rotation is counterclockwise from the north pole and clockwise from the south pole; Or look at the longitude, the direction of east longitude increase (or west longitude decrease) is the direction of the earth's rotation.

(2) Judge the solar terms, date and latitude of the direct sun point, and if it passes the pole (or coincides with a meridian) in the morning and evening, the direct sun point is at the equator, which is the vernal equinox; The termination line is tangent to the polar circle. If the Arctic Circle is extremely daytime, it is the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, and the direct point of the sun is in the Tropic of Cancer. If the Arctic Circle is polar night, it is the winter solstice in the northern hemisphere, and the direct point of the sun is in the Tropic of Cancer.

Determination of latitude and longitude of the direct point: latitude is determined by the latitude of the direct latitude, and longitude is determined by the longitude of 12 local time.

(3) When determining the location, in the illumination map, the meridian where the direct point of the sun is located (that is, the central meridian of the daytime hemisphere) is 12, the central meridian of the nighttime hemisphere is 0, the meridian where the morning line intersects the equator is 6, and the meridian where the dark line intersects the equator is 18.

(4) Judging the length of day and night: the length of day =( 12- sunrise time) ×2= (sunset time-12)×2.

(5) Calculate the noon sun altitude angle.

The noon height of the sun at a certain latitude = 900-the latitude difference (latitude distance) between this latitude and the direct point.

Calculation of time zone and local time of intransitive verbs

1 local time: local time difference between the two places = longitude difference ×4 minutes, east plus west minus.

Zone 2: Determine the time zone where the two places are located, calculate the time difference between the two places, and add east and subtract west. T 1-T2=N 1-N2), t is the time zone, and n is the time zone serial number. (

3 Relationship between local time and time zone: time zone = local time of the central meridian of this time zone.

4 International international date line: In order to avoid the disorder of dates on the earth, three places do not coincide with longitude 1800; In terms of date conversion, the date is increased by one day from east to west and decreased by one day from west to east.

1.4 the structure of the earth

First of all, the external structure of the earth

Outside the crust, it can be divided into three outer layers: atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.

Second, the internal structure of the earth.

The division of spheres in the earth is based on the propagation mode and speed of seismic waves.

The scope of the lithosphere: including the whole crust and the top of the upper mantle (above the asthenosphere), composed of rocks.

Material Movement and Energy Exchange in Natural Environment

High school geography needs knowledge II.

2. 1 Material composition and material cycle of the crust

1. Composition and circulation of crustal materials

(1) minerals that make up rocks

Elements: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, etc.

Combine into a simple substance or compound.

Minerals: the most basic unit of rocks. The main rock-forming minerals are quartz, mica, feldspar and calcite.

Accumulation magmatic rocks: there are two forms: intrusive rocks and extrusive rocks. The typical intrusive rock is granite; Eruptive rock: basalt

Rock sedimentary rock: It has layered structure and usually contains fossils, including (limestone, shale, sandstone, conglomerate, etc. ).

Metamorphic rocks: rocks formed by metamorphism, such as marble, quartzite and slate.

(2) From magma to the formation of various rocks, and then to the formation of new magma, this process is the cycle of crustal materials. Note the name of the role (arrow) in the process of rock deformation. Energy for promoting the circulation of materials in the earth's crust: thermal energy generated by the decay of radioactive materials in the earth (internal energy of the earth)

Crustal material cycle

sedimentary rock

2.2 Earth surface morphology

1. Geological action: According to different energy sources, it can be divided into internal action (internal energy of the earth) and external action (mainly solar energy).

Internal force: crustal movement, magmatic activity, metamorphism, earthquake, etc.

External force: weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition and consolidation into rocks. Debris flow, landslide and collapse are also external forces.

Second, the role of internal force and surface morphology

1 Basic arguments of plate tectonic theory:

(1) The global lithosphere is not a whole, but can be divided into six basic plates (name and distribution).

(2) The plate is in constant motion, the interior of the plate is relatively stable, the crust at the junction of the plate is active, and there are many volcanoes and earthquakes.

(3) Rifts or oceans are often formed by plate extension, such as the Great Rift Valley in East Africa and the Atlantic Ocean; The collision and compression of plates often form trenches and orogenic belts. When the ocean collides with the continental plate, trench-island arc or trench-coastal mountains are formed, and when the mainland collides with the continental plate, huge folded mountains are formed.

2 Geological structure and tectonic landform

(1) Geological structure: crustal deformation and displacement caused by crustal movement. (Deformation fold, displacement fault)

(2) Common geological structures and structural landforms

Volcano, seismic activity and surface morphology

Volcanoes and earthquakes are strong forms of energy release on the earth and concrete manifestations of internal forces. Volcanic eruptions often form volcanic cones, craters and so on. When an earthquake occurs, the crust will break and move.

Four. External force and surface morphology

1 External force forms: including weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition and consolidation diagenesis;

2. External force and terrain.

Expanding reading: the review strategy of geography knowledge in senior high school

1, high school geography and other comprehensive literature review, we should learn to sort out our own learning situation, based on textbooks, combined with our own notes, test papers, weak links and existing problems, rationally allocate time, and tackle key problems and implement them in a targeted and concrete way bit by bit. Spend more time on things you don't know, review systematically, don't run around, and finally review nothing well.

2. You can learn to master the speed reading memory ability and improve the efficiency of study and review. Speed reading memory is an efficient learning and reviewing method, and its training principle lies in activating the potential of "eyes and brains" and cultivating a reading learning mode with direct reflection of eyes and brains. For the practice of speed reading and memory, please refer to "Jingyingte Whole Brain Speed Reading and Memory Training". If you practice with software for more than one hour every day for one month, your reading speed can be increased by five or six times, and your memory and comprehension will be improved accordingly, thus improving the efficiency of study and review and achieving good results. If your reading learning efficiency is low, you can practice well.

3. Learn to integrate knowledge points. Classifying the information you need to learn and the knowledge you have mastered into a mind map or knowledge card will make your brain and thinking clear and help you remember, review and master. At the same time, learn to link new knowledge with what you have learned, and constantly mix and improve your own knowledge system. This can promote understanding and deepen memory.

4. Learn to reflect, classify and sort out the corresponding problem-solving ideas when doing problems. When you encounter wrong questions (whether you are careless or not), you'd better collect these wrong questions, and establish an independent wrong question set for each subject (the wrong question set should be classified). When we review before the exam, they are the key review objects to ensure that we will not make mistakes or lose points on the same questions again.