The relationship between phenology and agriculture

The science that studies the relationship between phenological phenomena and the annual periodic changes of environmental conditions (mainly climate) is a frontier discipline among climatology, agrometeorology and ecology. Phenological phenomena include: ① germination, leaf spreading, flowering, fruiting, leaf discoloration and defoliation of various plants; (2) Arrival, initial singing, final singing, departure and hibernation of migratory birds and insects; ③ Some hydrometeorological phenomena, such as first frost, last frost, freezing, melting, first snow and first snow. China had a phenological calendar of summer as early as 3000 years ago. There are several months of phenological descriptions in The Book of Songs, such as "April Beauty", "May Singing", "Shaji Zhenyu in June" and "Cricket under my bed in October". Later books such as Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, Huai Nan Zi Ze Xun, Book of Rites, Moon Order, etc. all contain a lot of phenological contents. Seventy-two phases contained in Yi Zhou Shu Shi Xun Jie are an improvement on the compilation of phenological calendar, which was incorporated into the national calendar in the Northern Wei Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, Wang Zhen made the Map of Giving Time and Living Method, and there was also a "budding moon order" in the calendar of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. There are also abundant phenological knowledge in ancient agricultural books and ancient medical books in China. Zhu Kezhen is a pioneer and promoter of modern phenology in China. At his initiative, the national phenological observation network was organized twice from 1934 to 1940 and 1962. Phenology and Preliminary Study on Climate Change in China in Five Thousand Years are his representative works in phenology. The important achievements of phenology research in China are as follows: ① A national phenological observation network has been established. The existing observation network was established in 1962, led by the Institute of Geography of China Academy of Sciences, with about 60 observation points. It is stipulated that 46 species of animals and plants (33 woody plants, 2 herbaceous plants and animals 1 1 species) should be observed nationwide, and the data will be published in the form of annual reports. In recent years, the National Meteorological Administration has also carried out natural phenology and crop phenology observation, especially agricultural phenology observation. (2) The publication of phenological works has promoted the research of phenology and the popularization of phenological knowledge; ③ Applying phenology to the study of agriculture and climatology. In agriculture: compiling natural calendars; Indicating and forecasting the morning and evening of the season; As an indicator of sowing and weeding; Master the season for bees to eat grass; Predicting the occurrence period of pests; Ecological classification of crop varieties; Estimate the planting season and extension range of plant varieties. In the aspect of climate: using phenological methods to conduct climate surveys in small areas and mountainous areas; Study the climate change in historical period; Use phenology to divide seasons. In forestry: according to its mastery of seed collection and afforestation season. In geography, phenology and plants are used as indicators or auxiliary indicators of natural zoning or agro-climatic zoning. The Federal Republic of Germany, the United States, the Soviet Union, Japan and other countries also attach great importance to phenological observation and research. For example, there are 2,700 observation points in the Federal Republic of Germany, and the "European International Phenological Observation Garden Network" was established in the early 1960s. The development trends and characteristics in recent years are as follows: ① From focusing on agrometeorological research to focusing on ecological research; (2) the observation accuracy is improved, and the species of the observed plants all use the same clone; ③ Using computer graphics, remote sensing technology and other new technologies for observation and research.

Information about phenology

Phenology is a science that studies the relationship between seasonal phenomena of animals and plants in nature and periodic changes of the environment. By observing and recording the growth and decline of plants, the migration and reproduction of animals and the changes of the environment in a year, it compares the differences in time and space distribution, explores the periodic laws of the development and activities of animals and plants and their dependence on the surrounding environmental conditions, and then understands the laws of climate change and its influence on animals and plants. It is a borderline subject between biology and meteorology.

The influence of environment on the growth and development of animals and plants is an extremely complicated process. The instrument can only record some individual factors of environmental conditions at that time, while phenology is a comprehensive reflection of various environmental factors in the past and now. Therefore, phenology can be used as an indicator of environmental factors and can also be used to evaluate the overall impact of environmental factors on animals and plants.

The earliest phenological record in China can be found in The Book of Songs, Wandering Wind, July, which was published in 1000 BC. Later, Xia's Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, Huai Nan Zi Shi Zexun and Notes, etc. Record the annual phenological calendar once a month. Yi Zhou Shu Shi Xun Jie divides a year into 72 phases, and records phenology every five days, making it a relatively complete phenological calendar. Attached to the almanac in the Northern Wei Dynasty.

The Book of Bi Sheng, a famous agricultural work in the Western Han Dynasty, records that the cultivation period is determined by phenology, for example, "Apricots are flourishing at the beginning, so it is advisable to cultivate light soil and weak soil; See apricot flowers return to agriculture. " At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Lv Zuqian, a native of Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, recorded the phenology of Jinhua in the seventh and eighth years of the Southern Song Dynasty (11 18 1), including wintersweet, peach, plum, apricot, bauhinia, begonia and orchid.

In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica contained nearly 2,000 kinds of drugs, with abundant plant phenological data. The forty-eighth and forty-ninth volumes of this book describe the geographical distribution, singing, syllables and appearance time of migratory birds cuckoo and cuckoo, which are accurate records of bird phenology. /kloc-In the middle of 0/9th century, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom issued a calendar, in which the budding month is a calendar that uses phenology to guide agricultural time.

In Europe, the Athenians in ancient Greece have compiled agricultural phenological calendars. From 1736 to the 1940s, the descendants of British Ma Xiang observed and recorded 27 species of plants, migratory birds and insects for a long time. This is the longest phenological record in Europe. 1In the middle of the 8th century, the Swedish botanist Linnaeus wrote a book, Philosophy of Botany, which outlined the tasks of phenology, the methods of phenology observation and analysis, and organized an observation network at 18. He is one of the main advocates of European phenology.

In Germany, botanist Hoffman has established a phenological observation network since 1990s. He chose 34 species of plants in Central Europe as the objects of phenological observation and personally observed them for 40 years. Later, he was replaced by his student Ine. In the United States, forest entomologist Hopkins put forward the bioclimatic law of land spatial distribution of phenology in temperate regions of North America in 19 18.

In China, the founder of modern phenology research is Zhu Kezhen. The phenological observation network he established in 1934 was the beginning of modern phenological observation in China. Under his leadership, 1962 established a nationwide phenological observation network to conduct systematic phenological research. In order to unify the standard of phenological observation, 1979 published the phenological observation method in China, and compiled and published the Annual Report of Phenological Observation of Animals and Plants in China every year.

Since 1950s, with the expansion of phenological observation networks in various countries, phenological data have become more abundant. Moreover, due to the application of remote sensing technology and computer, the study of phenology has made great progress in the exploration and application of laws.

The basic research method of phenology is parallel observation, that is, observing the changes of phenology and meteorological factors at the same time to study the relationship between them. Mainly to observe the annual changes of biological phenology at fixed points; Organize a phenological observation network according to a unified observation method and observe phenological phenomena at the same time; In a short time (3 ~ 5 days), phenological observation was carried out in a small area by means of transportation such as cars; Analyze the phenological changes of crops and vegetation through the satellite photos of earth resources; The physiological mechanism of phenology affected by climate and other factors was studied by experiments.

Although the occurrence date of various biological phenological phenomena changes with the change of climatic conditions every year, if it is not affected by the local microclimate in the same climate zone, its order remains unchanged every year. In different climatic regions, because the combination of biological species and climatic conditions changes, the order of phenological phenomena will also change. The order of phenological phenomena is the basis of compiling natural calendar and forecasting agricultural time.