Basic knowledge of Chinese painting

The word Chinese painting originated in the Han Dynasty. People in the Han Dynasty thought that China lived in heaven and earth, so he called it China. China's paintings were abbreviated as "Chinese paintings". The following is the basic knowledge of Chinese painting I shared. Let's have a look.

Chinese painting, referred to as "Chinese painting" for short, is painted on special Xuan paper or silk with brush, ink and Chinese painting pigments. The subject matter is mainly figures, landscapes and flowers and birds, and the techniques are divided into pen and freehand brushwork, which are full of traditional characteristics. Chinese painting can be divided into figure painting, landscape painting and flower-and-bird painting.

1, figure painting

(1) The historical process of figure painting;

China figure painting has a long history. According to records, there were murals in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Gu Kaizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty specializes in figure painting, and China's painting is the first one in the world to put forward the idea of "writing God with form". Yan was also good at figure painting in Tang Dynasty. And Wu Daozi, Han Wo and so on. He has made outstanding contributions to figure painting. After the Tang Dynasty, there were many painters who painted figure paintings, and there were all previous dynasties.

(2) Portrait and figure painting:

In order to draw a good figure painting, we should not only inherit the tradition, but also understand and study the basic shape, proportion, anatomical structure and the changing law of human movement, so as to accurately shape and express the shape and spirit of the figure. There are several ways to express characters, each with its own advantages, such as line drawing, cross filling, ink splashing, cross dyeing and so on.

2. Landscape painting

(1) the historical process of landscape painting;

Landscape painting (commonly known as landscape painting, landscape painting or ink painting) is a specialized art discipline with a long history. Since the Tang Dynasty, there have been famous painters in each period, who specialize in landscape painting. Although their life experiences, qualities, schools and methods are different; But everyone can use pen and ink, color, skill, flexible operation and detailed description. This is the beauty of natural scenery, jumping on paper with joy, buying the same, majestic and elegant.

(2) the composition of landscape painting:

The composition of landscape painting includes: mountains, water, rocks, trees, houses, houses, terraces, boats, bridges, wind, rain, cloudy, sunny, snow, sun, clouds, fog and the climatic characteristics of spring, summer, autumn and winter.

3. Flower and bird painting

(1) Introduction to flower-and-bird painting;

China's flower-and-bird paintings are colorful and fascinating. It ranks alongside landscape painting and figure painting as a special subject of painting art in China. Flower-and-bird painting in a broad sense should include flowers and birds, animals, insects, fish and so on.

(2) The painting method and theme of flower-and-bird painting:

Flower-and-bird painting can be roughly divided into two categories:

(1) meticulous flower and bird;

(2) freehand brushwork of flowers and birds;

Insects can also be divided into work and writing. The expression methods are: line drawing (also known as double hook), sketching, filling, deboning, splashing ink and so on. Like mountains and rivers, he has a long history. The learning steps of flower-and-bird painting are nothing more than copying, sketching and creating. Themes are: bamboo, orchid, plum, chrysanthemum, peony, lotus and so on. Birds are: chicken, goose, duck, crane, cuckoo, kingfisher, magpie and eagle; Insects include parrots, butterflies, phoenixes, dragonflies and cicadas, while miscellaneous insects include slugs, crickets, ants, snails and spiders.

Characteristics of China's Traditional Painting

Compared with western painting, Chinese painting has its own obvious characteristics. Chinese painting does not pay attention to perspective, does not emphasize the change of light and color of objects in nature, does not stick to the appearance of objects, but emphasizes the expression of the author's subjective interest. Chinese painting emphasizes "expressive form" and pursues a feeling that "beauty lies between similarity and dissimilarity". What about western paintings? It emphasizes "writing form with form", and of course, it also pays attention to the expression of "God" in the process of creation. But it pays great attention to the integrity and generality of the picture. Some people say that western painting is an art of "reappearance" and Chinese painting is an art of "expression", which makes sense.

Compared with western painting, Chinese painting has its own unique characteristics, which are also manifested in its artistic techniques, artistic division, composition, pen and ink and color application. Chinese painting can be divided into three forms according to artistic techniques: meticulous brushwork, freehand brushwork and concurrent brushwork. Meticulous brushwork is to use a pen to render colors neatly and carefully, layer by layer, with clear and meticulous details, and to depict objects with extremely delicate strokes, so it is called "meticulous brushwork". And freehand brushwork? Compared with meticulous brushwork, vigorous and concise brushwork is used to describe the shape and spirit of objects and express the author's feelings. You should have high generalization ability, implicit artistic conception with twice the result with half the effort, accurate writing, skillful writing and handy writing. The form of part-time writing is the comprehensive application of meticulous brushwork and freehand brushwork.

From the branch of art, Chinese painting can be divided into three branches: figures, landscapes and flowers and birds, which are mainly divided according to the different objects depicted. Animals, pommel horses, insects, fruits and vegetables in Chinese painting can be classified into these three categories respectively.

Chinese painting also has its own characteristics in composition, pen, ink and color. Generally speaking, the composition of Chinese painting does not follow the Huang Jinlv of western painting, and it is either a long scroll or a vertical axis, and the ratio of length to width is "unbalanced". But it can well express the special artistic conception and the painter's subjective interest. At the same time, Chinese painting and western painting are different in perspective. Perspective is the term of painting, that is, when painting, all objects are correctly represented on the plane, so that it has a sense of space and three-dimensional sense. This method is called perspective. Because the phenomenon of perspective is that the near is big and the far is small, it is often called the "near-far method". Western paintings generally use focus perspective, just like taking pictures. It is fixed on a foothold. Due to the limitation of space, everything taken into the lens will be taken truthfully, otherwise it will not be taken. Chinese painting is not necessarily fixed on a foothold, nor is it limited by a fixed horizon. It can move its foothold to paint according to the painter's feelings and needs, and absorb all visible and invisible scenes into its own picture. This perspective is called scatter perspective or multipoint perspective. As we all know, the famous paintings in the Northern Song Dynasty and Zhang Zeduan's The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival all adopt scattered perspective. The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival reflects the rich, complex and colorful scenes inside and outside Bianliang, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty. It takes Bianhe as the center, from distant Chinese painting to lively "Hongqiao"; The audience can see the city and the countryside; You can see both pedestrians on the bridge and ships under it. You can see not only the balcony trees nearby, but also the streets and river ports in the distance. Moreover, no matter where you stand, the proportion of scenery is similar. If you draw according to the method of focusing on machines in western painting, many places can't be drawn at all. This is a unique perspective method created by ancient Chinese painters according to the needs of content and artistic expression.

Pen and ink is an important part of Chinese painting modeling. Use a pen to emphasize thickness, slowness, depression, rotation, Fiona Fang and other changes to express the texture of an object. Generally speaking, when starting and stopping the pen, you should use force, your wrist should be stiff, the air in the middle should not be broken, and you should not pick the pen lightly. When using the pen, the force is light, floating, heavy, slippery, slow, thin, and the board is being used. It's all a matter of using a pen to bend like a bow and straight like a ruler. Eighteen strokes of crochet summarized by the ancients can be said to be a summary of the experience of using pens in Chinese painting. As for the use of ink, it emphasizes the interaction of rubbing, rubbing, light and dyeing, and the rational allocation of dry, wet, thick and light to shape the body and set off the atmosphere. Generally speaking, the beauty of ink in Chinese painting lies in the matching of shades. There is no spirit in all shades, there must be shades, the shades should be wonderful but not stagnant, and the shades should be graceful but not gloomy. Using ink is the same as using color. In ancient times, there was the experience of dividing ink into colors, and there was also the painting style of cherishing ink as gold. When using ink, there should be a strong combination of life and harmony, so that there is light in the thick and strong in the light; There are strong and second strong, and there are light and light, which are all flexible ways to use pens in Chinese painting. Because China's calligraphy and painting have many similarities in tools and brush strokes, they have forged an indissoluble bond. The ancients have long said that "calligraphy and painting are of the same origin". However, there are also differences between the two. Calligraphy is changeable, especially cursive script, which is better than painting, and the ink used in painting is rich and colorful, surpassing calligraphy. The word pen and ink is considered as the general term of Chinese painting techniques. It is not only a means to shape the image, but also has independent aesthetic value. Chinese painting also has its own coloring. Note that most of the pigments used are natural minerals or animal shell powder, which is wind-resistant and sun-resistant and has a long use time. The coloring method is mostly flat painting, which pursues the effect of the inherent color of the object and rarely changes the light and shadow.

The characteristics of Chinese painting mentioned above mainly refer to Chinese painting. But these characteristics, with the progress of the times. The content and form of art are also updated and constantly changing. Especially after the May 4th Movement, a large number of western paintings poured in, and Chinese painting absorbed many techniques of western art with its broad mind, enriching the expressive force of Chinese painting. However, no matter how it changes, the basic characteristics of Chinese painting, a traditional nation, can't be lost. The fine tradition of Chinese painting should be maintained and carried forward, because Chinese painting has its own unique system in the world art field and shines alone in the art garden where the world art is full of flowers and mountains. Chinese painting is the crystallization of our nation's high wisdom, outstanding talent and hard work, and it is our nation's precious wealth.

The form of Chinese painting

The forms of China's paintings and calligraphy are colorful, including horizontal, straight, square, round and flat, as well as different sizes. In addition to murals, the following are common:

1: nave

The ceiling of the old house in China is very high, which is suitable for hanging a huge calligraphy and painting on the middle wall of the living room, called "nave".

2. Flag

A long strip of calligraphy and painting becomes a banner, and couplets are also made up of two banners. Banners can be horizontal or straight, and the horizontal is similar to a plaque. Both calligraphy and Chinese painting can be designed as one banner, or as four or more banners. Common banners are spring, summer, autumn and winter. Draw flowers and birds or landscapes of the four seasons in groups of four. As for the longer poems, if they are not written by nave, they can also be divided into banners, which are also pretty.

Step 3 try

The so-called sketch refers to exquisite calligraphy and painting. It can be horizontal or straight, and it is suitable for hanging thin walls or rooms after installation, which is very exquisite.

4. Framework

Calligraphy and painting are mounted on a wooden frame or metal, and glass or film is pressed on it, which becomes a mirror. The advantages of modern film are no reflection and light weight. As for the non-reflective glass, it will not affect people's appreciation of the picture, so it is very popular.

5: Scroll

Scroll is a feature of Chinese painting. Calligraphy and painting are mounted into banners, with logs as the axis and characters and scrolls off the axis for collection.

6: Department

Folding fans or round fans can be inscribed and painted on the fan surface, and can be used as mirrors. Because the circular or fan-shaped form is more beautiful, some people cut the picture into a fan-shaped shape before painting, and then mount it, which has a unique style.

7; Painting or calligraphy album

Binding calligraphy and painting into a book is called a picture album. In modern times, some stationery stores have set up special fees for mounting album pages for people to improvise. Album pages can be folded into a square, which is different from the long scroll below.

8: Long scroll

When a painting is framed into a long scroll, it becomes a long scroll, mostly horizontal. The picture is continuous, which is different from the photo album page by page.

9: Doufang

Mount the sketch into a one-foot calligraphy and painting and become a fighting party. Mirrors can be mounted flat.

10: screen

A picture that can be put on the table is a mirror screen, which sets a frame and stands on the table of the Eight Immortals. It is one of the traditional decorations. As for the screen, there are single screens or folding screens, which can be used to sit on the venue screen with calligraphy and painting.

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