What is the relationship between climate and architecture?

Architectural style is also related to the weather to some extent. The architectural style in the southern hemisphere is different from that in the northern hemisphere; Europe is different from Asia; There are significant differences between the south and the north; Different styles between East and West; The architectural styles of continental climate and maritime climate have their own characteristics; Tropical, temperate and frigid architectural styles also have their own characteristics.

Architecture in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan

People who have been to Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, are often attracted by the flat-column buildings that are overhead below and live above. This kind of house design is not only related to the lifestyle of ethnic minorities, but also to adapt to the local climate. There is a unique climate of "no heat in summer and no cold in winter". The temperature difference between indoor and outdoor is not as big as that of northwest desert or inland ground. The advantage of this kind of building is that it can obviously avoid poisonous gas from invading the bedroom and prevent snakes and insects from attacking the residents. Due to the mild climate, cattle, sheep and pigs can be raised on the ground floor of the railing building. The main feature of this kind of building is internal and external ventilation. Most indoor floors are made of bamboo, and even the walls are made of bamboo. The gap between bamboo and bamboo is large, the air is ventilated, people living in the house are not bored, and the structure is light and the cost is low.

People who have lived in the southwest border for generations know that there is no winter here and the cold current never comes, so in Xishuangbanna, where the climate is mild, ventilation can be realized without heat insulation and cold protection equipment. Another feature of rural housing is that in order to prevent downpours, houses are often built with exposed roofs and steep edges so that rainwater can flow down conveniently. In some places, houses have roofs without rafters. They are surrounded by tree trunks and covered with coconut leaves or palm leaves, so that the whole house can avoid direct sunlight and be ventilated and cool. Local residents call this kind of house "Bamboo House". If this kind of "bamboo building" moves to the north, it will make a fool of itself. In order to resist the constant interference of the cold wave, the houses in the north are characterized by thick walls (generally half a meter thick), low buildings and small areas, and the heat in the house is not easy to dissipate.

At first glance, the walls of traditional Japanese wooden houses seem to be isolated from the outside world, but in fact they are all gaps, and the outside air can directly enter the house; Buildings in tropical humid climate areas are based on the basic principles of no rain leakage, no sweltering, no humidity and no ventilation; In Europe and the Near East, in order to overcome the cold and hot natural environment, the first consideration in building a house is how to isolate the room from the external meteorological environment and realize a warm and comfortable indoor weather and climate environment. With the general improvement of human living standards in the 1980s, the construction and development of reinforced concrete buildings and aluminum frames, the structural styles of the above buildings are also combined with each other, and the gaps in the walls of houses are gradually reduced and tend to be sealed. Use heating and cooling air conditioning facilities to create an indoor climate completely independent of the outside world and change in a more comfortable and pleasant direction.

Lighting and architecture

The light intensity in the south is different from that in the north, so the distance between houses and lighting conditions vary from place to place. For example, in some places in Guangdong province, the distance between houses is very small, and even the eaves of some houses are almost in contact with each other, and the distance is only 1 ~ 2 meters.

Why did you build it like this? Some people think it has obvious advantages. First of all, under the roof, the sun can't shine in summer, and residents have a cool feeling. The gap between houses is very small, just like a "patio", which acts as a chimney. In addition, there are many doors and windows of the house, which are almost open. Almost every household in Guangdong has a "living room". When the outdoor wind blows to the "patio" through the living room, it rises along the "chimney" to form a good convection. So this kind of building also achieved the purpose of ventilation. In the north, no matter in winter or summer, in order to light, the yard must be large and the interval between houses should be large to light. If the interval is small, the sunlight will be blocked. Especially in winter, the sun is low and the sunshine is oblique, so the design of the old Beijing quadrangle is much more open, and the house can get enough sunshine, which is extremely scientific. The winter in the three northeastern provinces of China lasts for more than half a year, and the low temperature below 0℃ is about 180 days. This place is short in summer and there is almost no heating, so the outer wall of the house is very thick, the windows facing south are very high, there are laminated glass, and the room spacing is large. Even when the sun is low in winter, enough sunlight can be collected indoors.

The buildings in the northwest are different. In Turpan, Xinjiang, people often build houses with earth arches. This kind of mud has good thermal insulation performance and thick mud wall. In summer, people enjoy the cool in the earth arch without feeling hot. In the hot summer, people used to live outdoors under the grape trellis or in the cave, and didn't move into the house until 10 months later. People in Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi and other places like to live in caves, but they can't enjoy them, but the biggest advantage of this cave is that it is warm in winter and cool in summer. In order to adapt to the local cold weather in winter, the cave is made of loess with good soil quality, and there is a cave in it-warm in winter and cool in summer. Because it is easy to build caves with soil, it is cheap and good, and it is very popular with the people. However, the disadvantage is that when it comes to high temperature and rainy days, the cave is not ventilated and easy to get wet. The local residents are experienced, and this kind of hot and humid weather rarely happens, let alone Huang Meiyu in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. A well-lit building can raise the indoor temperature, thus saving energy. For example, it has been estimated in Switzerland that if buildings can get the best solar light and heat in winter, the indoor temperature will increase by 65438 0℃, and the annual heating will save 25 million Swiss francs.

Snow and architecture

Snow-covered Nordic roofs have steep slopes.

In snowy northern Europe, the roof slope is steep. On snowy days, snow is not easy to accumulate on the roof. Over time, this steeple and steep-slope architecture has become a beautiful form and spread, so that steep-slope architecture will also appear in the hot south. But after going down to the ground floor, this design is to avoid the damage of heavy snow to the house.

Wind and architecture

When designing a house along the coast, we should first consider the wind. Take Shanghai, which is near the coast, for example. Generally, buildings are the roofs of temples. This kind of roof has good wind resistance and can reduce wind pressure. Compared with the roof with inclined planes in four directions, the windward side is smaller, and the wind will slide along the inclined plane, reducing the pressure. Wind pressure, also known as wind load, is one of the main natural loads borne by buildings, and has little influence on the houses of residents on 1 ~ 6 floors. Building walls with 1 ~ 2 bricks can resist wind. However, the problem of wind pressure is closely related to the safety and economic benefits of engineering design.

When designing tall chimneys, the influence of wind must be considered. A tall chimney is affected by two forces. One is the vertical downward gravity, which can be calculated by the number and weight of bricks. According to this principle, if we want to calculate the influence of wind thrust on the chimney, we should first design whether the chimney is a brick structure or a reinforced concrete structure according to the local maximum wind force, because the cost of the two is very different.

Some people have counted the accidents of building damage caused by meteorological conditions, among which typhoon has the strongest destructive power, accounting for 92.63%, strong wind accounting for 5.53%, rainstorm accounting for 1.83%, thunderstorm accounting for 0.005% and snowfall accounting for 0.005%. You can see the whole leopard from one place. It seems that the influence of wind is an important factor that cannot be ignored in the construction industry.