What did ancient times use to look at time?

Question 1: What did ancient people use to see time? In the historical process, our ancestors invented and manufactured various clocks and watches in different periods to meet the needs of social and economic development and people's life at that time. Among them, there are watches, sundials, missing engravings (see picture) and mechanical timepieces.

sundial

Guibiao is the oldest timepiece in China. There are records about the use of Tugui in the ancient book Zhou Li, which shows that Guibiao has a long history. Standard gauges use the length of the sun's projection to judge time. It consists of two parts, one is the benchmark or stone pillar for measuring the shadow of the sun standing upright on the flat ground, which is called the table; One is a rigid plate used to measure the length of the surface shadow in the direction of due south and due north, which is called Gui. Since the shadow of the sun can be measured in units of length, it is logical to express the "yin" of time and the length of time in minutes and inches.

sundial

A sundial is also an instrument for measuring time by observing the shadow of the sun, which mainly determines the time or the number of minutes at that time according to the position of the shadow. Judging from the unearthed cultural relics, the sundial was used before the Han Dynasty, and it was always a common timer before the mechanical clock was introduced to China. The main part of a sundial consists of hands and facets. When the sun moves in the sky, the projection of the hand moves on the surface like the hands of a clock, which can indicate the time.

moment

Both the standard watch and the clepsydra use the shadow of the sun to calculate the time, but it will lose its function when it rains or it gets dark, so a kind of water clock that can time day and night is produced, which is the clepsydra. Leakage refers to the leakage of the pot; Carving means carving an arrow. The arrow is a ruler marked with a time scale. Missing carving is to calculate the time by observing the data displayed on the carved arrow in the pot by using the principle of balanced dripping. As a timer, cracks are more common than sundials. In ancient China, many literati and poets left many poetic chapters about missing prints. For example, Li He, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, said, "It's like adding seawater to a palace leak and dropping Nagato overnight." Su Shi in Song Dynasty: "When the moon is absent, people are quiet." Before mechanical clocks and watches were introduced to China, nicking was the most widely used timer in China.

Mechanical timer

There are many inconveniences in simply using water to time, and people gradually invented using water as power to drive mechanical structure to time. In 65438 BC+065438 BC+07 BC, Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty made a large astronomical timekeeping instrument-the water-borne armillary sphere, which initially possessed the function of a mechanical timer. Subsequently, instruments with timing devices were manufactured in successive dynasties, among which the waterwheel made in Su Song in Song Dynasty pushed the development of mechanical timing devices to a new peak. The timing mechanism part of the waterwheel allows the puppets to come out at any time to beat the drums, ring the bell to tell the time, and display the signs at twelve o'clock, ugly, cloudy and hairy.

This kind of timer is not an independent timer, but also a mixture of astronomical instruments and timing instruments. By the 1960s, China's mechanical timepieces had been separated from astronomical instruments, including not only the transmission system-gear system, but also the escapement. If we go further, there may be a completely modern clock. Unfortunately, China failed to do this, and eventually imported mechanical clocks from the West.

Besides the master timer mentioned above, there are other timing methods. Such as incense seals, sand clocks, oil lamp clocks, candle clocks, etc.

We can observe the ancients' concept of time from two aspects: first, the timing system formulated by the ancients after dividing time science; Second, the ancients associated time and timing instruments with the rise and fall of the country's legal system and political power.

China formulated and used a complete set of timing methods in ancient times. Centimeter is the oldest and longest used method. About before the Western Zhou Dynasty (BC 1 1 century), the ancients divided a day and night into 100 quarters (one quarter equals 14.4 minutes). In the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), the method of timing by the direction of the sun was also used. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties (AD 58 1-907), the sun's azimuth timing was derived from the twelve o'clock timing, and the hundred system was used together with the twelve o'clock timing method. It was not until the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties (17th century) that western mechanical clocks were introduced to China, and the time system was changed to 24-hour system, but 12 o'clock was still used, with two hours per hour. In order to be consistent with the 24-hour timing method, the ancient China hundred restraint evolved into 96 restraint, with one hour divided into eight quarters and one hour divided into four quarters, so that one day and night is 96 quarters, which is consistent with the world-wide timing method.

In addition, in ancient China, we also used a unique method of timing at night, which is "Geng". A "watch" is a time unit. A night is divided into five watches, and the length of each watch depends on the length of the night. ...& gt& gt

Question 2: What are the three ways that the ancients looked at time? In ancient China, people invented many time-keeping methods or tools. Guiyu is a simple and important astronomical instrument, which consists of a vertical watch (usually eight feet high) and a horizontal Guiyu. It uses direct facts to measure the length of the sun shadow. The main function is to determine the location of the winter solstice, and then determine the length of the tropical year. In addition, we can also determine the direction and solar terms by observing the changes of surface shadows. The sundial (pronounced gu), also known as "sundial", is another kind of timing instrument in ancient China. It usually consists of a copper pointer and a stone disk. The pointer made of copper is called "needle" and the disk made of stone is called "face". When in use, you can distinguish different times by observing the shadow position cast on the disk surface. The sundial can be timed accurately to the minute (15 minutes). The dripping of copper pot is also called "leaky carving" or "leaky pot". That is, the water level of the copper pot is changed by the running water at the bottom of the pot or a water holding tool with a small hole near the bottom of the pot to calculate the time. The copper pot drip invented by China is much earlier than the drip timer made in foreign countries, and it is also widely used, which has become an important tool for timing in past dynasties. In addition to the above-mentioned timing methods, people in ancient China also used "hourglass timing", "fire timing" and "candle timing" to time. In ancient times, it was considered as a watch at night, at sea, at home, at noon, at noon, at noon, at noon, at noon, at noon, at noon, at noon, at noon. There are five classes at night, and drums are played according to the class, with five points for each class. One hour per shift is equivalent to two hours now, which is 120 minutes, so each point in each shift only takes 24 minutes. It can be seen that "cooking at four o'clock and sailing at five o'clock" is equivalent to "65438+ cooking at 0: 00 to 3: 00 in the middle of the night and sailing at 3: 00 to 5: 00". "5: 00 and 3: 00" are equivalent to 5: 00 and 72 minutes in the morning, namely 6: 00 and 12 minutes, and "3: 00 and 4: 00" are equivalent to 1 and 96 minutes at midnight, namely 2: 36 minutes. Sculpture-Ancient time was measured by clepsydra. The leaky pot is divided into two parts: the sowing pot and the receiving pot. The seeding kettle is divided into two or four layers, both of which have dripping holes, and finally flow into the receiving kettle. The kettle has an upright arrow engraved with 100 minutes. The arrow gradually rises with the storage of water, showing the number of minutes to show the time. And a 24-hour day and night is 100 minutes, which is equivalent to 1440 minutes now. It can be seen that each moment is equivalent to 14.4 minutes now. So "3: 30 noon" is equivalent to 1 1: 43.2: 0 at noon now.

Question 3: How did the ancients view time? In ancient times, in order to meet the needs of life and production, various timing methods were gradually formed according to the alternation of day and night.

The ancient timing system China's timing system is not equal in time: in ancient times, people "worked at sunrise and rested at sunset", and * * * followed the laws of nature, taking sunrise and sunset as the standard time for work and rest, which is equivalent to dividing a day into two parts, which is a natural time inequality. It can be seen from the Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins that different times of the day have special names, such as Dan, Da Cai, Da Eclipse, Sino-Japanese, Shao,, Mo (dusk),. Later, at five o'clock at night, at five o'clock at night and at five o'clock every night, I got into the habit of knocking on time. Isochronous method: In the Western Zhou Dynasty, in order to measure time, according to the Sunday apparent movement of the sun, a day was divided into twelve equal-length periods, which were represented by twelve branches: Zi, Ugly, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu and Hai respectively. Another isochronous system is to divide a day into 100 equal parts, that is, the centennial system. This is a unique timing method in ancient China, and its age has not yet been determined. However, the information about the century-old chronograph is not only recorded in writing, but also proved by unearthed cultural relics. Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty pointed out in Shuo Wen Jie Zi that "there are thousands of nights carved on the day", and Ma Rong in the Eastern Han Dynasty commented on Yao Dian: "In ancient times, there was a lack of neon at night? Thailand's R day is 40 minutes shorter and the night is 60 minutes longer. Fifty minutes during the day and fifty minutes at night. " The ancient system mentioned here refers to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period or earlier. After the Han Dynasty, Twelve Chen and Hundred Carvings were used together. However, one hundred and twenty cannot be agreed, so the cooperation schemes of different dynasties often change.

The timing systems in ancient Egypt and Babylon were unequal: as early as 3000 BC, the ancient Egyptians divided day and night into 12 hours respectively. They start the day with sunrise and take noon as 6 o'clock. The day doesn't start at night, and midnight is 6 pm. Because the length of day and night varies throughout the year, the actual length of each hour in different seasons is also unequal. This timing method spread to Europe and was used until14th century (see astronomy in ancient Egypt). Isochronous method: In the eighth century BC, in order to meet the needs of astronomy, the ancient Babylonians formulated the isochronous method. They divide the day into 24 equal-length periods, that is, the 24-hour system. The isochronous system was later inherited by hipparchus and Ptolemy, stipulating that noon was the beginning of the day. This timing method is often used in astronomy, also known as "astronomical time". Because it is not convenient for daily life, starting from 1925, midnight is changed as the beginning of the day.

The development of ancient punctuality tools has roughly gone through three stages:

The oldest punctuality tool of flowmeter is undoubtedly the leaky kettle. Later, there was an hourglass with sand instead of water, a lamp clock timed by oil lamp fuel consumption, and a seal clock (incense placed in a metal box along the seal groove) and so on. The oldest existing clepsydra in China is from the Western Han Dynasty. The oldest existing dripping water in the world is the Egyptian water clock in the 4th century BC/KLOC-0.

The mechanical clock made by Zhang Heng, an astronomer in the Han Dynasty in China, shows the appearance of stars, transits and other astronomical phenomena, which are completely consistent with the outdoor astronomical phenomena. This is the earliest mechanical clock driven by water in the world. The water elephant made by Liang Lingzan, a manufacturer of astronomical instruments in the Tang Dynasty, not only conforms to the astronomical phenomena, but also has two wooden figures, which automatically beat drums every moment and ring bells every morning. This is an improved mechanical clock of Zhang Heng's water elephant. During the reign of Song Dynasty, there were Su Song and Han Gonglian. * * * jointly build a platform for water transport instruments. The Daming Hall built in Guo Shoujing in the Yuan Dynasty has light leakage. Zhan Xiyuan made five hourglasses in the Ming Dynasty. These mechanical clocks have complete gear trains, cams and escapements. Mechanical clocks in Europe began in14th century and have been popular for about 400 years.

Pendulum clock 1582, Galileo discovered the isochronism of pendulum. From 1656 to 1657, Huygens introduced the pendulum into the mechanical clock, thus creating the pendulum clock. 1673, huygens made a portable clock by using the balance-oil line system. 1735, Harrison of Britain made the navigation clock for the first time, which solved the navigation positioning problem that was urgently needed to be solved in the development of capitalism at that time. 1896, Guillaume, France, developed alloy steel with low expansion coefficient and made it into a high-precision astronomical pendulum clock. If the clock is stored in a vacuum in the basement and kept at a constant temperature, it is an astronomical pendulum clock, with an error of no more than a few thousandths of a second per day (see astronomical timepiece).

The ancients knew a long time ago that the shadow length of a column changed with the position of the sun in the sky. It is more convenient to see the polar shadow than to observe the sun directly, but the time measurement results are not equal. Historical records? The Biography of Sima Yi is divided into spring and autumn ... >>

Question 4: What was used to record Xungong in ancient times: A, B, C, D, E, G, Xin, Ren and Gui.

Twelve earthly branches: the timing methods of Zi, Ugly, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen and You.

In ancient China, people also invented many time-keeping methods or tools.

Guiyu is a simple and important astronomical instrument, which consists of a vertical watch (usually eight feet high) and a horizontal Guiyu. It uses direct facts to measure the length of the sun shadow. The main function is to determine the location of the winter solstice, and then determine the length of the tropical year. In addition, we can also determine the direction and solar terms by observing the changes of surface shadows.

The sundial (pronounced as gu), commonly known as "sundial", is another kind of timing instrument in ancient China. It usually consists of a copper pointer and a stone disk. The pointer made of copper is called "needle" and the disk made of stone is called "face". When in use, you can distinguish different times by observing the shadow position cast on the disk surface. The sundial can be timed accurately to the minute (15 minutes).

The dripping of copper pot is also called "leaky carving" or "leaky pot". That is, the water level of the copper pot is changed by the running water at the bottom of the pot or a water holding tool with a small hole near the bottom of the pot to calculate the time. The copper pot drip invented by China is much earlier than the drip timer made in foreign countries, and it is also widely used, which has become an important tool for timing in past dynasties.

In addition to the above-mentioned timing methods, people in ancient China also used "hourglass timing", "fire timing" and "candle timing" to time.

Question 5: What did the ancients think of time? There were many ancient timekeeping tools, and there were two common ones, one was a sundial and the other was a leak.

The sundial is timed according to the movement of the shadow, which corresponds to the scale on the surface of the sundial. A sundial is also an instrument for measuring time by observing the shadow of the sun, which mainly determines the time or the number of minutes at that time according to the position of the shadow. Judging from the unearthed cultural relics, the sundial was used before the Han Dynasty, and it was always a common timer before the mechanical clock was introduced to China. The main part of a sundial consists of hands and facets. When the sun moves in the sky, the projection of the hand moves on the surface like the hands of a clock, which can indicate the time. You should have seen it in the Forbidden City and the Observatory in Beijing.

Water leakage is timed by dripping water, which is made up of four copper pots filled with water, which are stacked on top of each other. There are holes in the bottom of the first three, and an arrow-shaped buoy is vertically placed on the bottom one. The water level rises with the drop of water, and the pot body has scale timing.

Guibiao is the oldest timepiece in China. There are records about the use of Tugui in the ancient book Zhou Li, which shows that Guibiao has a long history. Standard gauges use the length of the sun's projection to judge time. It consists of two parts, one is the benchmark or stone pillar for measuring the shadow of the sun standing upright on the flat ground, which is called the table; One is a rigid plate used to measure the length of the surface shadow in the direction of due south and due north, which is called Gui. Since the shadow of the sun can be measured in units of length, it is logical to express the "yin" of time and the length of time in minutes and inches.

Both the standard watch and the clepsydra use the shadow of the sun to calculate the time, but it will lose its function when it rains or it gets dark, so a kind of water clock that can time day and night is produced, which is the clepsydra. Leakage refers to the leakage of the pot; Carving means carving an arrow. The arrow is a ruler marked with a time scale. Missing carving is to calculate the time by observing the data displayed on the carved arrow in the pot by using the principle of balanced dripping. As a timer, cracks are more common than sundials. In ancient China, many literati and poets left many poetic chapters about missing prints. For example, Li He, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, said, "It's like adding seawater to a palace leak and dropping Nagato overnight." Su Shi in Song Dynasty: "When the moon is absent, people are quiet." Before mechanical clocks and watches were introduced to China, nicking was the most widely used timer in China.

Mechanical timer

There are many inconveniences in simply using water to time, and people gradually invented using water as power to drive mechanical structure to time. In 65438 BC+065438 BC+07 BC, Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty made a large astronomical timekeeping instrument-the water-borne armillary sphere, which initially possessed the function of a mechanical timer. Subsequently, instruments with timing devices were manufactured in successive dynasties, among which the waterwheel made in Su Song in Song Dynasty pushed the development of mechanical timing devices to a new peak. The timing mechanism part of the waterwheel allows the puppets to come out at any time to beat the drums, ring the bell to tell the time, and display the signs at twelve o'clock, ugly, cloudy and hairy.

This kind of timer is not an independent timer, but also a mixture of astronomical instruments and timing instruments. By the 1960s, China's mechanical timepieces had been separated from astronomical instruments, including not only the transmission system-gear system, but also the escapement. If we go further, there may be a completely modern clock. Unfortunately, China failed to do this, and eventually imported mechanical clocks from the West.

Besides the master timer mentioned above, there are other timing methods. Such as incense seals, sand clocks, oil lamp clocks, candle clocks, etc.

The original day and night was divided into 100 minutes, which was changed to 96, 108 and 120 minutes successively because it was not divisible with twelve o'clock, and it was officially set as 96 minutes in Qing Dynasty. In this way, one hour is equal to eight quarters. A moment is divided into three points, and a day and night has twenty-four points, as opposed to twenty-four solar terms. Note that this minute is not the current minute, but a word. Between two moments, two strange symbols are engraved, so it is called "word". The word is divided by lines as thin as wheat awn, which is called "two"; The word "two" consists of "he" and "Shao", where he refers to wheat and Shao refers to tiny awns. You can't row below seconds, you can only say "as thin as spider silk", which is called "suddenly"; For example, the word "suddenly" suddenly refers to a very short time, but it refers to change, which means change in a very short time.

Now the daily day and night is 24 hours, while in ancient times it was 12 hours. When western mechanical clocks and watches were introduced into China, people called the Chinese and western time points "Da Shi" and "Shi Shi" respectively. With the popularity of clocks and watches, people forget "Da Shi", and "Shi" is still in use today.

In ancient times, time (big time) was not counted by 1234, but by 1234, with rats, cows, tigers and rabbits ... > >

Question 6: What tools were used to calculate time in ancient times?

1. The "table" in the standard table is a pole or stone pillar standing vertically on the ground; "Gui" is a slate extending horizontally from the heel of the watch to the north. Whenever the sun turns due south, the shadow falls on the water of Guiyu. By measuring the length of the shadow, we can calculate the time of each solar term, such as winter solstice and summer solstice. When the shadow is the longest, the solstice of winter comes; In the shortest time, the summer solstice came. It is the oldest and most common astronomical instrument in China.

Step 2: Gap leakage

Also known as clepsydra and clepsydra. There are two main types of clepsydra: drainage type and water receiving type. Most of the early water leaks were drainage type. The bottom side of the leaky kettle leaks water, and the grid fork and the closing tongue rise again, so that the leaking arrow floating on the surface of the leaky kettle drops with the water surface, and the scale on the leaking arrow indicates the time. Later, the water-receiving type was created. Water is injected from the leaky kettle into the receiving kettle at a constant flow rate, and the leaking arrow floating on the water surface of the receiving kettle indicates the time with the rise of the water surface, thus improving the timing accuracy. In order to obtain a constant flow, the water level of the clepsydra must be kept constant at first. Secondly, the cross-sectional area of the water pipe of the irrigation pot must be fixed, and the water pipe adopts the principle of "thirst for black" (siphon) to facilitate adjustment and maintenance. There are two ways to keep the water level unchanged or close to it, both of which can be found in "The Wind Map of Hu's Qi State" made by Yang Jia in Song Dynasty (published by 1 153). In the picture, there are several compensation pots carved above the leaky pot of Lv Caiding made in Tang Dynasty (about 600 ~ 650 AD), and Su Yanding made in modern times (1030) is carved by overflow method, which is four inches deep. Excess water flows from the flat kettle (lower cavity) into the water reducer through the bamboo injection tube. The leaky pot created by Yan Su is called Lotus Leak, which was popular all over the country in the Northern Song Dynasty.

hourglass

According to historical records, the hourglass is driven by quicksand, because it leaks in winter and is easy to freeze. "Ming history? "Tian Wenzhi" records that Zhan Xi made the "five-wheel hourglass" in the early Yuan Dynasty. Later, in order to prevent congestion, Zhou Shuxue enlarged the quicksand cave and replaced it with six wheels. Song Lian (1310 ~1381) wrote "songji", which recorded the hourglass structure, with the size of parts and the number of teeth of each wheel of the reduction gear, and said that the shaft tip of the fifth wheel had no teeth, but it was equipped with a landscape disk indicating time.

4. armillary sphere

In the ancient documents of the armillary sphere, it is said that when the cymbals were lost by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (140 ~ 87 BC), it was original to make the armillary sphere by others, but its structure was not mentioned. Jin Shu? Tian Wen Zhi records that Zhang Heng (AD 78 ~ 139) made an armillary sphere in the Eastern Han Dynasty, saying that it was driven by water leakage in the secret room, and the time of the stars indicated by the instrument was consistent with the astronomical observation results. New Tang book? Tian Wenzhi describes in detail the armillary sphere designed by the monks and their party and Liang Lingzan in the 13th year of Tang Kaiyuan (725). The instrument is equipped with two wheels, namely the sun and the moon, and the waterwheel drives the elephant. The elephant turns once a day and the sun turns 1/365 times. The instrument is also equipped with two puppets, which drum and carve respectively. This is a wooden building with a narrow bottom and a large width.

5. Waterway instrument camera

Written by Su Song and Han Gonglian in the third year of Yuan You in the Northern Song Dynasty (1088). In the early years of Shao Sheng's life (1094 ~ 1097), they wrote "An Outline of New Devices", which contained several general plans and component drawings. This watercraft is more than three feet high and two feet wide. This is a narrow and wide wooden building. There is a water lifting device on the lower floor of the platform, and the upper wheel and the lower wheel (pipe truck) are driven by manpower to lift the water to Tianhe (receiving pool) and inject it into Tianchi (reservoir). The water level of the flat kettle in the platform is kept constant, and a constant flow of water is discharged to the kettle on the pivot wheel (waterwheel) through a water pipe with a certain section to push the pivot wheel. The pivot wheel drives the day and night wheel, the elephant and the armillary sphere through the transmission gear. The image platform of aquatic instruments has a complex gear transmission system. There is a "balance" device-escapement above and around the pivot wheel, which is an important creation in the history of timing machinery, and it changes the continuous rotating motion of the pivot wheel into intermittent rotating motion. Above and around the pivot wheel are

Question 7: What do you think of the ancient time sundial in China? Also known as "sundial", it is an ancient time-measuring instrument in China. Its principle is to use the shadow cast by the sun to measure and divide time. A sundial usually consists of a copper pointer and a French disk.

The clepsydra is the oldest timer in China. According to historical records, there were cracks in the Zhou Dynasty, and by the Spring and Autumn Period, the use of cracks had become quite common. In the early days, there was only one leaky pot, and people put a graduated wooden arrow in the pot. When water leaks from the small hole at the bottom of the pot, the water level in the pot drops and the wooden arrow sinks with it. Observe the water level engraved on the arrow and you will know what time it is.

Question 8: What things were used in ancient times instead of time? Monks used burning incense as a method of timing. For example, when a monk "plays Zen Seven", he will play 1 1 root incense every day, with a break of about 20 minutes. It takes about half an hour to burn a stick of incense, but now it's an hour. The night watchman also uses incense to determine the time, so it is also called "more fragrant".

At one time, the units for calculating time were: December, five weeks in January, six days a week, twelve o'clock a day, one hour and four quarters, three teas for a while, one tea with two fragrances, one fragrance with five minutes, one minute with six fingers and one finger with ten moments. A moment is a second.

The time to drink a bowl of tea is from the end, and then slowly taste it and drink it bit by bit. In fact, it is the time it takes for a bowl of tea to cool down to an edible level. It takes 15 minutes in summer and 10 minutes in winter. There is no strict conclusion about how long a stick of incense is. In ancient Chinese, it is the approximate length of a time, just like "a cup of tea" and "a meal".

One hour is two hours. Sky time, Earth time, modern time, midnight 23: 00-0 1: 00, crow ugly 0 1: 03, Pingdan Yin Shi 03: 00, Hishiya spear 05: 00-07: 00, food time 07: 00-09: 09. 0 o'clock-13 o'clock, 13 o'clock, 15 o'clock, 17 o'clock, 19 o'clock, dusk.

Other timing tools of the ancients are:

The "table" in the Guibiao standard table is a pole or stone pillar standing vertically on the ground; "Gui" is a slate extending horizontally from the heel of the watch to the north. Whenever the sun turns due south, the shadow falls on the water of Guiyu. By measuring the length of the shadow, we can calculate the time of each solar term, such as winter solstice and summer solstice. When the shadow is the longest, the solstice of winter comes; In the shortest time, the summer solstice came. It is the oldest and most common astronomical instrument in China.

Carve a leaky pot. There are two main types of clepsydra: drainage type and water receiving type. Most of the early water leaks were drainage type. The bottom side of the leaky kettle leaks water, and the grid fork and the closing tongue rise again, so that the leaking arrow floating on the surface of the leaky kettle drops with the water surface, and the scale on the leaking arrow indicates the time. Later, the water-receiving type was created. Water is injected from the leaky kettle into the receiving kettle at a constant flow rate, and the leaking arrow floating on the water surface of the receiving kettle indicates the time with the rise of the water surface, thus improving the timing accuracy.

There is a complex gear transmission system in the image platform of water transport instrument. There is a "celestial balance" device-escapement mechanism above and around the pivot wheel, which is a great creation in the history of timing machinery, and it changes the continuous rotating motion of the pivot wheel into intermittent rotating motion. 1276, Guo Shoujing of the Yuan Dynasty in China made a big leaky lamp. It is driven by water power, and the puppet is driven by a gear train and a rather complicated cam mechanism to automatically tell the time "ring the bell for a while, carve the drum for two minutes, ring the cymbals three times, and ring the cymbals four times".

Question 9: What was the name of the ancient timer? A sundial is an ancient method (tool) for timing.

Trunks and branches are ancient ways of timing.

Playing night shift is a way to tell the time regularly in ancient times. People who play night shift are called night watchman.

Above, for reference.

Question 10: What was it like in ancient times? From 23: 00 to 0 1 hour Beijing time.

Ugly time 065438+ 0: 00 to 03: 00 Beijing time

Beijing time 03: 00 to 05: 00 Yin Shi time.

Beijing time 05: 00 to 07: 00 Shi Mao time.

07: 00 to 09: 00 Beijing time

09: 00 to 1 1: 00 Beijing time.

At noon, Beijing time 1 1 to 13.

Beijing time 13 to 15.

Beijing time 15 to 17.

You Beijing time 17 deadline 19.

Beijing time 19 to 2 1.

From 2 1 hour to 23: 00 Beijing time in Shihai.

In ancient times, it was considered as a watch at night, at sea, at home, at noon, at noon, at noon, at noon, at noon, at noon, at noon, at noon, at noon.