Common sense of Shanxi ancient culture

1. Historical and cultural characteristics of Shanxi

Shanxi's historical and cultural context is clear and the framework is complete; The process of Shanxi civilization has never stopped and has far-reaching influence.

Shanxi's history began in the Paleolithic Age of prehistoric civilization. After thousands of years of evolution from Yao, Shun, Yu, Xia, Shang and Zhou, it formed distinctive features different from other regional cultures in the Jin and Sanjin Dynasties. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, Shanxi's history and culture have become more colorful and brilliant.

The integrity, advancement and artistry of Shanxi's history and culture have played an important role in the formation of Chinese national spirit, customs and habits, and have exerted great radiation, infiltration and influence on the history of Chinese civilization for 5,000 years. Shanxi has become one of the regions with the strongest local cultural characteristics. Shanxi is a "theme park" of Chinese civilization. The Neolithic remains in Shanxi since 6.5438+0.8 million years ago are the dawn of Chinese civilization. Shanxi Paleolithic cultural remains are of high quality and large quantity.

Nearly 400 Paleolithic cultural relics have been identified in the province, among which the number of early Paleolithic sites ranks first in the country. The excavation and discovery of these sites is of great significance for studying the origin of human beings and exploring the role and position of Shanxi in the process of civilization.

There are 200 early Paleolithic sites in China, including 157 in Shanxi, which are mainly distributed in Yuanqu basin at the southern foot of Zhongtiao Mountain, along the Yellow River and Fenhe River basin in southwest Shanxi, with the western Houdu culture in Ruicheng and Shuhe culture as the representatives. 1961-1962, archaeologists found 32 stone tools, carved antlers and burnt horns at the site of xihoudu. The stratigraphic age determined by geomagnetic survey is1.8000 years ago, which is about100000 years earlier than the earliest human Yuanmou ape-man discovered in China, so it is confirmed as1.7000 years ago.

A large number of stone tools and animal fossils have been unearthed from Shuhe site in Ruicheng. Experts preliminarily concluded that they are the remains of the early Paleolithic culture and have corresponding characteristics with the tools of Lantian people in Shaanxi and Zhoukoudian people in Beijing. There are signs that the later Ding Cun culture evolved from Xihoudu culture and Shuhe culture. The Xia culture in Shanxi radiates the most brilliant light in the civilized era. Shanxi is one of the central areas of the origin of Chinese civilization.

The ancient history records "Pingyang, Du Yao, Puban, Shundu and Anyi", which tells the history of the earliest heroes of the Chinese nation starting businesses in the lower reaches of Fenhe River. The word "China", which first appeared in the history books, refers to the south of Shanxi in the ancient Yu Shun era.

It can be said that in China's local civilization, only the southern Shanxi and the middle reaches of the Yellow River in the western Henan have not been interrupted. After entering the class society, in order to protect private property and strengthen defense, it is said that Dayu's father has begun to build cities with guns.

The constantly discovered ruins of Xiacheng also reflect the history that southern Shanxi was once the political and cultural center of Xia Dynasty. During the Warring States Period, Han, Zhao and Wei all came from Shanxi and soon became three powerful countries. In that special historical period, the activities of Korea, Zhao and Wei directly affected the development process of China.

In 453 BC, Han, Zhao and Wei jointly destroyed Zhi and divided their land. Half a century later, King Wei Lie of Zhou had to officially confer titles on Han, Zhao and Wei.

In 376 BC, Han, Zhao and Wei annihilated Jin, divided their land into three parts, and the history of Jin ended. North Korea, Zhao and Wei, representing emerging political forces respectively, staged brilliant and huge historical dramas in the land of Sanjin, such as political reform, political reform, Ximen Bao's seizure of power, Zhang Yi's riding and shooting, besieging Wei to save Zhao and the battle of Changping.

The appellation of Shanxi has changed several times. During the Qin Dynasty, it was a county system, including Taiyuan, Hedong, Shangdang, Yanmen and Dai Jun.

The Han dynasty basically followed the county system of the Qin dynasty and was subordinate to the secretariat department of Bingzhou. The Tang Dynasty was Hedong Road, the Song Dynasty was Hedong Road and Xijing Road, the Yuan Dynasty set up Su Zheng's cheap visit department and Xuan Wei's envoy department of Hedong Shanxi Road, and the Ming Dynasty set up Shanxi Province.

During the development of feudal society for more than two thousand years, Shanxi's regional cultural content has been expanding and its influence has been increasing. Shanxi is a civilized area with rich humanities and heroes.

Bingzhou was the "land of prosperity" in Li Tang's period. In the Tang Dynasty, Yitai was originally "Beijing" and became a metropolis second only to Chang 'an, the capital of Beijing. Wu Zetian, "King Fenyang" Guo Ziyi, famous ministers Di and Pei Du, "Door God" Weichi Gong, war general Xue, and "Wenzhong" Wang Tong, a generation of literati Liu Zongyuan, four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty, pastoral leader Wang Ji, Wang Changling, frontier poet, Jinyang poet Wang Zhihuan, Jiangzhou Sima Bai Juyi and Da.

China is one of the ancient civilizations in the world, and Shanxi is one of the oldest and most complete regions in this ancient civilization. Shanxi's historical evolution is connected with Chinese civilization for 5,000 years, leaving 35,000 cultural relics and historic sites, of which 1 19 has become a national protection, ranking first in the country.

Therefore, Shanxi is most qualified to become a "theme park" for the world to understand and appreciate Chinese civilization.

2. 50 cases of ancient cultural common sense

The nickname of the moon is the most prominent description object of natural objects mentioned in ancient poems.

Its nicknames can be divided into: (1) Because the first moon is like a hook, it is called a silver hook and a jade hook. (2) Because the string moon is like a bow, it is called jade bow and bow moon.

(3) The full moon is called golden wheel, jade wheel, silver plate, jade plate, golden mirror and jade mirror because it is like a wheel, a plate and a mirror. (4) It is said that there are rabbits and toads on the moon, so they are called silver rabbits, jade rabbits, golden toads, silver toads and the moon.

(5) According to legend, there are laurel trees in the middle of the month, so they are called Gui Yue, Guilun, Guigong and Guiling. (6) According to legend, there are two palaces in the middle of the month, namely Guanghan Palace and Qingxu Palace, so they are called Guanghan Palace and Qingxu Palace.

(7) Because it is said that the moon drives the gods, it is called Wang Shu. It is said that Chang 'e lives in the middle of the month, so the moon is called Chang 'e.

(9) Because people often compare beautiful women to the moon, they call the moon Chanjuan. China is now short for People's Republic of China (PRC).

But it is a polysemous word in ancient literature. From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, it is often used to refer to the Central Plains.

For example, Mencius' "Qi Huan Jinwen Poetry": "Go to China and care for the four foreigners." Sima Guang Battle of Red Cliffs: "If we can compete with China with the people of wuyue, it is better to give up early."

"Drive China scholars to travel far and wide." In ancient China, the Huaxia people lived in the Yellow River valley, so they were called "Huaxia", and later they were often used to refer to the Central Plains.

For example, The History of the Three Kingdoms: "Its land is connected to China in the east and the western regions in the west." Today, it has become another name for China.

According to Kyushu legend, China was divided into nine administrative regions in ancient times. These countries are named Ji, Yan, Qing, Xu, Yang, Jing, Yu, Liang and Yong. Later, it became another name for China.

Lu You said in a poem: "Only when you die will you know that everything is empty, but you will see the sadness of Kyushu." "On Qin" "Eight States are in the same column", Qin lives in Yongzhou and adds eight States, that is, Kyushu.

The Central Plains is also called Middle Earth and Zhongzhou. The Central Plains in a narrow sense refers to the present Henan Province, and the Central Plains in a broad sense refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River or the whole Yellow River basin.

For example, the "model": "When the award leads to the three armies, it will be set in the Central Plains in the North." Lu You's poem "Shizi" says: "Julian Waghann set the Central Plains Day in the north, and the family sacrifice did not forget to tell Naiweng."

Refers to the whole Yellow River basin. In ancient times, it was said that China was surrounded by the sea, so it was called inland.

Ren Zhou Shu of Du Shaofu, Wang Bo: "However, as long as China keeps our friendship, as long as heaven is our neighbor." Sima Guang Battle of Red Cliffs: "There was chaos at sea, and the general set out for Jiangdong."

See Within the Four Seas. It refers to the world and the whole country.

For example, Jia Yi's On Qin "has the meaning of sweeping the world, including the whole world." "Battle of Red Cliffs": "Then Jingzhou was broken, and it was a great shock to the world."

"Epang Palace Fu": "Six kings finish, four seas-"Five-person tomb tablet: "How many people are there in the world?" Liuhe Sifang refers to the world in general.

For example, "After Qin Dynasty, I became a Liuhe" and "Then I took Liuhe as my home and dice letter as my palace". Li Bai's "Antique" poem: "Qin Wang sweeps Liuhe, look at it!" Far away places in all directions are still called "the world".

"On Qin": "It contains the meaning of the four seas and swallows the heart of the eight wastes." Liang Qichao's Young China said: "Although there are ages, there are eight great famines."

Many articles on ancient rivers specifically mention the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. For example, "The Hongmen Banquet": "Generals fight against Henan and ministers fight against Hebei."

"On Qin": "Then we will strengthen the city, because the river is a pool." "The Battle of Dishes": "The father of Chu Yang, a minister, chased it and became a river."

Another example is Ode to Sisters, in which "Jiang" refers to the Yangtze River and "He" refers to the canal. Jiangzuo is Jiangdong.

The ancients Zuo Dong right west. "Heroes will be recruited by Jiang Gan": "That is, the order is to call Jiang Zuoying Jie to pick up his children."

The river is south of the Yangtze River. Battle of Red Cliffs: "Jiang is a hero, and salt is attached to it."

Jiangnan is the general name of the area south of the Yangtze River, and the areas referred to vary from time to time. Bai Juyi said: "Jiangnan is good, and the scenery has been cooked."

Wang Anshi's poem says, "Spring breeze is green in Jiang Nanan. When will the bright moon shine on me? " Huaizuo, east of Huaishui.

"Yangzhou Slow" "Huai Zuo Du Ming, Zhu Xi Jia Chu", Yangzhou is in the east of Huai River. Shandong, as its name implies, is to the east of the mountain.

However, it should be noted that because the "mountain" of "Shandong" can refer to several different mountains such as Lushan, Huashan, Taihang Mountain and Taishan Mountain, the areas referred to are not the same. The following is the standard "Shandong" of Lushan Mountain.

For example, Hanshu once mentioned that "Shandong produces a map and Shanxi produces a general". Hongmen Banquet: "When Pei Gong lived in Shandong, he was greedy for money."

"On Qin": "Shandong Haojun rises together and Qin family dies." The ancient Kanto refers to the area east of Hanguguan or Tongguan, and the modern refers to the northeast area east of Shanhaiguan.

Cao Cao's "Hao Li Xing": "There are righteous men in Kanto, fighting for the heroes." Refers to the area east of Tongguan.

Kansai refers to the area west of Hanguguan or Tongguan. Battle of Red Cliffs: "Ma Chao and Han Sui are still in Kansai, which is the future trouble of Cao Cao."

Guanzhong refers to different areas, and the ancients used to call the area west of Hangu Pass Guanzhong. "The Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong wants to be the king of Guanzhong and make Zi Ying the phase."

"On Qin": "The heart of the first emperor thought it was fixed in Guanzhong." In ancient times, the western regions were called Xinjiang and its western regions.

Yandang Mountain: "According to western books, Arhat Norodom lived on the back of Furong Peak in Yandang Mountain in the southeast of Sinian." Shuomo refers to the desert in the north, or "Shuowang" for short, refers to the north.

Herb picking: "Mastering ink is peach, plum and Xia Rong." "Mulan Poetry": "The new moon spreads gold, and the cold light shines iron clothes."

The new moon refers to the wind in the north. Lin's Fengxueshan Temple "returning to the north wind" refers to the north wind.

Baiyue is also known as Baiyue and Zhu Yue. In ancient times, Yue people lived in all parts of Guangdong, collectively known as Baiyue.

In ancient Chinese, it often refers to the southern region. On Qin dynasty, "take the land of Baiyue in the south", "collect herbs" and "all say peach, plum and winter fruit".

The floorboard of the five famous mountains in Wuyue, namely Mount Taishan in Dongyue, Huashan in Xiyue, Songshan in Zhongyue, Hengshan in Beiyue and Hengshan in Nanyue. Climbing Mount Tianmu in my dream: "Climbing to the top of the Five Mountains, the shadow runs through China."

The capital of gyeonggi province and its surrounding areas. Zuo anecdote: "Zuo Xiangzu, a public school in Gyeonggi."

In the Western Han Dynasty, Sanfu initially referred to three officials in charge of the Gyeonggi area, and later referred to the areas under the jurisdiction of these three officials. "Zhang Hengchuan": "Hengshan Mountain belongs to the literature and swims in the third auxiliary."

"Remember Zhong Wang's Su Gong Ao:" A man and a woman married the wife of an official in Kyrgyzstan. " After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was referred to as "auxiliary" for short.

Sanqin refers to the Guanzhong area west of Tongguan. After the demise of the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu once named this place Qin Jun.

3. Common sense of ancient culture

Ancient Astronomical Four Elephants The ancients divided twenty-eight lodges into four directions: east, north, west and south. The seven huts on each side are imagined as four animal images, called four elephants.

The seven nights in the East are like dragons flying in the night sky in spring and early summer, so they are called the Oriental Black Dragon. The seven nights in the north appear like snakes and turtles in the night sky in summer and early autumn, so it is called North Xuanwu. The seven-night tiger in the west jumped out of the night sky in late autumn and early winter, so it was called the West White Tiger. South Seven Nights is like a Suzaku spreading its wings and flying, appearing in the night sky in winter and early spring, so it is called South Suzaku. The nickname of the moon is the most prominent description object of natural objects mentioned in ancient poems.

Its nicknames can be divided into: (1) Because the first moon is like a hook, it is called a silver hook and a jade hook. (2) Because the string moon is like a bow, it is called jade bow and bow moon.

(3) The full moon is called golden wheel, jade wheel, silver plate, jade plate, golden mirror and jade mirror because it is like a wheel, a plate and a mirror. (4) It is said that there are rabbits and toads on the moon, so they are called silver rabbits, jade rabbits, golden toads, silver toads and the moon.

(5) According to legend, there are laurel trees in the middle of the month, so they are called Gui Yue, Guilun, Guigong and Guiling. (6) According to legend, there are Guanghan Palace and Qing Xu Palace in the middle of the month, so it is called Guanghan and Qing Xu.

(7) Because it is said that the moon drives the gods, it is called Wang Shu. It is said that Chang 'e lives in the middle of the month, so the moon is called Chang 'e.

(9) Because people often compare beautiful women to the moon, they call the moon Chanjuan. Ancient Geographical Rivers Many ancient articles specifically mentioned the Yangtze River and the Yellow River.

For example, "The Hongmen Banquet": "Generals fight against Henan and ministers fight against Hebei." "On Qin": "Then we will strengthen the city, because the river is a pool."

In Dedicated to Sister, "Jiang" refers to the Yangtze River and "He" refers to the canal. Xihe River is also called Hexi and the area west of Yellow River.

Such as "Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "It must be outside the Xihe River." On Qin: "So the Qin people surrendered and took the Xijiang River."

Jiangdong lies to the east of the Yangtze River. For example, Li Qingzhao said in a poem: "I miss Xiang Yu so far and refuse to cross Jiangdong."

Battle of Red Cliffs: "I am also a father and brother, leaving Jiangdong." Jiangzuo is Jiangdong.

The ancients Zuo Dong right west. "Heroes will be recruited by Jiang Gan": "That is, the order is to call Jiang Zuoying Jie to pick up his children."

The river is south of the Yangtze River. Battle of Red Cliffs: "Jiang is a hero, and salt is attached to it."

Jiangnan is the general name of the area south of the Yangtze River, and the areas referred to vary from time to time. Bai Juyi said: "Jiangnan is good, and the scenery has been cooked."

Wang Anshi's poem says, "Spring breeze is green in Jiang Nanan. When will the bright moon shine on me? " Huaizuo, east of Huaishui.

"Yangzhou Slow" "Huai Zuo Du Ming, Zhu Xi Jia Chu", Yangzhou is in the east of Huai River. Shandong, as its name implies, is to the east of the mountain.

However, it should be noted that because the "mountain" of "Shandong" can refer to several different mountains such as Lushan, Huashan, Taihang Mountain and Taishan Mountain, the areas referred to are not the same. The following is the standard "Shandong" of Lushan Mountain.

For example, Hanshu once mentioned that "Shandong produces a map and Shanxi produces a general". Hongmen Banquet: "When Pei Gong lived in Shandong, he was greedy for money."

"On Qin": "Shandong Haojun rises together and Qin family dies." The ancient Kanto refers to the area east of Hanguguan or Tongguan, and the modern refers to the northeast area east of Shanhaiguan.

Cao Cao's "Hao Li Xing": "There are righteous men in Kanto, fighting for the heroes." Refers to the area east of Tongguan.

Kansai refers to the area west of Hanguguan or Tongguan. Battle of Red Cliffs: "Ma Chao and Han Sui are still in Kansai, which is the future trouble of Cao Cao."

Guanzhong refers to different areas, and the ancients used to call the area west of Hangu Pass Guanzhong. "The Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong wants to be the king of Guanzhong and make Zi Ying the phase."

"On Qin": "The heart of the first emperor thought it was fixed in Guanzhong." In ancient China, there were four chronologies: (1) the chronology of the year when princes ascended the throne.

Count the years according to the years of the prince's reign. Biography of Lian Po: "In the sixteenth year of Huiwen, Lian Po was General Zhao."

(2) the number of years and the method of years. There has been a title since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

Since then, every emperor has to change the throne and mark the year with the year number. Such as Pipa Xing and Ten Years of Yuanhe.

(3) chronology of major branches. Such as "Five Tombstones": "In memory of the arrest of Duke Zhou, I hope Ding Mao will be in March."

(4) The year number should be both a stem and a branch. When the year is numbered, the emperor's year is put in front, and the cadres and branches are listed behind.

There were three lunar calendar methods in ancient China: ordinal lunar calendar method. For example, "Herb Picking": "March flowers in the flat land, April flowers in the deep mountains."

Earth-supported lunar method. The ancients used to call the twelve earthly branches twelve months, and each earthly branch had a specific word "sword" in front of it.

For example, Du Fu's poem "Caotang is a thing" said: "A deserted village builds a moon, and an old woman's family is alone." "Zhuziyue" refers to the November of the lunar calendar according to the method of Zhou Dynasty. Seasonal calendar method.

Such as "Nineteen Ancient Poems": "When Meng Dong is cold, why is the north wind sad?" "Meng Dong" stands for October of the lunar calendar.

In ancient China, there were four main methods to record the days: sequential method. "Ji Xiang Xuanzhi": "On the night of March 5, the moon is half."

"March 5th" refers to the 15th day of the lunar calendar. Main and branch calendars.

For example, the Battle of Dishes: "In summer and April, Xin Si was defeated by Dishes." "Xin Si in April" refers to the lunar calendar method on April 13th of the lunar calendar.

Refers to the use of "new moon, non-,prosperous, both prosperous and beneficial" to mark the day. The first day of each month is called the new moon, the third day of each month is called the moon, and the middle of the month is called the moon (the fifteenth day of a small month and the sixteenth day of a big month). The day after the moon is called hope, and the last day of each month is called cloudy.

With both stems and branches, and the moon. Before the dry support is placed, after the moon phase is arranged.

There were two main timing methods in ancient China: weather timing method. The ancients originally divided a day and night into twelve hours according to the change of the sky. Their names are: Midnight, Crow, Pingdan, Sunrise, Food Time, Horn (Yu), Sun, Sun (Death), Sun (Divination), Sunrise, Dusk, and Man's Decision.

For example, "Peacock flies southeast": "Chickens crow into the weaving and can't rest every night." "Lonely people will settle down after dusk."

Geocentric chronology. The twelve earthly branches represent the change of twelve o'clock in a day and night.

There are three situations in which people use their first names: (1) call themselves by their first names. Such as "Within five steps, please ask the king to spill blood on his neck" and "Luling Wen Tianxiang preface his poems".

(2) for introduction or biography. For example, "Sui and Lu Su are both interested in Sun Quan" and "Liu Jingting is from Taizhou".

(3) people who are disgusted and despised. For example, "Unfortunately, Lu Shimeng is evil in the former, but flattering in the latter".

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4. Sort out the common sense of ancient culture

1. age appellation 0 1, infant: baby under one year old 02, child: child of 2-3 years old 03, crying: child (also called "total angle") 04, cardamom:/kloc-woman of 0/3 years old 05, glutinous rice: a child. The year of know life refers to 50 years old (also known as "knowing destiny" and "half a hundred") 10, 60 years old1,70 years old refers to 70 years old 12, and 80 years old is 6544. )

After obtaining the provincial examination (also known as "Qiu Wei"), students take the provincial examination and are accepted as "Juren". ) will try (also known as "Chunwei", the national examination, juren participated, and was admitted as "Gong Shi". )

Palace examination (national examination, the emperor's examiner, Gong participated, and was admitted as a "Jinshi". Among them, the first name is "No.1 Scholar", the second name is "No.1 Scholar" and the third name is "Exploring Flowers") (2) Content: Four Books and Five Classics, etc. And the article format is defined as "eight-part essay". 3) The main festival in ancient times (0 1) January: the first day of the first month, starting in one year.

(02) People's Day: the seventh day of the first month, master. (03) Shangyuan: On the fifteenth day of the first month, lanterns are put on to watch a play, which is also called "Lantern Festival" (04) Social Day: around the vernal equinox, sacrifices are made to pray for farming.

(05) Cold food: Two days before Tomb-Sweeping Day, there was no fire for three days (Wu Zixu) (06) Tomb-Sweeping Day: At the beginning of April, the grave was visited for sacrifice. (07) Dragon Boat Festival: on the fifth day of May, eating zongzi and rowing dragon boats (Qu Yuan) (08) Tanabata: on the seventh day of July, women seek cleverness (Cowherd and Weaver Girl) (09) Central Plains: July 15th, offering sacrifices to ghosts and gods, also known as "Ghost Festival" (10) Mid-Autumn Festival: August 15th, enjoying the moon.

(13) twelfth lunar month: On the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month, drink Laba porridge (14). New Year's Eve: On the last night of the year, welcome the beginning of the new year. Fourth, the ancient punishment (0 1): torture: also known as "ink punishment", with words tattooed on the forehead and cheeks. (02) flogging: cutting off the nose (03) flogging: also known as "rod punishment", hitting the board (back, legs, buttocks) (04) flogging: cutting off the foot (He Shibei) (05) castration: also known as "putrefaction", cutting off the male genitals (. 5. Ancient chronology (heavenly stems: A, B, C, D, E, G, F, N, G, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D, D.

Its characteristics are as follows: a, heavenly stems and earthly branches each forms a Gregorian calendar year, such as "Jiazi Year" and "Renwu Year". B, heavenly stems and earthly branches collocation is always singular to singular, even to even, it is impossible to even and odd combination.

C, 60-year cycle, cycle after cycle. * The method of converting the Gregorian calendar year into the year of supporting cadres (omitted) (2) Year number and year: Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, emperors have had year numbers when they acceded to the throne, and then recorded the year with the emperor's year number.

Such as: the first year of Kangxi. * The year number and the year of the main branch can be used at the same time, such as: April of the second year of Shunzhi (3) The year number of the princes: a chronological method used in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. For example, in the sixteenth year of Zhao Huiwen, the question about official positions was 1, and the word was (1) conferring official positions: except worship; (2) promotion: relocation; (3) demotion: relocation; (4) dismissal: strike; (5) recruitment: recruitment. Six departments: (1) official department (appointment and removal of official positions, promotion, etc. ) (2) household department (local tax account, etc. ) (3) does not (imperial examination school, etc. (4) criminal department (judicial prison cases, etc. Ministry of war (frontier defense of military forces, etc.). (6) Ministry of Industry (water conservancy construction, etc. Yang: The mountains are in the south and the water is in the north.

2. Rivers (ancient "Jiang" refers to the Yangtze River and "He" refers to the Yellow River. 3, inside the customs (before the Han Dynasty, "Guan" specifically refers to Hangu Pass; In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, even now, the three northeastern provinces were called "the Commissioner".

4. Shandong and Shanxi ("Mountain" refers specifically to Lushan Mountain, and later sometimes to Taihang Mountain. 5, ancient and modern place names (mostly-Beijing; Daliang, Bianliang, Tokyo and Bianjing-Kaifeng; Jingkou-Zhenjiang; Jinling, Jianye, Jiankang, Jiangning and Shicheng-Nanjing; Lin 'an and Qiantang-Hangzhou; Gusu and Wu Jun-Suzhou; Huaishang, Jiangdu and Weiyang-Yangzhou; Huiji-Shaoxing; Chang 'an-Xi 'an; Fengtian-Shenyang; Zhigu-Tianjin. )

6, Wuyue (Dongyue Taishan Xiyue Huashan Zhongyue Songshan Nanyue Hengshan Beiyue Hengshan) place names should pay attention to the ancient orientation, the integrity of place names and modern differences. (1) Liuhe: It refers to the four directions of heaven and earth (namely, up, down, east, south, west and north).

(2) Eight Barrens: East, Southeast, South, Southwest, Northwest, North and Northeast. It's a remote place.

Eight Barrens refers to places far away from the Central Plains. (3) Kyushu: The ancient world was divided into Kyushu, namely Yanzhou, Jizhou, Qingzhou, Xuzhou, Yuzhou, Jingzhou, Yangzhou, Liangzhou and Yongzhou.

(4) Shandong: refers to the east of Lushan Mountain. (5) Jiangnan: generally refers to the south of the Yangtze River.

(6) Jiangzuo: that is, east of the Yangtze River. (7) River surface: outside the Yangtze River, it refers to the south of the Yangtze River.

(8) Hebei and Henan generally refer to the land of the Central Plains, that is, the Yellow River Basin.