Summary of geographical knowledge points in the second volume of Jiangsu seventh grade

1. Knowledge points of geography in Gao Xiao, Jiangsu.

Knowledge points of geography in Gao Xiao, Jiangsu 1.20 18 What knowledge must be memorized in Gao Xiao, Jiangsu?

Test center 1: Learn about celestial bodies at different levels and explain the position of the earth in the solar system.

(1) The meaning of celestial system: All kinds of celestial bodies in the universe attract each other and revolve around each other to form a celestial system. (2) the hierarchical system of celestial bodies from high to low: (3) the position of the earth in the solar system: members of the solar system: the sun, planets and satellites, asteroids, comets, meteoroids and interplanetary matter; The central celestial body is the sun.

The eight planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune from near to far. Test site 2: Know that the earth is an ordinary and special planet in the solar system and understand the conditions for life on the earth.

The commonness of (1) is as follows: ① The characteristics of the eight planets revolving around the sun: the same direction, * * * plane, nearly circular; ② The eight planets are divided into three categories according to their distance, mass and volume from the sun: terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars), giant planets (Jupiter and Saturn) and distant planets (Uranus and Neptune). (2) The particularity lies in the following aspects: the earth has living material conditions, the external safe cosmic environment, and the planets in the solar system go their own ways and do not interfere with each other; The lighting conditions are stable and the solar radiation is relatively stable; The temperature conditions are suitable and the distance between the sun and the earth is moderate; Moderate rotation period; The atmospheric earth suitable for biological respiration has moderate mass and volume; There is liquid water, which moves inside the earth and forms water vapor to escape. Appropriate temperature makes water mostly exist in liquid state. Test site 3: understand the influence of solar radiation on the earth. (1) The sun directly provides light and heat resources for the earth, and the growth and development of life on the earth cannot be separated from the sun.

(2) Solar radiation can maintain the surface temperature and is the main driving force to promote air and water movement and biological activities on the earth. (3) provide direct and indirect energy for human production and life.

Test site 4 (oil and gas): Understand the influence of solar activity on the earth. (1) The solar atmosphere can be divided into photosphere, chromosphere and corona from the inside out.

(2) The main types of solar activities are sunspots and flares, which appear in the photosphere and chromosphere of the solar atmosphere respectively, and the average period of their activities is 1 1 year. (3) The impacts of solar activities on the Earth are as follows: ① It affects radio short-wave signals, resulting in communication attenuation or interruption.

② There is a "magnetic storm" phenomenon, and the compass cannot indicate the direction correctly. (3) The aurora phenomenon is produced in the polar upper atmosphere.

④ Many natural disasters on the earth are related to solar activities.

2.2065438+2008 What is the required knowledge for Jiangsu geography entrance examination?

Test center/site

1

Understand different levels of celestial systems and explain the position of the earth in the solar system.

(

1

The meaning of celestial system: all kinds of celestial bodies in the universe attract each other and surround each other to form a celestial system.

(

2

) The hierarchy of celestial bodies from high to low:

(

three

) the position of the earth in the solar system:

Members of the solar system: the sun, planets and satellites, asteroids, comets, meteoroids, interplanetary matter; The central celestial body is the sun.

The eight planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune from near to far.

Test center/site

2

Know that the earth is an ordinary and special planet in the solar system, and understand the conditions for life on the earth.

(1) universality is reflected in:

① The characteristics of the eight planets revolving around the sun: same direction, * * * plane, approximate circle;

② The eight planets are divided into three categories according to their distance, mass and volume from the sun:

Earthlike planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars)

Giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn)

, distant planets (Uranus, Neptune)

(

2

) particularity is reflected in the existence of living matter on the earth.

situation

cause

Outside

department

Safe cosmic environment

The planets in the solar system go their own way and do not interfere with each other;

Stable lighting conditions

Solar radiation is relatively stable;

oneself

body

Suitable temperature conditions

The distance between the sun and the earth is moderate; Moderate rotation period;

Air suitable for biological respiration

The mass and volume of the earth are moderate;

There is liquid water

The material in the earth moves, forming water vapor to escape, and the appropriate temperature makes water mostly exist in liquid state.

Test center/site

three

Understand the influence of solar radiation on the earth.

(

1

The sun directly provides light and heat resources for the earth, and the growth and development of life on the earth cannot be separated from the sun.

(

2

) Solar radiation can maintain the surface temperature and is the main driving force to promote the atmosphere, water movement and biological activities on the earth.

(

three

) provide direct and indirect energy for human production and life. (Oil, natural gas)

Test center/site

four

Understand the influence of solar activity on the earth.

(

1

) The solar atmosphere can be divided into photosphere, chromosphere and corona from the inside out.

(

2

) The main types of solar activity are sunspots and flares, which appear in the photosphere and chromosphere of the solar atmosphere respectively. The average period of their activities is

1 1

A few years.

(

three

) The influence of solar activity on the earth mainly includes:

(1) affects radio short-wave signals, resulting in communication attenuation or interruption. ② There is a "magnetic storm" phenomenon, and the compass cannot indicate the direction correctly.

(3) The aurora phenomenon is produced in the polar upper atmosphere. ④ Many natural disasters on the earth are related to solar activities.

3. Urgent: Seek the champion of the 20 10 Jiangsu College Entrance Examination.

First, we should pay more attention to the main knowledge. Combined with the college entrance examination, in recent years, the geography part of the comprehensive examination paper mainly examines the basic knowledge, basic principles and laws and basic skills of geography, highlighting the examination of the main knowledge of geography.

Almost every year, the main knowledge system of geography subjects, such as earth movement and its geographical significance, climate, ocean current, agricultural production conditions, urbanization, influencing factors of industrial layout, precipitation and its seasonal changes in various parts of China, and location factors of urban formation, will be taken as the main examination contents. These are the key knowledge that the syllabus requires candidates to master, and there is no problem of exceeding the syllabus. Judging from the geography questions in the comprehensive papers of liberal arts in recent years and in the comprehensive papers of various regions in 2009, the main knowledge of the college entrance examination includes: the calculation of time; The geographical significance of the earth movement, especially the geographical significance of the earth's revolution; Weather systems affecting weather: fronts, cyclones and anticyclones; Formation factors of climate, distribution of climate types, climate characteristics and discrimination of climate types; The distribution law of ocean currents in the world and its influence on geographical environment, internal and external forces and crustal changes, crustal material circulation, river recharge and hydrological characteristics; Distribution law of natural zones; Regional factors of agriculture; Location factors of the industry; Town planning and layout, urbanization and its problems; Population migration; Cultural communication; Evaluation of tourism resources; Environmental problems and sustainable development, etc.

To review these main knowledge, candidates should accurately understand its connotation and extension. Make clear the context, scope of application and conditions of each knowledge point; Multi-level and multi-angle dredge every knowledge point in all directions.

It is also necessary to sort out the key knowledge in series, clarify the horizontal and vertical relations between knowledge, gradually build its own knowledge system framework, and form a knowledge network diagram. Second, grasp the chart to get twice the result with half the effort. Chart is the second language of geography, and its outstanding feature is to express "spatial concept" or "quantifiable" geographical things in an intuitive form.

Compared with other disciplines, the most prominent feature of geography is that a large number of maps, charts, photos and pictures are used to express the concept of space, the spatial structure of geographical things and the process of their development and change. In recent years, maps and charts are often used as information carriers to express and contact geography, history, politics and other knowledge in the comprehensive examination papers of liberal arts in college entrance examination, so maps and charts are often the starting point of comprehensive questions within or across disciplines.

In view of the characteristics that the college entrance examination attaches importance to chart examination, in the first round of geography review, candidates should strengthen the ability training of reading and analyzing maps and geographical charts. We can review and practice the maps in textbooks and corresponding atlases every day in a planned way, and deduce the laws and principles of geography from the perspectives of Tu Tu's mutual change, text's mutual change and chart's mutual change.

Candidates are advised to review the chart in three parts: (1) isoline, isoline, isotherm, isobaric line (surface), isosaline line, isoprecipitation line, isoseismic line and isorespiration line. This kind of map has many similarities and rich information, which is the focus of geography examination; For example, contour maps have appeared many times in previous college entrance examinations.

Candidates may wish to start with how to draw isolines, find out the ins and outs of graphics, distinguish the distribution law of isolines in graphics, grasp the characteristics of geographical things represented by graphics through analysis, and then explain and solve problems in combination with the geographical knowledge they have learned. (2) It is a statistical chart.

It often reflects the numerical characteristics and interrelationships of some elements, so it is necessary to learn the analysis methods of statistical charts, and pay special attention to the relationships between different elements. (3) It is a regional map.

Geographical comprehensive questions often take regional maps as the carrier and design questions from different angles. If the candidate can't correctly judge the location of the area, he can't answer the question. Through this round of review, candidates should be able to skillfully interpret maps and topographic profiles of various scales, and fill in the location or distribution area of major geographical things on the map; Skillfully use and interpret various isoline maps, schematic diagrams, landscape images, various natural elements and socio-economic statistics and charts, and can draw simple geographical maps as needed.

Only through reading, filling in, drawing and analyzing schematic diagrams can we improve our adaptability and comprehensive thinking ability in geography. Third, pay attention to problem-solving teaching. In the exercise training of the first round of geography review in senior three, candidates should pay special attention to the cultivation of problem-solving skills, cultivate good study habits such as using standardized geographical terms, writing correctly and carefully examining questions, pay attention to methods and highlight the training and cultivation of ability.

Secondly, candidates should learn to establish the connection between test questions and teaching materials. When reading, think about what you might read (that is, look at the test questions from books and turn the teaching materials into test questions); When you do the problem, you should know that doing the problem is to examine what knowledge is in the textbook (that is, to find the answer in the textbook and turn the test questions into textbooks).

Fourth, pay attention to hot spots and broaden your horizons. One of the characteristics of "liberal arts comprehensive ability test" is that the topic is closely combined with real life. Many topics use hot spots and focus issues as background materials or starting points to create problem situations. Paying attention to hot issues may wish to start from now on.

At present, the hot spots and focal issues related to geography and real life mainly include: excessive population growth and population migration, urbanization, soil erosion, desertification, global warming, ozone hole, air and water pollution, El Ni? o and La Ni? a, ecological disaster, western development, building a harmonious society, building a new socialist countryside, regional conflicts (such as the Middle East), Taiwan Province Province * * * issue, China-India border issue, Iran-. Candidates should have a basic and correct understanding of these major events that have happened, are happening or will happen in the world and China, and use their knowledge to analyze, explain and evaluate today's hot spots, focuses, major social problems and many problems faced by mankind, so as to truly apply what they have learned.

In review, we should treat key points, hot spots and focus issues as thematic "problems", find out the position and background of these problems, pay attention to the close combination of these hot issues with the main knowledge of textbooks, grasp their causal reasons and their influences, and make the hot issues focus. All the questions related to hot spots, even if they are not the key knowledge of this topic, should be mastered.

4. The compulsory review outline of geography for senior one in Jiangsu Province.

Unit 1 The Earth in the Universe

First, the basic forms of the earth's movement: revolution and rotation.

Around the sun-earth axis

Direction: from west to east (counterclockwise over the North Pole, counterclockwise over the South Pole)

Period: sidereal year (365 days, 6: 9: 10 second) sidereal day (23: 56: 4 seconds).

Angular velocity: average 1? /perihelion (65438+1early October) fast perihelion (early July) slow everywhere equal, every hour 15? (Except Poles)

Linear speed: average 30 km/h decreases from equator to poles, equator is 1670KM\ h, poles are 0.

The relationship between the earth's rotation and revolution;

(1) Equatorial angle: the intersection angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane. Is it 23 at present? 26'

(2) The movement of the direct point of the sun between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer.

Second, the geographical significance of the Earth's rotation

(1) Alternating day and night (2) Local time (3) Objects moving horizontally along the surface move to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.

Third, the geographical significance of the revolution of the earth.

(1) Variation of Day and Night Length and Noon Sun Height

① Changes in the length of day and night

Northern Hemisphere: In summer, the days are long and the nights are short, and the days are longer as you go north.

The days in the hemisphere north of the Arctic Circle are long, and the equator is open all year round.

In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. The farther north, the shorter the days are. Divide the day and night equally, and divide the spring and autumn globally.

There is a phenomenon of extreme night in the northern Arctic Circle, which is divided equally between day and night.

Southern hemisphere: opposite to the northern hemisphere.

② The change of sun height at noon.

Vernal equinox: it decreases from the equator to the north and south, and decreases from the direct point of the sun to the north and south.

Summer Solstice and Latitude: From 23? 26'N decreases in the north-south direction.

Winter solstice: from the age of 23? The decline of 26 north and south.

23? The north of 26'N reaches the maximum value in summer solstice, and the height closer to the direct point is.

With the change of the 23rd season? The winter solstice reaches its maximum in the south of 26 s.

There are two direct meetings between the Tropic of Cancer and the South every year.

Fourth, the interpretation of light map

(1) judging the north and south poles is usually used in the top view. The basis of judgment is: the earth's rotation is counterclockwise from the North Pole and clockwise from the South Pole; Or look at the longitude, the direction in which the east longitude increases is the direction of the earth's rotation.

(2) Judging the solar terms, date and latitude of the direct point of the sun, the circle passes through the pole (or coincides with a meridian) in the morning and evening, and the direct point of the sun is the equator, that is, vernal equinox; The termination line is tangent to the polar circle. If there is an extreme day in the Arctic Circle, it is the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, and the direct point of the sun is 23? 26', if there is an extreme night phenomenon in the Arctic Circle like the winter solstice in the northern hemisphere, then the direct point of the sun is 23? 26'

(3) When determining the local time, in the illumination map, the meridian where the direct point of the sun is located is noon 12, the middle meridian of the daytime part surrounded by the termination line is 12, the local time at the intersection of the morning line and the equator is 6 o'clock, and the meridian at the intersection of the dark line and the equator is 18. The time difference is 1 hour, every 1? If there is a difference of 4 minutes, calculate the longitude difference between the two places (subtraction on the same side, addition on different sides), then convert it into time, and calculate the local time according to the principle of adding east and subtracting west.

(4) judging the length of day and night to find the length of day (night) in a place is to find the length of the sun (night) arc in the latitude circle, and it can also be calculated by the longitude of the sun (night) arc.

(5) Judge the altitude angle of the sun at noon, and first find the latitude difference between the sought area and the direct point of the sun. If the area and the direct point of the sun are in the same hemisphere, take the latitude difference between the two places. If the calculated area is not in the same hemisphere as the direct point of the sun, take the sum of the latitudes of the two places and then use 90? -The latitude difference between the two places is the noon sun height of the searched place.

Five: termination line and latitude and longitude.

(1) Judge the problem according to the intersection of the termination line and latitude.

① The terminator line passes through the north and south poles, and it can be judged that this day is around March 2 1 or September 23.

② The end line is tangent to the north and south poles, and it is daytime in the Arctic Circle. It can be judged that this day is around June 22, summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, summer in the northern hemisphere and winter in the southern hemisphere.

(3) The terminator line is tangent to the north and south poles, and it is night in the Arctic Circle. It can be judged that this day is around 65438+February 22, the northern hemisphere is winter solstice, the northern hemisphere is winter, and the southern hemisphere is summer.

(2) Judging the length of day and night according to the intersection relationship between the termination line and the meridian.

Calculate the length of day or night in a place. When calculating the day length, calculate the latitude circle of the place from the intersection of the morning line and latitude circle to the intersection of the dark line and latitude circle in the daytime hemisphere, and divide the longitude by 15, that is, the day length of the place. If only half a solar hemisphere is drawn on the map, it should be noted that twice the longitude difference of the Japanese span in the map divided by 15 is the day length of the place.

Seven. Calculation of time zone and local time

Step 1: First find the longitude difference between the two places.

Step 2: Find the time difference again. The longitude differs by 4 minutes per degree.

The third step: then judge the east-west direction of the two places, adding the east and subtracting the west. If the time exceeds 24 hours, it will be reduced by 24, and the date will be increased by 1 day. If the time is negative, 24 hours will be added and the date will be reduced by 1 day.

5. Su Jiaoban compulsory geography review outline for senior one.

Unit 1 Earth in the Universe 1: The basic form of the earth's motion: revolution and rotation around the center. The direction of the sun's axis is from west to east (counterclockwise over the North Pole) and from west to east (counterclockwise over the North Pole, but opposite over the South Pole). The average angular velocity of sidereal day (23: 56: 4) is 1? /perihelion (65438+1early October) and perihelion (early July) are equal everywhere, and the hourly rate 15? The average linear velocity (except the poles) is 30km/h, which decreases from the equator to the poles. The equator is 1670KM\ h, and the poles are zero. The relationship between the earth's rotation and revolution: (1) the intersection angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane.

Is it 23 at present? 26' (2) Movement of the direct point of the sun between the Tropic of Cancer II: Geographical significance of the earth's rotation (1) Day and night alternate (2) Local time (3) Objects moving horizontally along the earth's surface move, and the northern hemisphere tilts to the right and the southern hemisphere tilts to the left. III. Geographical Significance of the Earth's Revolution (1) Variation of the length of day and night and the height of the sun at noon ①. The farther north, the longer the days. The direct point of the sun is in that hemisphere, and the hemisphere north of the Arctic Circle has long days. ② The equatorial days are short and the nights are long. The farther north, the shorter the day and night are divided equally. (3) On the day of the spring and autumn equinox, extreme night appeared in the northern Arctic Circle, and the southern hemisphere was equally divided day and night: contrary to the northern hemisphere. ② The change of sun height at noon. Vernal equinox: decreasing from the equator to the north and south. Summer Solstice: From the age of 23? 26 degrees north latitude reduces the winter solstice from 23? 26 degrees north, 23 degrees south? The north of 26'N reaches the maximum value in summer solstice, and the closer it is to the direct point, the seasonal variation of height is 23? At 26 degrees south latitude, when the winter solstice reaches its maximum every year, there are two direct shots between the Tropic of Cancer and the south. Four: light map interpretation (1) to judge the north and south poles, usually used for overlooking. The basis of judgment is: the earth's rotation is counterclockwise from the north pole of the earth and clockwise from the south pole; Or look at the longitude, the direction in which the east longitude increases is the direction of the earth's rotation. (2) Judging that the solar terms, date and latitude of the direct point of the sun have passed the pole (or coincide with a meridian), and the direct point of the sun is the equator, that is, vernal equinox; The termination line is tangent to the polar circle. If there is an extreme day in the Arctic Circle, it is the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, and the direct point of the sun is 23? 26', if there is an extreme night phenomenon in the Arctic Circle like the winter solstice in the northern hemisphere, then the direct point of the sun is 23? 26'(3) When determining the location, in the light map, the meridian where the direct point of the sun is located is noon 12, the middle meridian of the daytime part surrounded by the terminal line is 12, the local time of the intersection of the morning line and the equator is 6 o'clock, and the meridian of the intersection of the dark line and the equator is 18. The time difference is 1 hour, every 1? If the difference is 4 minutes, first calculate the longitude difference between the two places (subtraction on the same side, addition on different sides), and then convert it into time. According to the principle of East plus West minus, the local time is calculated. (4) Determine the length of day and night to find the length of the day (night) in a place, that is, to find the length of the day (night) arc in the latitude circle, or to calculate it by the longitude of the day (night) arc. (5- The latitude difference between the two places is the noon sun height of the searched place. 5: Termination line and latitude and longitude (1) judged from the intersection of termination line and latitude. ① The terminator line can judge that this day is around March 2 1 or September 23. ② The ending line is tangent to the north and south poles, and it is day in the Arctic Circle. It can be judged that this day is around June 22nd, which is the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere. It's winter in the southern hemisphere. ③ The terminator line is tangent to the north and south poles, and the Arctic Circle is night. It can be judged that this day is around 65438+February 22nd, the northern hemisphere is the winter solstice, the northern hemisphere is winter, and the southern hemisphere is summer. (2) Judging the length of the day and the length of the night According to the intersection between the termination line and the meridian, the length of the day or the length of the night in a place can be calculated. When calculating the day length, calculate the intersection of the latitude circle where the place is located from the morning line and latitude circle to the dark line and latitude circle in the daytime hemisphere. Divide the longitude span by 15, which is the day length of this place. If only half a solar hemisphere is drawn on the map, it should be noted that the longitude difference of the Japanese span in the map is twice, divided by 15, that is, the day length of the place is 7: 00. The first step in calculating local time is to find out the longitude difference between the two places. The second step is to find the time difference, which is calculated according to the longitude difference of 4 minutes per degree. The third step is to subtract from the west. If the time exceeds 24 hours, subtract 24, add 1 day to the date, and add 24 hours if the time is negative. Date minus 1 day. Unit 2 Atmosphere 1: Composition and vertical stratification of the atmosphere 1) Composition of the lower atmosphere: dry and clean air (basic components of nitrogen-organisms, basic substances of oxygen-organisms that sustain life activities, basic raw materials of carbon dioxide-photosynthesis, ozone-the "protective umbrella" of earth life), water vapor and solid impurities (cloud formation and rain) The upper atmosphere is 2000-3000 km, and the ionosphere reflects radio waves. Stratosphere 50-55km. With the increase of altitude, advection rises, and ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays to heat up. The low latitude of troposphere: 17- 18km, the middle latitude: 10- 12km, and the high latitude: 8-9km, which is beneficial to high-altitude flight and decreases with the increase of altitude. The weather phenomenon of convective movement is complex and changeable, which is closely related to human beings. The second is the weakening of solar radiation by atmospheric thermal action (1). Water vapor and carbon dioxide absorb infrared rays, while ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays, and its reflection on visible light is less: there is no selectivity, and the thicker the clouds, the stronger the reflection; on cloudy days in summer, the temperature is not very high on scattering; it is selective, and it is easy to be scattered for blue-violet light with short wavelength, so the clear sky is blue. (2) Insulation effect on the ground ① The atmosphere absorbs long-wave radiation from the ground, intercepts heat and raises the temperature. Because the atmosphere has a poor absorption capacity for solar short-wave radiation, it has a strong absorption effect for ground long-wave radiation, and most of the ground radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere.

6. Ask for the review outline of Jiangsu junior high school geography exam.

The outline of junior high school geography knowledge review 1, the shape and size of the earth The earth is an irregular sphere with slightly flattened poles, with an average diameter of 637 1.2 meters. Latitude and longitude on the globe, the circle around the globe in the east-west direction is called latitude. All latitudes are circles, which can be called latitude circle; The length of latitude circle is long or short, and the equator is the longest, which gradually shortens to the poles and finally becomes a point. Latitude indicates the east-west direction. The equator is the longest latitude, about 40 thousand kilometers long. It is equal to the distance between the two poles and divides the earth into two hemispheres. The equator is zero latitude on the earth. The latitude north of the equator is called north latitude, and it is customary to use "n" as the code name. The latitude south of the equator is called the southern latitude, which is customarily represented by "S". 3. On the globe, the line connecting the north and south poles and perpendicular to the latitude is called meridian, also called meridian. All meridians are semicircular; They are all of the same length, indicating the north-south direction. The zero-degree meridian on the globe is called the prime meridian, which is divided into 1800 from east to west. 1800 in the east belongs to east longitude, so it is customary to use "e" as the code, and 1800 in the west belongs to west longitude, so it is customary to use "w" as the code. As the dividing line between the eastern hemisphere and the western hemisphere. 4. The rotation of the earth and the alternation of day and night. This is called the earth's rotation around its axis. The direction of the earth's rotation is from west to east. The time of a rotation is about 24 hours, which is one day. This has produced the phenomenon of alternating day and night. 5. Earth rotation and seasonal changes. At the same time, the earth revolves around the sun, and the direction of the earth's revolution is naturally from west to east. The rotation time is one year. The orbital plane always keeps an included angle of 66.5 with the earth axis. Because of the rotation of the earth, the seasons have changed. 6. Division of five regions. The tropics are between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer, and there is direct sunlight every year. The ground gets the most sunlight and heat, and the climate is hot all year round. The Tropic of Cancer is the dividing line between tropical and temperate zones. The cold zone is located in the area north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle. There are extreme nights and days. Polar circle is the dividing line between cold zone and temperate zone. The temperate zone is between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle, and also between the Tropic of Cancer and the Antarctic Circle. There are no extreme nights and days in a year. The sunlight and heat obtained on the ground are less than those in the tropics and more than those in the cold zones, and the climate changes obviously in the four seasons. On the other hand, the smaller the scale, the map is usually "up north and down south, left west and right east". 8. Calculation method of ground height The vertical distance of a certain altitude is called altitude. The vertical distance from one place to another is called relative height. 9. Contour lines connect points with the same altitude, which is the contour line. Each contour line has a corresponding height value. Where the slope is steep, the contour lines are dense; Where the slope is gentle, the contour lines are sparse. 10, and the distribution of land and sea in the world accounts for 7 1% of the ocean area on the earth. The land area only accounts for 29%. The mainland and its nearby islands are collectively called the mainland. They are all located in Europe and North America in the northern hemisphere. Most people are used to taking the Urals, ural river and the Great Caucasus Mountains as the dividing line between Europe and Asia. Asia and Africa are divided by Suez Canal. North America and South America are in the Western Hemisphere. The Panama Canal is the dividing line between North America and South America. Antarctica is mainly located in the Antarctic circle, surrounded by the ocean. Terrestrial geomorphologists divide topography into five basic types: mountains, plains, plateaus, basins and hills. The altitude of mountains is relatively high, generally more than 500 meters, with undulating peaks and steep slopes, and some mountains are distributed in strips. There are two most prominent ones. The other is the Cordillera mountain system, which runs through North and South America, and consists of Rocky Mountain, Andes Mountain and other mountains. The elevation of the plain is low, generally below 200 meters, and the fluctuation is gentle or small, which is often used to describe the flatness of the plain. The largest plain in the world is the Amazon Plain in South America. The topography of Europe and Africa is relatively simple, mainly plains and plateaus. The terrain in Asia is complex, with high terrain in the middle and low terrain around, with wide plateaus and mountains. The plains are distributed around the mainland. 12. The forces that push the terrain change are called internal forces, such as crustal movement, volcano, earthquake, etc., which are all manifestations of the internal forces of the earth. Volcanoes and earthquakes in the world are mostly distributed in areas with active crustal activity. Mainly concentrated in the Pacific Rim and the Mediterranean-Himalayan Mountains. Forces from outside the earth are called external forces, such as running water, wind, waves and glaciers. Weather Climate Weather is the atmospheric condition of a place in a short time, such as sunny, rainy, hot and cold. It is always changing. Climate is the average weather condition of a place for many years, and generally it has not changed much. The lowest temperature appears around sunrise. /kloc-0 10000.000000886007 In a year, the monthly average maximum temperature in most parts of the world appeared in July in the northern hemisphere and 65438+ 10 in the southern hemisphere. The monthly average minimum temperature in the northern hemisphere and 65438+ 10 in the southern hemisphere appear in July. The difference between the highest monthly average temperature and the lowest monthly average temperature in a place is called the annual temperature difference of the place .5438+05. The temperature of the sea and land at the same latitude is different. In summer, the land temperature is high and the sea temperature is low. In winter, on the contrary, the temperature is also affected by the height of the terrain. In mountainous areas, the temperature will gradually decrease with the elevation. Every time 100 meter rises, the temperature will drop by about 0.6℃. 16, and the global precipitation distribution is general: there is more precipitation near the equator; Less precipitation in polar regions; On both sides of the Tropic of Cancer, there is less precipitation on the west coast of the mainland and more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland; Mid-latitude coastal areas have more precipitation, while inland areas have less precipitation. 17. Seasonal variation of annual precipitation in rainy areas: there is a lot of precipitation near the equator, such as Singapore; There is no rain all year round: in inland areas and polar regions, there is little monthly precipitation.