Summary of geography knowledge points in grade seven

Although you will encounter many unpleasant things in the process of learning, the ancients said it well-once you fall, you will gain wisdom. One more failure, one more lesson; One more setback, one more experience. People who have no failures and setbacks will never succeed. This article is a summary of the knowledge points of the seventh grade geography compiled by me for your reference.

Summary of geography knowledge points in grade seven

1. The shape and size of the earth

The earth is a sphere.

(2) Portuguese navigator Magellan led the fleet to realize the first human voyage around the earth.

③ The earth has a surface area of 5 1 10,000 square kilometers, a circumference of 40,000 kilometers, an equatorial radius of 6,378 kilometers, a polar radius of 6,357 kilometers and an average radius of 637 1 kilometer.

2. Weft and warp yarns

Latitude: a circle perpendicular to the earth's axis and surrounding the earth.

The latitudes are not equal, and the equator is the latitude circle.

② Meridian: a semicircle connecting the north and south poles and intersecting the latitude vertically.

The warp is equal in length.

3. Latitude and longitude

① Latitude change law: increasing from equator (latitude 0) to south and north pole. The latitude is 90 degrees, at the South Pole and the North Pole.

(2) The latitude north of the equator is called north latitude, which is represented by "n"; The latitude south of the equator is called the southern latitude, which is represented by "S".

③ Divide the earth into two hemispheres, with the northern hemisphere in the north and the southern hemisphere in the south, with the equator as the boundary.

④ Variation law of longitude: from the prime meridian (0 meridian) to 180 from west to east.

⑤ The longitude east of the prime meridian is called east longitude, which is represented by "E"; The longitude west of the prime meridian is called the west longitude, which is expressed by "W".

⑥ The dividing line between the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere is the warp circle composed of 20 W and160 E. ..

The west of 20 w to160 e belongs to the western hemisphere (greater than 20 w or160 e).

East of 20 W to160 E belongs to the Eastern Hemisphere (less than 20 W or less than160 E).

4. the movement of the earth

①

Earth motion: rotation/revolution

Around what: the earth's axis/the sun

Direction: from west to east/from west to east

Cycle: about 24 hours/year

Natural phenomenon: day and night alternate/form four seasons.

② The seasons in the northern hemisphere are opposite to those in the southern hemisphere (spring and autumn; Summer-winter)

③ The five zones on the earth's surface are divided into northern frigid zone (66.5° N-90° N), northern temperate zone (23.5° N-66.5° N), tropical zone (23.5° N-23.5° S) and southern temperate zone (23.5° S-66.5° S).

Cold zone: extreme day and night; Tropical area: direct sunlight.

Temperate zone: there is neither direct sunlight nor extreme day and night, and the four seasons change obviously.

④ Low latitude: 0-30; Mid latitude: 30-60; High latitude: 60-90.

⑤ Move the globe from west to east. Seen from the North Pole, the globe rotates counterclockwise; Seen from the Antarctic, the earth rotates clockwise.

5. Map

① Three elements of a map: scale, direction and legend.

② Scale types: line scale and digital scale.

③ Judgment of scale: the smaller the denominator, the greater the score, which is a large scale; The larger the denominator, the smaller the score, which is a small scale.

(4) Large scale, small scope and detailed content (such as the map of Dongtai City)

Small scale, large scope, and slight content (such as the map of Jiangsu Province).

⑤ The vertical distance of altitude at a certain place on the ground is called altitude. Connecting points of equal height into lines is the contour line. Contours can be used to represent the ups and downs of the ground.

Knowledge points in the first volume of geography in senior one: land and sea

1. The distribution of land and sea in the world is very uneven. Land is mainly concentrated in the northern hemisphere, but there is an ocean (Arctic Ocean) around the North Pole. The oceans are mainly concentrated in the northern and southern hemispheres, but there is land around Antarctica.

2.7 1% of the earth's surface is ocean and 29% is land.

3. Peninsula is a protruding part where land extends into the ocean; A strait is a narrow waterway connecting two oceans.

Four continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Oceania.

Four oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean.

5. Causes of land and sea changes: changes in the crust and the rise and fall of sea level are the main reasons for land and sea changes, and human activities can also cause land and sea changes.

6. German scientist Wei Gena put forward the continental drift hypothesis.

7. In 1960s, earth science research showed that continental drift was caused by plate movement.

8. See page 37 of the textbook for the schematic diagram of the six major plates.

9. Generally speaking, the crust inside the plate is relatively stable; The area where plates meet has active crust, which is the concentrated distribution area of volcanoes and earthquakes in the world.

Knowledge points in the first volume of geography in senior one: weather and climate (P42)

1. Weather has two important characteristics: weather reflects the atmospheric conditions in a short time; At the same time, the weather in different places may be very different.

2. See Figure 3.4 on page 45 of the textbook for wind direction and wind force.

3. Temperature and its distribution

① The temperature in a day appears around 2 pm, and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise.

② In a year, the temperature in July is the lowest in the northern hemisphere, and it is 65438+ 10 in the mainland.

In a year, the temperature in July in the southern hemisphere is the lowest on the mainland, 1.

③ From the equator to the poles, the temperature gradually decreases.

(4) According to the observation, the temperature drops by about 0.6℃ every time the altitude rises 100 meters.

⑤ Use isotherm diagram to show the horizontal distribution of air temperature.

4. Precipitation and its distribution

① Rain, snow and hail falling from the atmosphere are collectively referred to as precipitation. Rainfall is the main form of precipitation. ② From the equator to the poles, the general trend is that the annual precipitation decreases gradually.

③ Near the Tropic of Cancer, there is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland and less precipitation on the west coast of the mainland.

④ In temperate regions, there is less precipitation in Chinese mainland and more precipitation in coastal areas.

⑤ The distribution of precipitation is represented by isoprecipitation line graph.

6. The world's "rainy pole"-begging for help; The world's "dry pole"-Atacama Desert.

⑦ Usually, there is more precipitation on windward slopes and less precipitation on leeward slopes in mountainous areas.

4. World climate

(1) Climate is the average weather condition of a place for many years, and generally it doesn't change much.

② See page 58 of the textbook for the world climate distribution map.

③ Near the equator (tropical rain forest climate); Polar regions (frigid climate); The east coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer (subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate); The west coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer (tropical desert climate); Mid-latitude inland areas (temperate continental climate).

④ Climatic characteristics of tropical rain forest: high temperature and rainy all year round; Mediterranean climate features: less rain in high temperature period and more rain in low temperature period.

⑤ The main factors that affect the climate are latitude, land and sea, topography, temperature and precipitation.

6. The content of this part in the geographical map set.

Summary of geography knowledge points in grade seven

1. The circumference of the earth's latitude is the equator, which is about 40000km long. The surface area of the earth is 565,438+0 billion square kilometers. The average radius of the earth is 637 1km.

2. Asia is the largest continent in the world, and Oceania is the smallest. Among the four oceans is the Pacific Ocean, the smallest ocean is the Arctic Ocean, and the latitude ocean is the Arctic Ocean.

3. If the map is large in scale and small in scope, but detailed in content. The three forms of scale are number, line segment and text. Among the four oceans of the earth, the Arctic Ocean has the longest longitude span. Of the seven continents, Antarctica has the longest longitude.

4. On the contour topographic map, where the slope is steep, the contour lines are dense; Where the slope is gentle, the contour lines are sparse. The three elements of a map are direction, scale, legend and annotation. The island of the world is Greenland.

5. land topography has five forms, namely mountains, plains, plateaus, basins and hills. The main causes of land and ocean changes are crustal changes and sea level rise and fall. Among the five zones, the northern cold region and the southern cold region get the least sunlight and heat on the ground.

Gagarin was the first astronaut in the world to go into space by spaceship. China's first astronaut into space by spaceship was Yang Liwei. On the earth's surface, the total land area accounts for 29% of the total surface area.

7. Among the seven continents in the world, the dividing line between North America and South America is the Panama Canal. The dividing line between Asia and Africa is the Suez Canal. The dividing lines between Asia and Europe are the Urals, ural river, Caspian Sea, Caucasus, Black Sea and Turkish Strait.

8. The lake in the world is the Caspian Sea. Antarctica is the continent with the highest average altitude in the world, and it is called the "ice and snow plateau". The desert in the world is the Sahara desert.

9. The theory of continental drift was put forward by German scientist Wei Gena. In 1960s, people put forward the theory of plate tectonics. The earth's surface consists of six plates, namely, Asia-Europe plate, Africa plate, Indian Ocean plate, Pacific plate, America plate and Antarctica plate.

10. The area of the plains in the world is the Amazon Plain. The biggest river in the world is the Amazon River. The longest river in the world is the Nile. The largest tropical rain forest climate zone in the world is the Amazon River basin.

1 1. Seen from the southern hemisphere and the northern hemisphere, the land on the earth is mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere. The two hemispheres of the earth are divided by the equator in the north and south hemispheres and 200W and1600 E in the east and west hemispheres.

12. air quality is related to the amount of pollutants contained in the air, which can be expressed by pollution index. If the value is small (big or small), it is beneficial to human health.

13. On the globe, the semicircle connecting the north and south poles is the meridian (also called meridian), which indicates the north-south direction and is equal in length. The weft is a circle with different radii, indicating the direction of things, with different lengths.

14. The peninsula occupying the world area is Arabian Peninsula. The zero meridian is called the prime meridian, and zero latitude is the equator. Brazil is the largest plateau in the world, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the largest plateau in the world. Congo basin is the largest basin in the world. The continents crossed by the equator are Africa and South America.

15.199101October 12. The total population of the world has reached 6 billion. The natural growth rate of population is the birth rate minus the death rate. Population density = number of residents/unit area. The shallow sea area where the mainland extends to the ocean is called the continental shelf.

16. The aborigines in North America are Indians and Inuit, belonging to the yellow race. Of all the continents, Europe is dominated by plains. On the contour topographic map, the contour lines are raised from high to low, where the terrain is a ridge, where the contour lines are raised from low to high, where the terrain is a valley, and where the contour lines overlap, it is a cliff.

17. The world's densely populated areas are mainly distributed in eastern and southern Asia, Europe and eastern South America and North America, and are mainly distributed in coastal plains at low latitudes around the world.

18. At present, the world population is increasing by nearly 80 million every year. Overpopulation and rapid population have a great impact on the environment, economy and society. Period of revolution is one year, and the rotation period is one day. It revolves around the sun.

19. In order to solve the problems brought by rapid population growth, human beings must control themselves and realize family planning, so that population growth can adapt to social and economic development and be coordinated with resources and environmental conditions.

20. The three major races in the world are yellow, white and black. The three major races in the world are equal, and there is no distinction between good and bad. The hometown of black people is sub-Saharan Africa. Chinese is the most widely used language in the world and English is the most widely used language.

2 1. The three major religions in the world are Islam and Buddhism. Among them, the religion with the largest number of believers is. The working languages of the United Nations are Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic.

22. The sparsely populated areas are mainly distributed in arid desert areas, rain forest areas with excessively humid climate, high latitude areas with severe cold all the year round, or plateaus and mountainous areas with high terrain.

23. The main races in East Asia are yellow, the races in Europe are white and the races in southern Africa are black. The manifestations of internal forces are folds, faults, earthquakes, volcanoes and so on. The manifestations of external forces are sunshine, waves, wind erosion, running water and so on.

24. The main signs of settlement development are the increase in area, the increase in the number of buildings and the improvement of roads. The mountains that run through western South America are the Andes.

25. Abundant water resources, convenient transportation, fertile soil, flat terrain and abundant natural resources are the main factors for the formation and development of settlements. If the scale on the map is small and the scope is large, but the content is rough.

26. Settlements refer to places where people live together, which are divided into rural areas and urban areas. These three types of precipitation are convective rain, topographic precipitation and frontal rain.

According to the distribution of annual average temperature in the world, Africa is the hottest continent and Antarctica is the coldest continent. The continent in cold regions is Asia. The area with higher average temperature in the world last year lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the south.

28. Generally speaking, the temperature in high latitudes is low, and the temperature in reaching latitudes is high; The temperature in mountainous areas decreases with the elevation, and the temperature decreases by 0.6℃ with every increase of 100m ... This is the main reason why the snow on the top of the mountain does not melt all year round.

29. In China, the southeastern United States and other regions, there is a climate: the average temperature in Leng Yue is above 0℃ in winter, and it is hot and rainy in summer (it is often said that rain and heat are in the same period), with four distinct seasons. The types of this climate are subtropical monsoon climate and subtropical monsoon humid climate.

30. The tropical rain forest climate is mainly distributed near the equator, such as Amazon Plain, Congo Basin, Malay Archipelago and other places. The savanna climate is mainly distributed in the north and south sides of the rainforest climate, and the savanna area in Africa is the largest in the world.

3 1. The tropical monsoon climate in the world is mainly distributed in the Indian Peninsula and Indochina Peninsula. Tropical desert areas are mainly distributed in the inland areas where the Tropic of Cancer passes and the west coast of the mainland, with the Sahara region in northern Africa being the most extensive.

32. There are two types of climate on the east and west sides of the continent between 300 and 400 latitudes. The east coast has a subtropical monsoon climate and the west coast has a Mediterranean climate. Direct sunlight is higher than oblique sunlight.

33. Extreme daylight can be seen in the Arctic. If the sun doesn't set on the horizon all day, it will move clockwise in the sky. Compared with winter and summer, the installation of water heaters in residential buildings in summer should be flat (vertical).

34. Wind direction refers to the direction in which the wind blows. Compared with the west coast of the mainland, the east coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer has more precipitation. The physical quantity representing the hot and cold state of the atmosphere is air temperature. Where the isotherm is dense, the temperature difference is large; Where the isotherm is sparse, the temperature difference is small.

35. In a year, the temperature in the northern hemisphere is the lowest in July, and it is 65438+10 on the mainland. The highest in August and the lowest in February in the ocean. The southern hemisphere is the opposite. Annual temperature change is called annual temperature change.

36. In March and September, the sun shines directly on the equator, and the whole world is divided equally between day and night. Known as "the world's rain pole", Kilapanchi is the place where two important indicators of climate are temperature and precipitation.

37. The earth rotates around its axis, and its direction of rotation is from west to east. The direction of revolution is from west to east. Because of rotation, the earth's surface changes day and night, because of revolution, the earth's surface changes in four seasons, and the length of day and night changes.

38. When the direct point of the sun moves from the southern hemisphere to the equator, the solar term of that day is the vernal equinox, and the date is around March 2 1. When the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Cancer, extreme sunlight will appear in the Arctic Circle. Coniferous forests in the sub-frigid zone are mainly distributed in Russia and Canada.

39. The fixed inclination between the earth axis and the orbital plane is 66.5 degrees. This is a year when the direct point of the sun moves regularly between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer, which also makes the midday sun height change regularly everywhere.

40. There is more precipitation on windward slopes and less precipitation on leeward slopes in mountainous areas. In temperate regions, there is more rainfall along the coast than inland. Compared with the poles, the annual precipitation in the equator is more than that in the equator. The Asian monsoon climate is remarkable because Eurasia is the continent of the world and the Pacific Ocean is the ocean of the world.

4 1. Due to the huge sea-land difference between Eurasia and the Pacific Ocean, a temperate monsoon climate is formed in the eastern temperate zone of Eurasia. The common language of most countries in Latin America is Spanish; Portuguese is used in Brazil.

42. Write several common weather symbols: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

43. Subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest was formed in Mediterranean climate, characterized by hot and dry summer and mild and rainy winter. Summer in the northern hemisphere is June, July and August, and autumn in the southern hemisphere is March, April and May. Their seasons are opposite.

44. According to the global temperature distribution, the land temperature is higher in summer compared with the land and sea in latitude. In the daily variation of temperature, the lowest temperature appears around sunrise and the temperature appears at two o'clock in the afternoon.

45. People often describe the weather with sunny days, rainy days, high and low temperatures, cloudy days and windy days. The outstanding characteristics of weather phenomena are short time and rapid change. The climate is relatively stable (long time, little change). The religion with the largest number of followers and the widest spread in the world is. Magellan's fleet sailed around the world, passing through the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean in turn.

46. Weather forecast is the published weather condition, which mainly includes temperature, cloudy or sunny days, possibility of precipitation, precipitation intensity, wind power and air visibility.

Summary of geography knowledge points in grade seven

Chapter II Land and Sea

Section 1 Mainland and Ocean

1, 7 1% of the earth's surface is ocean, while land accounts for only 29%. Seven parts of the ocean and three parts of the land.

2. The land is mainly concentrated in the northern hemisphere, and the oceans are mostly distributed in the southern hemisphere.

3. Any two hemispheres of the earth with the same size have an ocean area larger than the land area.

4. The continent with area is Asia; The smallest continent is Oceania.

5. The area of the ocean is the Pacific Ocean; The smallest ocean is the Arctic Ocean.

6. Greenland in North America is an island.

7. The equator spans the continents of Africa and South America.

8. The Panama Canal separates South America from North America; The Suez Canal separates Asia from Africa; The Bering Strait separates Asia from North America; The Danish Strait separates Europe from North America; The dividing line between Asia and Europe is the Ural Mountains, ural river, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, Black Sea and Turkish Strait.

Section II Route Change

1. The main reasons for the route change are: the change of the crust, the rise and fall of sea level and human activities (such as land reclamation).

2. The theory of continental drift was put forward by German scientist Wei Gena.

The earth's surface consists of six plates, which are constantly moving.

4. The basic movement modes between plates: stretching, breaking, stretching and collision and extrusion.

5. The crust at the plate boundary is active, with many volcanoes and earthquakes.

6. Two main volcanic seismic zones: Pacific Rim and Alps-Mediterranean-Himalaya.

7. The Red Sea between Asia and Africa is expanding. It is predicted that the Red Sea will become a new ocean in tens of millions of years.

8. The Mediterranean between Europe and Africa is shrinking. It is predicted that the Mediterranean will disappear in tens of millions of years.

9. The Himalayas were formed by the collision and extrusion of the Eurasian plate and the Indian Ocean plate.

Chapter III Weather and Climate

The first section changeable weather

1. Weather features: short time and frequent changes.

2. People often describe the weather with sunny rain, wind and rain, hot and cold.

3. When the sky is full of clouds, it is "cloudy"; When there are no clouds or few clouds in the sky, it is "sunny".

4. The wind direction is the direction of the wind; Wind power is the strength of the wind, and the score is 13. The greater the series, the stronger the wind.

5. Precipitation probability means the probability of precipitation.

6. On the satellite image: green indicates land; Blue represents the ocean; White indicates the cloud area. The whiter the cloud color, the thicker the cloud layer, and the place where the cloud layer is thick is generally a rainy area.

7. The air is fresh and the pollution index is low; The polluted air pollution index is very high.

Temperature and temperature distribution in the second solar term

1. Temperature annual range: the difference between the monthly average temperature and the lowest monthly average temperature in a year.

2, can draw a temperature curve.

3. On the same isotherm, the temperatures at all points are equal.

4. Temperature distribution: (1) Different latitudes: high temperature in low latitudes and low temperature in high latitudes;

(2) Same latitude area: the land temperature is high and the ocean temperature is low in summer; In winter, the land temperature is low and the ocean temperature is high;

(3) Mountainous area: The temperature decreases with the elevation. Every time the altitude rises 100 meters, the temperature drops by about 0.60C C.

5. Global annual average temperature distribution: From the equator to the poles, the temperature gradually decreases.

6. Factors affecting temperature distribution: latitude position, land and sea position and topography, etc.

The third quarter precipitation and precipitation distribution

1. Rain, snow and hail falling in the atmosphere are collectively called precipitation.

2. The main form of precipitation is rainfall. The basic instrument for measuring rainfall is the rain gauge.

3, can draw the precipitation histogram.

4. Precipitation distribution: a. There is more precipitation near the equator and less precipitation in the polar regions;

B In temperate regions, there is more precipitation along the mainland coast and less precipitation in the inland.

5. Factors affecting precipitation distribution: latitude position, land and sea position and topography.

Section 4 World Climate

1, climate is the average weather condition of a place for many years; Its characteristics: long time and small change.

2. Characteristics of several climate types: a. Tropical grassland climate: lush vegetation in rainy season and yellow plateau in dry season;

B, tropical rain forest climate: high temperature and rainy all year round; C temperate monsoon climate: hot and rainy in summer, cold and dry in winter;

D, tropical desert climate: high temperature and little rain all year round; E Mediterranean climate: high temperature and little rain in summer, mild and rainy in winter.

3. The main factors affecting climate: latitude position, land and sea position and topography, etc.

4. Tropical rice can be harvested three times a year; You can harvest twice a year; Temperate zones can only be harvested once a year.

Chapter IV Residents and Settlements

1, natural growth rate = birth rate-mortality rate. The natural growth rate is greater than 0, indicating that the population has increased; Less than 0, indicating a decrease in population; Equal to 0 means that the population has neither increased nor decreased.

2. Population density: refers to the average number of people living per square kilometer. Population density = total population/total area.

3. densely populated areas: southeast Asia, western Europe and southeastern North America, as well as other low-latitude coastal plain areas.

4. sparsely populated areas: extremely arid desert areas, rain forest areas with too humid climate, high latitude areas with severe cold all the year round, high plateaus and mountains.

5. Population growth should be compatible with social and economic development and coordinated with environment and resources.

6. Problems caused by too little population: aging population, labor shortage and insufficient national defense forces.

7. White people: mainly distributed in Europe; Yellow race: mainly distributed in Asia; Black: Mainly distributed in Africa.

Chinese is the most spoken language in the world; English is the most widely used language in the world.

9. Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic are the main languages in the world and the working languages of the United Nations.

10. Religion is the religion with the largest number of followers in the world, which was formed in West Asia, and its representative building is the church.

1 1. Islam originated in Arabian Peninsula and is also called Islam or Puritanism in China. Its followers are called Muslims, and the representative building is a mosque.

12, Buddhism was founded in India, and now it is mainly distributed in the east and southeast of Asia, and its representative building is the Buddhist temple.

13, villages and cities are collectively called settlements. First, rural settlements, and then urban settlements.

14, southeast Asia elevated house; Houses in western Asia have thick walls and small windows; Inuit igloos in the Arctic; Cave dwellings in the Loess Plateau; Dai bamboo building in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan.

Chapter V Development and Cooperation

1. In terms of land area, it is17.07 million KM2 in Russia, 9.97 million KM2 in Canada, 9.6 million KM2 in China, 9.37 million KM2 in the United States, 8.54 million KM2 in Brazil and 7.69 million KM2 in Australia.

2. According to different levels of economic development, countries in the world are divided into developed countries and developing countries.

3. Developed countries are mainly distributed in Europe, North America and Oceania.

Developing countries are mainly distributed in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

5. North-South dialogue: political and economic negotiations between developing and developed countries.

6. South-South cooperation: mutual assistance and cooperation among developing countries.

The United Nations is an international organization in the world, and its basic purpose is to "promote national development and safeguard world peace".

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