The origin of slight cold in the twenty-four solar terms

Slight cold is the 23rd solar term in 24 solar terms, and winter is the 5th solar term. The end of the second month of the official calendar and the beginning of the ugly month are between 65438+1October 5 -7 every year. This time, I sorted out the origin of slight cold in the 24 solar terms for your reference.

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The origin and meaning of slight cold solar terms

The origin of slight cold solar terms

What is the origin of slight cold?

The origin and meaning of slight cold solar terms

The slight cold is the 23rd solar term, and the sun is located at 285 degrees of the Yellow Meridian between October 65438 and May-July in the Gregorian calendar. For China, a slight cold marks the beginning of the coldest day of the year. According to China's meteorological data, slight cold is the lowest temperature solar term, and the temperature of great cold is lower than slight cold in only a few years.

In ancient China, slight cold was divided into three stages: "The first stage is to wait for Yanbei Township, the second stage is to wait for magpies to nest, and the third stage is to wait for pheasants to swim". The ancients believed that the geese among migratory birds migrated along the yin and yang, and at this time, the yang had moved, so the geese began to move northward; At this time, magpies can be seen everywhere in the north, feeling the yang and starting to build nests; The third time, the word "pheasant" means singing. When the pheasant approaches April 9, it will feel the growth of Yang and sing.

At this time, the average temperature in Beijing is generally around -5℃, and the extreme minimum temperature is below-15℃. In Northeast China, the average temperature at this time is around -30℃, the extreme minimum temperature can be as low as -5℃, and the average maximum temperature in the afternoon is only -20℃. It's a world of ice sculptures and jade carvings. The average temperature in Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, the area north of 45 N in Xinjiang, the northern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is around -20℃, and the average temperature in the area near 40 N west of Hetao is around-10℃, which is a scene of severe winter. The average temperature along the Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains is about 0℃, and there is no seasonal frozen soil in the south of this line, and there is no obvious wintering period for winter crops. At this time, the average temperature in the south of the Yangtze River is generally around 5℃. Although the field is still full of vitality, cold air sometimes goes south, causing certain harm.

Meaning:

"Twenty-four solar terms" said: "December solar terms, the initial cold is still small, so the clouds. It will be big in half a month. " In other words, in the Yellow River basin, the great cold is colder than the slight cold.

Because the slight cold is still in the last few days of February 9, it will take a few days for the slight cold to enter March 9, and the slight cold in winter corresponds to the slight heat in summer, so it is called slight cold.

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The origin of slight cold solar terms

The slight cold is the lowest temperature in a year.

According to the climate observation data, the temperature during the solar term from "slight cold" to "severe cold" in most parts of China is the lowest in the whole year. Ancient folk proverbs such as "Walking on the ice on March 9th and April 9th", "Slight cold and severe cold are frozen together" and "Walking in the street, losing money" all describe the cold in this season. Because of the low temperature, wheat, fruit trees, melons and vegetables, livestock and poultry are vulnerable to freezing injury.

Why is it called slight cold instead of great cold? This is because solar terms originated in the Yellow River basin. "Twenty-four solar terms" says that "the cold is still small at the beginning of the month ... it is big at half a month", that is to say, in the Yellow River basin, the cold at that time was colder than the slight cold. And because the slight cold is still in the last few days of February 9, it will take a few days for the slight cold to enter March 9, and the slight cold in winter corresponds to the slight heat in summer, so it is called slight cold. The Great Cold, located after the slight cold solar term, slept like a camper in Kuya, and the "April 9" was also very cold, while the great cold in winter coincided with the great heat in summer, so it was called the Great Cold.

The winter solstice is the most severe time when the sun shines obliquely in the northern hemisphere, so why is the coldest solar term not the winter solstice but the slight cold to the great cold? We know that the temperature of a place is related to the direct and oblique sunlight. The main reason is that the ground receives more light and heat when the sun is direct, and less light and heat when it is oblique. Secondly, when obliquely incident, the distance of light passing through the air layer is much longer than that of direct incident, and more light and heat are consumed along the way, and less light and heat are received by the ground. In winter, for the northern hemisphere, the sunshine is oblique, so it is cold everywhere.

The most serious day when the sun is slanting is the winter solstice, so the winter solstice should be the coldest? In fact, the lowest temperature occurs during the slight cold and severe cold about one month after the winter solstice. This is because, after the winter solstice, although the direct sunlight point moves northward, it will still be located in the southern hemisphere for a period of time. In most parts of China, the heat income during the day cannot withstand the loss of heat released at night, so the temperature will continue to decrease until the income and heat released tend to be equal. This is similar to the reason why the highest temperature in a day does not appear at noon but around 2 pm. As for slight cold and severe cold, which is colder? There is no clear answer to this question. Statistics of historical data show that the situation is different in different places and different years. Generally speaking, the average minimum temperature of severe cold solar terms in the north is lower than that of slight cold solar terms. The south is the opposite.

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What is the origin of slight cold?

The slight cold solar terms were formed in the Han Dynasty.

As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the sundial was measured by earth gauge in ancient China (that is, a pole was erected on the plane to measure the length of the midday sun shadow) to determine the four solar terms: vernal equinox, summer solstice, autumnal equinox and winter solstice. In a year, the shortest day of the shadow of returning to the earth at noon is the summer solstice, the longest day is the winter solstice, and the shadow with moderate length is the vernal equinox or autumnal equinox. The Book of History in the Spring and Autumn Period recorded the solar terms. There were only four solar terms in Shang dynasty, while there were eight solar terms in Zhou dynasty. The names of the twenty-four solar terms first appeared in Liu An's "Instructions of Huainan Tian Zi" in the Western Han Dynasty, and the concepts of Yin and Yang, four seasons, eight places, twelve degrees and twenty-four solar terms were also mentioned in the preface to Historical Records Taishi Gong. In ancient China, the lunar calendar was used to record time, and the solar calendar was used to divide the 24 solar terms of spring, summer, autumn and winter. Our ancestors called five days 1, and three days were called solar terms. The whole year was divided into 72 days out of 24 solar terms.

People in the Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period used earth gauges to measure the shadow of the sun, that is, immediately, at noon, a vertical pole was used to measure the length of its shadow. Therefore, the shortest shadow days in a year are designated as the return solstice, the longest as the winter solstice, and the middle two days (winter solstice to mutual solstice, summer solstice to winter solstice) are designated as the vernal equinox and autumn equinox respectively.

By the end of the Warring States Period, in 239 BC, four solar terms (beginning of spring, Changchun, beginning of autumn and beginning of winter) had been added. In the Han dynasty, which lasted for thousands of years, it reflected not only seasons, but also climate phenomena and climate changes. Finally, the 24 solar terms that can provide a production schedule for agriculture are all completed, and the order is exactly the same as now. Qiao Day is determined as a festival, and the solar terms are determined by the Big Dipper. The word "Qi" in solar terms means meteorology and climate, so it was named because the ancients mainly observed the unique meteorological or phenological phenomena and agricultural activities in various stages in Central China and North China.

The time when the sun runs along the longitude of the Yellow River from zero 15 degrees is called "a solar term". It runs 360 degrees every year, and * * * experiences 24 solar terms, twice a month. Among them, the first solar term of each month is "solar term", that is, beginning of spring, Jingzhe, Qingming, Changxia, Mangzhong, Xiaoshu, beginning of autumn, Bailu, Hanlu, beginning of winter, Heavy Snow, Xiaohan, etc. 12 solar terms; The second solar term of each month is "Zhongqi", that is, there are 12 solar terms such as rain, vernal equinox, Grain Rain, Xiaoman, summer solstice, great heat, intense heat, autumnal equinox, first frost, light snow, winter solstice and great cold. "Solar term" and "neutral qi" appear alternately, each lasting 15 days. So far, people have collectively referred to "solar terms" and "neutral gas" as "solar terms".

In BC 104, the taichu calendar written by Deng Ping officially set 24 solar terms in the calendar, and defined the astronomical position of the 24 solar terms.

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