The Meaning of "Bei" in Classical Chinese

1. What is the meaning and pronunciation of the notional word "Bei" in classical Chinese?

Bey

1 quilt.

② Covering. "Promotion of Weaving": "When I get home, I will hear my wife's words, such as ~ ice and snow."

Add to, add to, give to. Qu Yuan lamented: "The envy of many people is in the name of unkindness."

4 suffering; Suffering from "Jing Ke Stabbed the King of Qin": "The King of Qin hit Ke again, ~ eight times." On storage: "Yutang ~ gone."

⑤ table passive. Biographies of Qu Yuan: "Believe and see doubt, be loyal and slander."

pī

(1) to "wear", wear on the body or wear on the body. "Chen She Family": "The general is strong and sharp, and there is no way to cut it."

② Dispersion; Spread out. "Biography of Qu Yuan": "Qu Yuan went to the J River and became rich in silver." Distinguish, in the pre-Qin period, the "quilt" used for bedding was not represented by "quilt". The small one is called "bedding" and the big one is called "quilt".

In modern Chinese, the use of "Bei" as a preposition is very common, such as being cheated and beaten. The ancients in China often used "power", such as bullying the weak and being afraid of the hard, and being shameless. This usage occasionally appears in ancient Chinese, such as: "Wind and rain always blow away".

2. The notional words in classical Chinese write the full meaning of the words in 3 to 5 sentences, and indicate the source notional words: Bei.

Pronunciation 1: Bei

(1) noun, quilt

Example: Quite a few outsiders have been ridiculed by Gongsun Bu. ("frugal training to show health")

There are many people laughing at you outside, just like Gong who covers the quilt.

(2) Verbs

① Covering

Example: The heavy snow crossed the mountains and hit several states in South Vietnam. (Answer to Wei Zhongli's book On Teacher's Way)

Heavy snow drifted across Lingnan, covering many states in South Vietnam.

② Suffer

For example, the world is hungry, the trip to the sky is gone, and Yutang is ruined. (About Cumulative and Sparse Storage)

There are fleeting years and good years in the world, which is a natural law, and sages like Yu and Tang have also suffered.

(3) Preposition, which means passive.

For example, believe and see doubt, be loyal and slander, can you have no complaints? ("Historical Records? Biography of Qu Yuan)

Honesty is doubted and loyalty is vilified. Can there be no resentment?

Pronunciation 2: pι, with "pi".

(1) to wear or wear on the body.

For example, the general is determined, determined, ruthless, and violently attacks Qin. ("Historical Records? Chen She family ")

General, you personally wear strong armor and carry sharp weapons to attack the cruel Qin Dynasty.

② Free suspension

As for the riverside, Qu Yuan was released to sing on the river bank. ("Historical Records? Biography of Qu Yuan)

Qu yuan came to the river, his hair hanging freely, and he was singing poetry as he walked.

3. Content words in classical Chinese and their meanings: 1, love (1) nouns.

Grace. The ancient legacy of love is also left-handed.

(Wu Guang Su Ai. Chen She family) These four monarchs are wise and loyal, generous and loving.

"On Qin") 2 Love and care. Parents love their children deeply.

Touch the dragon to tell the queen) (Love your son, choose a teacher and teach him. "Teacher said") 3 idle, reluctant.

Although Qi is young, he doesn't like cows. I don't like places where treasures are valued and precious.

"On Qin") 4 Unfortunately. (Love twenty cents.

Zuo zhuan) at this point in state affairs, you can't help loving your body. "Postscript to the South Guide") (5) What, hide, hide.

Love without seeing, scratching your head. "Fine woman") (3) adjectives.

Mean. All people love the king.

"History") 2. An adjective (1). 1 comfortable, comfortable.

A gentleman doesn't want to eat enough, but he wants peace of mind. The Analects of Confucius) After two years as an official, I feel at ease.

"Pipa") 2 stable. (The storm is as calm as a mountain.

The hut was broken by the autumn wind) ③ Safe. (Xie Zhuang Suian.

Feng Wanzhen) (4) Stable. Don't be poor and suffer from inequality, and don't be poor and suffer from anxiety.

[Ji Jianggong] (2) Verb. 1 healthy.

Food and clothing are safe, and those who dare to specialize will be divided. Cao Gui Debate) ② Resettlement, resettlement.

Wang Ping camped ten miles from the mountain. (Lost Street Pavilion) (3) Stabilize ...

Let nature take its course ("Ji will cut") 3 pronouns.

Where and how. Pei Hongan is here.

Swallows know the ambition of swans! (Chen She aristocratic family) 3. Bei (1) noun. Quilt.

During the day and night, I fell to the ground. (Yang Xiuzhi's death) 2 verbs.

① Covering. The heavy snow crossed the mountains and hit several states in South Vietnam.

(Answer to Wei Zhongli's Book "Teacher's Way") After a while, I got home and heard my wife's words, like being hit by snow. ("Promoting Weaving") 2 Bitter, encounter.

The king of Qin hit the cave again and was beaten eight times. ("Jing Ke Stabbed the King of Qin") There is hunger in the world, and it is also a trip to heaven.

(On Accumulation and Storage) 3 Application, application and. Go to chaos and be treated by chaos.

("Xun Yan Zi Bu") 3 prepositions. It means passive.

Believe and see doubt, be loyal and slander. (Biography of Qu Yuan) (4)pι, tong' pi', verb.

(1) to wear or wear on the body. The general is strong and sharp.

("Chen She Family") Loose and covered. As for Qu Yuan by the river, he was released to sing on the banks of Zehe River.

(Biography of Qu Yuan) 4. Double (1) verb ① Double. Although the rewards and punishments are doubled, chaos is inevitable.

("Five Cheaps") One person pays 20 gold, and the bones are slightly injured ... One person is twice as bad and hurts the skin. ("Prison Miscellaneous Notes") ② Increase.

How to use a dead neighbor to double Zheng? ("Candle Fires Back Qin Shi") ③ Turn your back and turn your back.

Guan Zhong turned his back, went in, stood on the screen, and the public did not speak. (Guanzi Middle Mine) Tour the Northern Mountain Mausoleum.

("Biography of Huaiyin Hou") 4 Pass' back' and violate it. Do it twice, and the world can't make it auspicious.

(On Xun Tian Zi) 5 Betrayal. I hope I dare not double my virtue.

("Hongmen Banquet") (2) Quantifiers. Add the original number once.

However, 30 years ago, the number of registered permanent residence increased fivefold. (I have ten times as much land as I do today, so please be more lenient with you. ..

("Tang drama does not live up to its mission") (3) adverbs. More and more.

I am a lonely stranger in a strange land, and I miss my family more often during the holidays. ("Holidays in the Mountains Think of Brothers in Shandong") 5. This (1) noun.

(1) roots of plants. Lotus is slightly different from flowers and plants, but it has roots and no trees.

(Lotus) 2 The stem of vegetation. Shake it to see its density.

(biography of planting trees and camels) 3 fundamental. Parents are the foundation of people.

(Biography of Qu Yuan) The way to moisten ink is based on universal love. (The Legend of the Wolf in Zhongshan) 4 This industry refers to farming and mulberry.

Strengthen cost saving. Today's people eat a lot, which is a major disability in the world.

(On Accumulation and Storage) 5 Manuscripts. We can't waste what we have today.

(Preface to the Southern Tour Guide (⑥ Edition). All the ancient books and records were printed on the blackboard.

(Trap) 7 Play with this book. Have a unique chapter.

("prison miscellaneous notes") (2) quantifiers. A plant called a plant.

There are 3000 new pine trees. A book is called a book.

If you print hundreds of thousands of copies, it will be very fast. (trap) (3) verbs.

Investigate the origin, check. Suppress the traces of its success or failure, but all come from others.

(Biography of Lingguan) (4) Adjectives. original text

Liu Wei's real surname exists. (Hanshu) ⑤ Adverb.

Originally, originally. Ben is in the south of Jizhou.

(Gong Yu Yishan) Liu Jingting is a native of Taizhou, whose real name is Cao. ("Liu Jingting Biography") (6) Compound words.

Original heart: refers to the natural state and nature of the heart (that is, the so-called inherent sense of shame and shame). This is called losing one's heart.

I want what I want. On the basis of.

This book strives for high quality. (Answer to Wei Zhongli's Theory of Teacher's Way) 6. Disdain (1) noun.

Border areas. There are two monks in Shu.

("for learning") (2) verbs. (1) Take ... as the boundary (border town).

Yue is far away, and you know its difficulty. ("Candle Candle") 2 verbs.

Look down upon Confucius despised his trifles.

("frugal training to show health") passed me but not empty, despised me. (Zuo Zhuan) 3 adjectives.

Humble, knowledgeable and vulgar. Carnivores are despicable.

(Debate on Cao Gui) People and things are contemptible, which is not enough to welcome future generations. ("Peacock flies southeast") (4) Compound words.

(1) me. Self-proclaimed modesty.

Tang Xie said,' I don't know the taboo.' (Biography of Historical Records and Feng Tang) Ⅱ. Vulgar and uncivilized person.

As a northern Man Zi, I have never seen the son of heaven, so I am shocked. ("Jing Ke Stabbed the King of Qin") Ⅲ. Country people.

I have witnessed with my own eyes that the general is as innocent as me, and he can't say anything. ("Historical Records Biography of General Li") ② Mean: rude and humble.

The scumbag didn't know that the general was so lenient. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) 7. Ice (1) noun.

(1) weapons. Take the soldiers of the world and gather in Xianyang.

("On Qin") 2 soldiers, troops. Khan, go and be a soldier.

("Mulan Poetry") Zhao Yisheng set up troops to wait for Qin, but Qin did not dare to move. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) ③ Strategy and tactics.

Regardless of the soldiers, the public will be trapped. ("Warring States Policy") 4 War.

Multiply the soldiers and droughts, and the world will be defeated. (On Accumulation and Storage) (2) Verbs.

(1) aggressiveness. No age and no soldiers.

(《。

4. What do notional words mean in ancient Chinese? Content words have real meaning and can be used as sentence components alone, and generally can be answered independently. Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, quantifiers and pronouns. There are a large number of notional words in classical Chinese, and mastering more notional words is the key to improve the reading ability of classical Chinese. When learning content words in classical Chinese, we should pay special attention to its three main grammatical features: 1. The second is the ancient and modern changes in the meaning of words, and the third is the flexible use of parts of speech. Function words have no practical meaning, so they can't be used as sentence components and can't answer questions alone. (A few adverbs, such as "bu", "may" and "bu", can answer questions independently), and they can only make sentences with notional words to express various grammatical relations. Function words include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words and interjections. However, its grammatical function is great. Many sentence patterns in classical Chinese are marked by function words, such as the judgment sentence "zhe ye" and the passive sentence "wei". Suo Other function words are frequently used in classical Chinese, and their explanations are quite flexible. The main function words commonly used are: knowledge, strangeness, Yu, Yi, Er, Ze, Nai and Ruo.

5. The meaning of "yes" in classical Chinese

1. Accompany or serve elders and teachers.

For example: Zuo Zhuan? Fourteen years of "xianggong": serving the marquis of Jin. 」

2. support; Support.

For example: "Lu Chunqiu? Different uses ":"The benevolent will reward them to support their illness and care for their old age. 」

3. Give advice, especially.

Example: "Historical Records? Zhao: "Cattle and livestock serve Meng Hou with righteousness, and he is about king, so Meng Hou is abrupt. "Tomorrow XunXin as a servant, to select practical talents, the officer. Tomorrow, Xu Yue will try to save money and review its merits and demerits. 」

4. Serve the concubine; Maid.

Example: New Tang Book? "Biography of Li Jue": "Losing a wife early, leaving no concubine ... Huainan people are virtuous. 」

5. generally refers to serving followers. Such as: close service.

6. organize and be responsible.

Example: "Mozi?" Command; "Cao Wu was the only one standing at the door ... leaving the department without authorization and killing him. 」

7. Pass "wait".

Example: "Etiquette? A scholar's faint ceremony: "Wait outside, and you will smell it. " 」

8. Last name.

6. What are the meanings of notional words and function words in classical Chinese?

Refers to words that have practical meaning in sentences.

Nouns and verbs are typical notional words

Content words are easy to understand.

And function words are very complicated.

Words expressing mood, pause, cancellation of subject-predicate independence, auxiliary words, conjunctions, related words and phrases in sentences are all function words.

It can be seen that a sentence is complete without them.

Function words in classical Chinese are mostly used to make the sentence structure complete or sound smoother.

High school textbooks summarize the usage types of function words.

But examples need to be accumulated by themselves.

If you accumulate more classical Chinese, you can basically understand it.

7. The New Curriculum Standard People's Education Edition requires the part-of-speech and significance of the proportion of real words in classical Chinese. 2. The knowledge of classical Chinese is summarized in "Chibi Fu". 1. The notional word in classical Chinese is 1. The interchangeable words (1) are as vast as the wind of Feng Xu (by relying on and multiplying); (2) the mountains and rivers are mixed (through "dazzling" and surrounding areas); (3) wine is a guest (by "instructing" and persuading people to drink. Persuade people to drink) 2. Different meanings from ancient times to modern times (1) wander between bullfights. An ancient meaning: the bright moon stays today: people walk back and forth in one place. B Ancient meaning: Dou Su and Niu Su are the names of the stars: a way of competition; (2) Ancient meaning of white deer and constant river; Ancient meaning of white water vapor: one of the twenty-four solar terms; (3) Linggu meaning: totally unknowable appearance; (4) Looking at beauty, the ancient meaning of the sky: people who admire in their hearts are often regarded by the ancients as symbols of sages or beautiful ideals. Today's meaning: a beautiful person. Ambiguous word (1) east and downstream (verb, marching eastward) looking eastward at Wuchang (noun as adverbial, heading eastward) (2) looking eastward at July (noun, 15th day of the first lunar month) looking eastward at beauty and sky (verb, looking outward, looking far) (catching) perilla and tourists boating under the red cliff (noun, below) (4) like reeds.

There are few stars in the moon. Black magpie flies south/looks west at Xiakou, and looks east at Wuchang (west, east). (2) Nouns are used as verbs. My son and I were fishing in Zhu Jiang (fishing and chopping wood)/going to Jiangling (catching)/going eastward downstream (eastward) (3) Intentional usage of nouns.

Make friends with fish, shrimp and elk (make … dance in the valley)/cry for lonely women (make … cry) (5) Adjectives are used as verbs.

Sitting in danger (finishing)/a millet in the vast sea (as small as ...)/I don't know that the East is white (showing white). Second, the function word in classical Chinese is 1. And the conjunction (1) indicates a turning point. Vast as Feng Xu keeps watch, I don't know where it ends/the deceased is like a husband/the people who haven't gone are empty (2) conjunctions, indicating modification.

(3) Conjunction, based on the harmony of the song/never changing, indicates acceptance. Sit down and ask the guest (4) conjunctions.

Friends of fish, shrimp and elk II. Auxiliary word (1), yes. The moon rises from Dongshan/mourns my life (2) auxiliary words, the symbol of preposition object.

The independence of auxiliary words and sentences is abolished between subject and predicate. If it weren't for my stupid hair, it would be sealed and the lonely phoenix would be preserved. * * * The place where my son and I live is suitable (4) pronoun, it, them.

Gai will observe its changes/smell what it has learned, and speak out/take what it has learned, but never exhaust (5) buckle the boat and sing (syllable auxiliary words) (6) make it according to the song (pronoun, not "Song") (7) like a reed (verb, go, go) 3. Yu (1) and his guests rowed under the Red Cliff/strolled between bullfights/fished on the beach/left a legacy on the hate platform/so they like drinking (2) preposition, from.

The moon rises above the East Mountain (3) preposition, quilt. It's not that Mende is trapped in Zhou Lang. 4. The question is (1) modal particle.

And why do you envy (2) modal particles, which are rhetorical questions? This is not a virtue peculiar to Zhou Lang. /This is not a poem by Cao Mengde. (3) Modal words are in doubt.

Guests also know the preposition of husband's water and moon (4). The suffix of the adjective (5) with the pillow on the boat.

It is as vast as Feng Xu and as independent as the world. (6) mood and modal particle used in sentence to indicate pause or relief. Its (1) doesn't know where it ends (pronoun, meaning "a reed") (2) Its voice is full of wailing (demonstrative pronoun, that) (3) What is it (pronoun, meaning flute) (4) It can break Jingzhou (pronoun, he, that). (2) What is it (so, pronoun) (3) Its voice is full of mourning (modal particles, equivalent to "words", indicate the tone of the statement, which is untranslatable) (3) Classical Chinese sentences (1) judgmental sentences (1) are also/are endless concealment of the creator. Swimming under the red cliff/fish on the river/flying on earth. /Are you safe now? /And what do you envy! 3. Ling is at a loss/the guest has a flute. (3) The passive sentence is Meng De sleepy (using "Yu" to indicate passiveness). (4) What is the interrogative sentence (1) ("He" and "Ye" indicate interrogative tone). (2) Now he is at ease (modal particles). (4) This is not a poem.

8. Common notional words in classical Chinese and their explanations: The essence of understanding the meaning of common notional words in the text is to judge the meaning of common notional words in combination with context.

"Commonly used notional words", its scope is not very wide, and the key points are: (1) outline regulation 120 notional words; (2) Content words that frequently appear in Chinese textbooks and Chinese readers in classical Chinese can be found in the Dictionary of Ancient Chinese Common Words published by the Commercial Press, especially those emphasized in the after-class exercises of Chinese textbooks. "Text" refers to context, which is the premise of correctly understanding meaning. Judging from the examination questions in recent years, although some notional words do not appear in textbooks, they can all be understood through overall contextual inference.

Focus of examination: The contents of examination include polysemy, ancient and modern different meanings, compound words with partial meanings and interchangeable words, among which the focus is polysemy and disyllabic compound words. From the part of speech, it mainly focuses on nouns, verbs, adjectives and pronouns.

When analyzing nouns, we should first avoid making meanings by looking at words, and then pay attention to determining the scope of named things; The analysis of adjectives mainly focuses on the relationship between adjectives and modified objects or actions. In classical Chinese reading test questions, the number of directly examining the meaning or usage of nouns and adjectives is very small, but nouns and adjectives often appear as verbs.

The analysis and inference of the meaning of "polysemous verbs" has always been the most important thing in the examination of common notional words in classical Chinese. There are "explicit" and "implicit" points in the examination of common substantive words in classical Chinese reading.

"Obvious" refers to the kind that directly adds points to the words being examined; "Implicit" means that in the translation analysis of a sentence, as long as we understand the clear meanings of some substantive words in the original sentence, we can translate or distinguish the right and wrong of the translated sentence. When reviewing the main categories and characteristics of notional words in classical Chinese, we should focus on mastering common words, ancient and modern different meanings, polysemy, compound words with partial meanings, flexible use of parts of speech and so on.

(See: (1) China College Entrance Examination Guide P119; (2) Basic Course of Chinese for College Entrance Examination (P 123); (3) The "master's tricks" and "preparing for the information Expo" sections. Ask students to further summarize and sort out on the basis of reviewing textbooks. )

1, interchangeable words; 2. Different meanings in ancient and modern times; 3. Homomorphism; 4. Polysemy; 5. Partial compound words; 6. Flexible use of parts of speech. Suggestions on learning methods 1, pay attention to accumulating a, pay full attention to textbooks, and lay a solid foundation; B, pay attention to the accumulation in classical Chinese reading practice; C, accumulated from the college entrance examination questions in the past ten years, it is best to complete them independently; D, strengthen the text reading of classical Chinese, and sort out and summarize the frequently tested and error-prone content words.

2, highlight the key points, clear purpose a, master the common meaning of common content words; B, pure historical and cultural significance or the true meaning of proper nouns can be ignored; C, don't delve into the meaning of words involving deeper professional knowledge; D, the difference between true meaning and flexible use; E, pay attention to the meaning of the notional word "in the context". Method guide 1. Context analysis (inferring the meaning according to the context meaning) The content words in classical Chinese are mostly polysemous, and the meaning is uncertain. It's impossible to memorize word by word, but we can judge the meaning of real words in context, which is relatively stable and can help us determine the meaning.

For example: (1996 national college entrance examination question) "The world is similar, don't use it as a curse", and the title means: curse-eliminate the curse. We can judge from the above that it is wrong.

The original text was aimed at Guo Yong's resistance, and he was advised not to make trouble. Although the meaning of "home" can be extended from "doing business" to "eliminating" and "removing", in the specific language environment, we can infer that its other meanings are "attracting" and "provoking".

Second, structural analysis (inferring the meaning according to the meaning of the corresponding words in the whole sentence) There are many linguistic phenomena in classical Chinese, such as parallelism, antithesis and juxtaposition. In antithetical sentences with two, two or three times, words with symmetrical positions are generally the same part of speech, with similar or opposite meanings. By analyzing the meaning and part of speech of known words, we can infer the part of speech and meaning of unknown words. For example, "the country dies and the family dies hand in hand, but the sage never sees the country."

(Biography of Qu Yuan). The upper and lower sentences are connected by "er", indicating the coordinate relationship. According to the sentence "national subjugation and genocide", it can be inferred that "sage ruling the country" should also be a parallel relationship, which translates as "Saint Wang Zhiguo leveling the world".

If translated into "ruling the country by a wise monarch", it is a subject-predicate relationship, which obviously does not correspond to the structure of the previous sentence. Another example is: "So, I am extremely tired and never stop calling for heaven;" This is so painful that I don't have to call my parents. "

(Biography of Qu Yuan). "Overworked" is the antonym of "sick".

"Suffering from illness and pain" lists several situations side by side and translates them into "illness, pain, misery and sadness", then the "extreme" of "extreme fatigue" cannot be translated into "extreme". Grammatical analysis (inferring the meaning of a word according to its grammatical function in a sentence) The structure of the sentence is fixed and the combination is regular, and the grammatical position of the word in the sentence provides a basis for us to infer the meaning.

For example, subjects and objects are often served by nouns and pronouns, predicates are mostly served by verbs and adjectives, and adverbials are mostly served by adverbs. For example: (2000 national college entrance examination question) "Let the donkey go and cook with firewood", and the title gives the meaning: firewood-firewood.

The word "firewood" is preceded by the verb "take" and followed by the verb "cook" It is not difficult to infer that it is a noun, which means "firewood", and "firewood" is a verb, which is obviously inappropriate. Fourth, the associative inference method (inferring the meaning of words according to the knowledge learned) The meaning and usage of the real words examined in the classical Chinese reading of the college entrance examination can generally find a foothold in the textbook.

Therefore, we should be good at drawing inferences from what we have learned in class, comparing with each other and distinguishing similarities and differences, so as to solve the problem of the meaning of the content words in the test questions. For example: (200 1 national college entrance examination question) "Those who don't go out of the city have two ears", which means: pull-be captured.

According to the theory of "Qin attacked Zhao Shicheng" in Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru, combined with the context, it can be inferred that the answer is correct. "Qi people chase and kill, drive north", the title means: North-refers to those who fled.

According to "chasing death to the north, burying millions of corpses, bleeding and drifting" in On Qin, "death" should be regarded as "desperate" and "north" should be regarded as "defeated and desperate" and can be pushed.