Summary document of all knowledge points in the historical geography exam of senior three.

1 geography review for the college entrance examination: summary of knowledge points (690) 1 the basic characteristics of the universe are composed of various forms of matter, which are constantly moving and developing. Classification of celestial bodies: nebulae, stars, planets, satellites, comets, meteoroids and interstellar matter. The cause of the celestial system is that celestial bodies attract each other and revolve around each other, forming a celestial system. Celestial system level Earth-Moon system-Solar system-Galaxy (extragalactic galaxy)-Total galaxy The average distance on the 5th day is 65,438+49.6 million kilometers. The positions of the nine planets in the solar system are water, land, fire (small) and Mudu. The nine planets are divided into terrestrial planets (water, gold, fire), giant planets (wood map) and distant planets (the sky will be bright) according to their structural characteristics. The emergence and evolution of life on earth. 9 The main components of the sun are hydrogen and helium 10, the source of solar radiation energy. Nuclear fusion reaction 1 1 The influence of solar radiation on the earth and human beings is the main energy source of human beings. 12 Solar active sunspots (signs) and flares (strongest). 13

The distribution of solar energy in China is the highest in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the lowest in Sichuan Basin. 14 solar external structure and its corresponding solar active photosphere (sunspot), chromosphere (flare) and corona (solar wind). The change period of 15 sunspot is 1 1 year. 16 the influence of solar activity on the earth ① the influence of climate ② the influence of short-wave communication ③ the occurrence of magnetic storm 17 the beginning of space exploration phase 1957 10 the first artificial earth satellite of the former Soviet Union was launched into the sky. 18 the beginning of the space development phase 198 1 the first space shuttle test was successful. 19 history of China's space industry 1970 "Dongfanghong-1" and 1999 "Shenzhou" manned space test spacecraft. Classification of natural resources in the universe: space resources (high vacuum, strong radiation and weightlessness), solar energy resources and mineral resources. 2 1 Protect the cosmic environment, remove space junk and strengthen international cooperation. The average radius of the earth is 637 1000 meters. The circumference of the earth's equator is 40000 kilometers. Latitude and longitude, the division of low latitude, middle latitude and high latitude, connecting the east and west lines. Every 1 latitude is11.1km; 0-30、30-60、 60-90。 A line connecting north and south by longitude and latitude. Two opposite warp yarns form a warp yarn loop.

326 west longitude 20 east longitude160 longitude coil divides the east and west hemispheres. The northern and southern hemispheres are bounded by the equator, with the northern hemisphere in the north and the southern hemisphere in the south. The Tropic of Cancer runs 28 degrees and the South Arctic Circle runs 23 degrees 26' and 66 degrees 34' north latitude, and the prime meridian runs 0 degrees east longitude, passing through the original site of Greenwich Observatory in London, England. The judgment of the north-south direction is limited, with the North Pole as the northernmost and the South Pole as the southernmost. 3 1 The judgment of the east-west direction is infinite, with the rotation direction being east and the reverse rotation direction being west. The judgment of east-west longitude increases in the direction of rotation and decreases in the direction of west longitude. The judgment degree of north and south latitude is increased to north latitude and south latitude. The direction of the earth's rotation is from west to east. Seen from the north pole of the earth, it rotates counterclockwise. 35 sidereal day, the period of the earth's rotation, 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds (real period); Sunny day, 24 hours. 36 The angular velocity (per hour 15) and linear velocity (decreasing from equator to poles) of the earth's rotation 37 The orbit of the earth's revolution is elliptical. Early January (perihelion) and early July (apohelion). The direction of the revolution of the earth is from west to east. Seen from the north pole of the earth, it rotates counterclockwise. 39

The period of revolution of the Earth is a sidereal year (6: 9: 10 second on 365) and a tropic year (5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds on 365). 40. The earth's rotation speed is faster at perihelion and slower at apohelion. 4 1 The included angle between the ecliptic plane and the equatorial plane is currently 23 26'. The motion law of the direct point of the sun moves back and forth between the Tropic of Cancer with a period of one year. The judgment of the terminator line is along the direction of rotation, with the transition from night to morning line and the transition from day to night line. The calculation of local time is increased by 4 minutes every eastward 1. Find the number of time zones from the known longitude, divide it by 15, and then round it off. Every time you move 1 time zone eastward, the calculation of time zone 46 will increase by 1 hour. Dongba District (local time 120) is the standard time in Beijing time. Universal time is based on prime meridian time. 49 International international date line 180 Longitude (theoretically), not through land (practically). 50 Geographical significance of the earth's rotation, alternation of day and night, time in different places, deviation of horizontally moving objects (north, right, south, left) 5 1 The judgment of the direct point of the sun is perpendicular to the tangent direction of the point, and the local time is 12. Fifty two

At the vernal equinox (2 1 March), the direct point of the sun is on the equator, and its termination line coincides with the meridian. During the summer solstice (June 22nd), the direct point of the sun is on the tropic of cancer, and the included angle between the terminal line and the meridian is the largest. In vernal equinox (September 23rd), the direct point of the sun is on the equator, and the termination line coincides with the meridian. On the winter solstice (65438+February 22), the direct point of the sun is on the tropic of Capricorn, and the angle between the terminal line and the meridian is the largest. 56 the concept of summer half-year March 2 1 to September 23, 57 the concept of winter half-year September 23 to March 2 1 58 the interpretation of the earth's side view is up north and down south, left west and right east. Interpretation of the top view of the earth rotates counterclockwise, with the north pole as the center; Rotate clockwise, and the center is the South Pole. The calculation of day and night length is based on the length of solar arc, and every 15 degrees is 1 hour. The calculation of 6 1 sunrise and sunset time is based on the length of a day, around the standard sunrise (6 o'clock) and standard sunset (18 o'clock). 62 judgment of the length of day and night The longer the day in the north in summer, the longer the day in winter and the longer the day in Vietnam. 63 Calculation of the height of the sun at noon 90—— (Latitude interval between the straight point and the point) 64 Astronomical four seasons The season with the longest day and the highest sun in a year is summer. The traditional four seasons in China

Beginning of spring (February 4th), Changxia, beginning of autumn and beginning of winter are the starting points for dividing the four seasons. The traditional four seasons in Europe and America begin with vernal equinox, summer solstice, autumn equinox and winter solstice. Spring rains in the twenty-four solar terms start spring, clear valley, full mountain in summer, continuous heat in summer, autumn dew, autumn frost and winter decrease in Melissa Zhou. The names and ranges of the five zones are tropical zone, north temperate zone, south temperate zone, north cold zone and south cold zone. The geographical significance of the revolution of the earth The change of the height of the sun at noon, the length of day and night, and the changes of the four seasons are of great significance to the earth. It protects the survival of living things, affects the natural environment of the earth and maintains life activities. 765,438+0 The composition of the lower atmosphere is clean air, water vapor and solid impurities. The components of clean air are nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and ozone. Oxygen, nitrogen, ozone, carbon dioxide, water vapor and dust are the functions of life activities. Constitute an organism; Absorb ultraviolet rays; Photosynthesis and heat preservation; Clouds cause rain 74, carbon dioxide pollutes the atmosphere, and chlorofluorocarbons destroy the ozone layer 75. The main features of vertical stratification troposphere, stratosphere (ozone layer) and upper atmosphere (ionosphere) 76 troposphere are cold and hot, with obvious convection and complex weather phenomena. It has the closest relationship with human beings. 77. The main feature of the stratosphere is that ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays. Advection is beneficial to high-altitude flight,

The upper boundary of the atmosphere is about 2000-3000 kilometers from the ground. The most important factor affecting the intensity of solar radiation is the solar altitude angle 80. The weakening effect of the atmosphere on solar radiation is absorption, reflection and scattering. 8 1 radiation law The higher the material temperature, the shorter the wavelength of the strongest radiation part; On the contrary, the longer the time. Ground radiation is the main direct heat source of troposphere atmosphere. Atmospheric inverse radiation clouds are warmer at night and clear and cold at night. Atmospheric heat preservation: Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the troposphere have a strong absorption capacity for long-wave radiation on the ground. 85 Global Thermal Balance The average income of the earth for many years is equal to the expenditure. The fundamental reason of atmospheric movement is the uneven heat and cold between latitudes. 87 thermal circulation air circulation formed by uneven cold and heat on the ground. The direct cause of wind is the horizontal pressure gradient force. Direction and magnitude of horizontal pressure gradient force; High pressure points vertically to low pressure. The greater the air pressure difference per unit distance, the greater the wind force. The direction of 90 geostrophic deflection is right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere.

89 1 Influence of friction on wind direction. Due to the influence of friction, the wind direction is not parallel to the isobar, but has an included angle. 92 The step of judging the wind direction according to the isobar ① The high pressure points vertically to the low pressure ② The northern hemisphere leans to the right, and the southern hemisphere leans to the left ③ Draw the sea level isobar 94 of microclimate, urban wind, land wind and valley wind, and the low pressure center and high pressure center of the wind. The denser the isobar, the stronger the wind. The significance of atmospheric circulation regulating global water and heat distribution is an important factor in weather change and climate formation. Generally speaking, the seasonal displacement of the northeast trade wind, subtropical high, mid-latitude westerly wind, subtropical low, polar easterly wind and polar high 97 pressure belt and wind area moves northward in summer and southward in winter. In winter, the main atmospheric pressure centers are on land and sea: Asian high (mainland), Aleutian low (Pacific Ocean) and Icelandic low (Atlantic Ocean); in summer, Asian low (mainland), Hawaiian high (Pacific Ocean) and azores high (Atlantic Ocean) 100 monsoon: the reasons are ① the difference of thermal properties between land and sea ② the seasonal shift of the position of pressure belt and wind belt.