Classical Chinese before May 4th Movement

1. What are the 54 pieces of classical Chinese required by senior one?

1, the wood is straight in the rope, thinking it is a wheel. Me: With Xian, dry the wood with fire to bend it. )

2. Despite its violence, it is no longer tenable. (Yes: same as "you".

Violence: the same as "exposure" and drying. ) 3. It is wrong to know but not to do it.

(Know: the same as "wisdom", wisdom) 4. Gentlemen are born different. (Student: Same as "sex", talent and qualification. )

5, teacher, so preach and teach to solve doubts. (Recipient: same as "appropriation", Professor. )

6, either a teacher or not. (No: same as "No". )

7. It is as big as the wind in Feng Xu. (Feng: Same as "You". )

8. Mountains and rivers crisscross. (Miao: same as "dazzle", pick up and roll up. )

9. Respect each other. (Zun: same as "bottle", wine glass. )

10, the rest is one person. (same as "slaughter", punishment and humiliation. )

1 1, meaning is extreme, and dreams are also very interesting. (Fun: the same "trend", go, go. )

Second, the flexible use of parts of speech. (1) Nouns as verbs.

1, fake boat, not water. (Swimming) 2. The sage is far below.

(2) 3. Fang Qi broke Jingzhou and entered Jiangling. (capture) 4. Down the river to the east.

(East) 5. Lie down and dream. (dreaming) 6. So, write for it.

(writing an article) 7. There is still the sky outside. (Intersection) (2) Nouns as adverbials.

1, a gentleman is knowledgeable, but a Japanese ginseng saves himself. (every day) 2. Eat Egyptian soil and drink yellow water.

(up, down) 3. Looking at Xiakou in the west and Wuchang in the east. (west, east) 4. There are few stars in the moon, and blackbirds fly south.

(to the south) 5. The sun and its followers go up the mountain. (every day) 6. Look around like one (noun as adverbial; Numerals are used as adjectives, similarly) (3) adjectives are used as nouns.

1, its rules are fun. (radian of bending) 2. I didn't see it clearly.

(A clever place) 3. I am blue and dazzling. (Castle Peak, White Water) 4. From afar.

(in the distance) 5. The mountain is too high to stop. (Vertex) (4) Adjectives as verbs.

1, I wonder if the east is white. (white) 2, poor back to the stream.

(Go to the end) 3. The mountain is too high to stop. (Go through to the end) (5) Causative usage.

1, dancing in the valley. (making ... dance) 2. Weep for the widow who is alone in the boat.

(making ... crying) (6) Conviction usage. 1, I learn from it.

Take ... as a teacher. ) 2. I am also ashamed to learn from my teacher.

Be ashamed of ... )。

Confucius taught scorpions. Take ... as a teacher. )

4, friends fish and shrimp and friends elk. Take ... as a partner and ... as a friend. )

5. The beginning refers to the difference. (Take ... as a distinction. )

Third, ancient and modern have different meanings. 1, we think it's a wheel.

Ancient meaning: make ... become the present meaning: think 2. Gold will benefit from tempering. Ancient meaning: the text refers to the sword made of metal and other modern meanings: gold 3. A gentleman is knowledgeable and saves himself from Japanese ginseng.

Ancient meaning: extensive learning modern meaning: extensive and profound knowledge. 4. Ancient scholars must have teachers. Ancient meaning: people who learn, modern meaning: people who have certain academic achievements.

5. So disciples don't have to be inferior to teachers. Ancient meaning: not necessarily modern meaning: no need 6, not expensive, not cheap, not long, not a few.

Ancient meaning: No matter what it means now: no, it is often a negative adverb. 7. I will learn from it. Ancient meaning: follow, modern meaning: conjunction 8 indicating purpose or result. People today.

Ancient meaning: what ordinary people mean now: many people left behind in primary school. Ancient meaning: small aspects of learning; Modern significance: refers to the primary education stage 10, hovering between bullfights.

Ancient meaning: Dou Su and Niu Su are the names of stars. Modern significance: a game mode of 1 1, Bailu Hengjiang. Ancient meaning: white water vapor today meaning: one of the 24 solar terms, 12, the sky of Ling Wanqing.

Ancient meaning: broad-minded appearance today meaning: completely ignorant appearance 13, so drinking is very enjoyable. Ancient meaning: in this (time) present meaning: it means that the latter event followed the previous event 14, and then it was known that this mountain was unique.

Ancient meaning: After that, modern meaning: It means that after one thing, another thing happened. 15, you are drunk. Ancient meaning: collapse refers to the way the body collapses; Today's significance: listlessness 16, tourism begins.

Ancient meaning: from now on, modern meaning: means that one thing follows another. Fourth, function word induction (1) and 1, conjunctions indicate turning points. (1) green, from blue, green is blue.

(2) Ice and water are cooler than water. (3) The arm is not lengthened, but the person you see is far away.

(4) the sound is not added to the disease, and the listener is clear. 5] If you don't learn from the teacher, you will be confused.

[6] It is as vast as the wind in Feng Xu, and I don't know where it ends. Once the dead are like this, but they have never gone away.

If it is full, it will be like this, and the pawn will not flow at low tide. Pet-name ruby don't know the strange characteristics of the western hills.

⑽ leisurely and arrogant, but not doing it. ⑾ I don't know what it is.

⑿ See nothing, still don't want to return. [13] Primary school and great legacy.

2, conjunctions, table modification. I've been thinking about it all day.

(2) I tasted it and looked forward to it. (3) climb up and recruit.

(4) Call with the wind. 5] Then get together and laugh.

[6] relying on songs and making peace. (7) Judging from its invariance.

(8) Give and do, but swim for a long time. Climb up, climb up, sit on your back and roam.

3, conjunctions, table progressive. (1) A gentleman is knowledgeable and goes to great lengths to save himself.

(2) If you know what is clear, you won't do anything wrong. 4. Connectives and tables are juxtaposed.

(1) The crab kneels six times and pinches twice. (2) Readers who teach and learn their sentences.

(3) Elk is a friend of fish and shrimp. 5, conjunctions, table to undertake.

(1) Good deeds make virtue, and immortals are complacent. (2) People are not born to know.

(3) I will learn from it. (4) Choose teachers and teach them.

5] Sit still and ask the guests. [6] Sitting on the grass and getting drunk.

I used to lie and dream. Wake up, get up and come back.

Pet-name ruby from afar. 6. Conjunction indicates cause and effect.

If we look at it from its unchanging point of view, then things are infinite to me, but why envy them? 7, conjunctions, table conditions. The mountain is too high to stop.

8. Used with "has" to express mood. That's all.

(2) Yan 1, accumulated soil becomes mountains, and the wind and rain are prosperous. (If you work part-time, it's inside, from here) 2. The water drops merged into the ocean and the dragon was born.

(If you work part-time, it's inside, from here) 3. Accumulate goodness into virtue, the gods are complacent, and the sacred heart is prepared. (modal particles at the end of the sentence, le) (3) 1, pronoun.

(1) green, taken from blue. (Indigo) (2) Ice and water are cooler than water.

(stands for "ice") (3) People are not born to know. (of knowledge, truth, etc). The reader learns sentences from the books he teaches.

(of boys) (5) Witch doctor, musician, mechanic. [6] A disciple of the jar.

(pronoun, this) 7. It is difficult to be a teacher. (pronoun, he, refers to) ⑧ Gai is observed from its changes.

What you hear is what you hear. (pronoun, it) inexhaustible.

(pronoun, they) ⑾ begins to refer to differences. (pronoun, refers to Xishan) ⑿ Therefore, write for it.

(pronoun, refers to a banquet in the western hills) [13] The reason why saints are holy. (referring to this matter) 2. Help!

2. Classical Chinese Enlightenment 54 I will give you all 4 1-60, and I hope it will help you in the future! ~ classical Chinese enlightenment reader 4 1~60 original 4 1, pedantic public revisionist's original text is pedantic, called pedantic public, and stingy.

Hedges (fences) are broken and tiles are cracked. One day it was raining in the middle of the night, and the house leaked like a note. The children were hiding from each other, still screaming wet.

The wife said, "I am suitable (to get married) because your family is rich, but I don't mean to be bored." Why are you a husband? " Why be a father? "pedantic and helpless. On the day of death, extend (please) the home of governance.

But since February, the weather has been fine and the moon is bright, and there is no sign of rain. Yu Gong sighed, "If it doesn't rain, it will cost money!" There is a pedantic person who is called pedantic and stingy by the world.

If the fence is broken, it will not be repaired, and if the tiles on the roof are broken, it will not be repaired. One day it rained heavily in the middle of the night and the house leaked like a water column. His children are hiding or getting wet in the rain. They were covered in dirt and shouted insults. His wife asked him, "I married you because your family is rich. I didn't expect to suffer like this." How can you be a husband and father? " Pedantic and helpless.

The next day, craftsmen were invited to repair the house. However, in the next two months, the weather was fine and there was no sign of rain.

Yu Gong sighed. "After the house was repaired, the rain stopped. Isn't it a waste of money? " 42. Buy 1000 pigs. A county official scribbled the original text, wanted to buy wine to delay (please) guests, and approved tickets (wrote notes) to pay the people all over the country to buy pig tongues. The word "tongue" is too long, and Chinese people bought thousands of pigs by mistake. I searched all over the countryside to buy it, but I got 500 mouths. I'm going to complain to the government and I'm willing to reduce it by half.

The county magistrate smiled and said, "I have the pig tongue of your city." How do you know it's a thousand pigs in the city? " The servant said to him, "If the book is short in the future, don't write and buy My Bird (my genitals; Folk "bird" refers to male genitalia). A county magistrate writes too carelessly and always dances.

When I was ready to entertain the guests, I wrote a list and sent a servant to buy food. The word "pig tongue" was written so long that the servant thought it was to buy 1000 pigs. After going to the market, where will there be so many? I searched all over the country and only bought 500 mouthfuls, so I had to bite the bullet and report back. The county magistrate smiled and said, "I asked to buy pig tongues. How can I buy thousands of pigs?" The official replied to the county official: "If you want to buy geese in the market in the future, you must write shorter, and don't write' buy my bird'!" 43. If the stone dies, the original text is if the stone lives in the shadow of Mingshan (the name of the mountain).

A tiger has been (often) peeping at its fan (fence). For example, Shi Shuai's family is on guard day and night: they work at sunrise and rest at sunset (knocking on metal). As soon as the sun comes in, they shine (lighting a fire), and they build walls and dig ridges to protect them.

A dead tiger gets nothing. One day, the tiger died, and the stone was overjoyed, thinking that the tiger's death was harmless (harmful) to himself.

So relax its preparation, the wall is broken and can't be mended. Nothing, is it? (a small and fierce beast) eats its cattle and sheep (pigs) when it smells them.

If a stone doesn't know it was dug, it won't go away. Choose a man and kill him with his claws.

People say: a stone knows one thing but not the other, and it is appropriate to die. If Shi lives in seclusion in the north of Mingshan Mountain, a tiger often squats outside his fence to peep.

Ruoshi leads his family to be vigilant day and night: ring pheasants at sunrise, light bonfires at sunset, and ring the death knell at night. Plant thorns and shrubs and build walls in the valley to defend them.

A year passed and the tiger found nothing. One day, the tiger died, and Ruoshi was overjoyed, thinking that the tiger was dead and there were no animals threatening him.

So I let my guard down and let my guard down. If the wall is broken, it will not be repaired.

Soon, there will be. Hear the sound of his cattle, sheep and pigs, and go in and eat. If Si Tong doesn't know what it is? Oh, scold. It won't run away. Stand up like a man and kill him with your claws.

People think that if a child only knows one thing and doesn't know two things, he should end up like this. 44. Duke Lu is in charge of the prison. Lu Gong's original text is a prison order (middle-aged and old county order), which emphasizes morality and does not punish.

Yuan An (a senior North Korean official) heard about it, and his suspicion was untrue, which made people look at it. The man walked across the field with Lu and sat in the mulberry tree.

There are pheasants (commonly known as pheasants) and children beside them. The man said, "Why don't you take it?" ? "The child said, a pheasant, a pheasant can't catch.

The man was taken aback and said to Gong, "I've come to see your achievements. This locust does not invade the territory, and this difference is also; Love and birds and beasts are different; Children are kind, and so are these three differences.

If you stay too long and disturb the ears of the sage, I will react quickly to form a Bai An. Duke Lu served as the county magistrate of Zhongmou, paying attention to moral education without punishment.

He Nanyin heard about it, but he suspected that it was not true, so he asked his subordinate Fei Qin to go to zhongmou county to have a look. Fat relatives entered Zhongmou County. During the inspection, they came to rest under a mulberry tree.

Suddenly, a pheasant flew from a distance and landed beside them. There is a child beside the pheasant. The fat man asked the child, "Why don't you catch it?" The child said, "this season is the time for pheasants to cultivate chickens." If it is caught, the chicks will not live. "

Hearing this, Fat pro said to Duke Lu, "The purpose of my coming here is to check your achievements. Locusts don't commit crimes in county towns. This is the first phenomenon I have seen. " The second phenomenon is that the grace of enlightenment is given to birds and beasts; Children are also kind, which is the third phenomenon. That's enough. I won't stay here for long. I have stayed here for a long time, and I can only play the role of disturbing the sages. "

Then he went back to report to Yuan An. 45. When a rich man suddenly fell ill at night, he ordered his servant to drill a fire.

The night is cloudy (dark), and knives and stones are not allowed. The rich are in a hurry.

The servant said angrily, "Your Majesty is unreasonable. Black as paint. Why don't you shine the fire on me? I have to find a fire drill, and then I can easily get my ears. " The rich man said, "I have a fire. Why should I?" "When people hear it, they will say: noble people should also stand on their side (the truth of justice)! A rich man suddenly became seriously ill at night and asked his servant to throw stones at him to make a fire.

It was so dark that I couldn't find knives and stones. The rich are in a hurry.

The servant said angrily, "it is unreasonable for you to blame others." Now the night is as black as paint. Why don't you bring me a lamp? " You must be able to find the tools to drill the fire, and then you can get the fire easily. The rich man said, "I have a fire." Do you need lighting? Kong Wenju said this afterwards: "Blame people should pay attention to methods." . "

46. Zheng Shao survived when Yang Di was in central Fujian (now Fujian).

3. Classical Chinese Enlightenment 54 I will give you all 4 1-60. I hope it will help you in the future! ~ classical Chinese enlightenment reader 4 1~60 original 4 1, pedantic public revisionist's original text is pedantic, called pedantic public, and stingy.

Hedges (fences) are broken and tiles are cracked. One day it was raining in the middle of the night, and the house leaked like a note. The children were hiding from each other, still screaming wet.

The wife said: "I am suitable (married) because your family is rich, but I didn't mean to suffer." Why are you a husband? " Why be a father? "pedantic and helpless. On the day of death, extend (please) the home of governance.

But since February, the weather has been fine and the moon is bright, and there is no sign of rain. Yu Gong sighed, "If it doesn't rain, it will cost money!" There is a pedantic person who is called pedantic and stingy by the world.

If the fence is broken, it will not be repaired, and if the tiles on the roof are broken, it will not be repaired. One day it rained heavily in the middle of the night and the house leaked like a water column. His children are hiding or getting wet in the rain. They were covered in dirt and shouted insults. His wife asked him, "I married you because your family is rich. I didn't expect to suffer like this." How can you be a husband and father? " Pedantic and helpless.

The next day, craftsmen were invited to repair the house. However, in the next two months, the weather was fine and there was no sign of rain.

Yu Gong sighed. "After the house was repaired, the rain stopped. Isn't it a waste of money? " 42. Buy 1000 pigs. A county official scribbled the original text, wanted to buy wine to delay (please) guests, and approved tickets (wrote notes) to pay the people all over the country to buy pig tongues. The word "tongue" is too long, and Chinese people bought thousands of pigs by mistake. I searched all over the countryside to buy it, but I got 500 mouths. I'm going to complain to the government and I'm willing to reduce it by half.

The county magistrate smiled and said, "I have the pig tongue of your city." How do you know it's a thousand pigs in the city? " The servant said to him, "If the book is short in the future, don't write and buy My Bird (my genitals; Folk "bird" refers to male genitalia). A county magistrate writes too carelessly and always dances.

When I was ready to entertain the guests, I wrote a list and sent a servant to buy food. The word "pig tongue" was written so long that the servant thought it was to buy 1000 pigs. After going to the market, where will there be so many? I searched all over the country and only bought 500 mouthfuls, so I had to bite the bullet and report back. The county magistrate smiled and said, "I asked to buy pig tongues. How can I buy thousands of pigs?" The official replied to the county official: "If you want to buy geese in the market in the future, you must write shorter, and don't write' buy my bird'!" 43. If the stone dies, the original text is if the stone lives in the shadow of Mingshan (the name of the mountain).

A tiger has been (often) peeping at its fan (fence). For example, Shi Shuai's family is on guard day and night: they work at sunrise and rest at sunset (knocking on metal). As soon as the sun comes in, they shine (lighting a fire), and they build walls and dig ridges to protect them.

A dead tiger gets nothing. One day, the tiger died, and the stone was overjoyed, thinking that the tiger's death was harmless (harmful) to himself.

So relax its preparation, the wall is broken and can't be mended. Nothing, is it? (a small and fierce beast) eats its cattle and sheep (pigs) when it smells them.

If a stone doesn't know it was dug, it won't go away. Choose a man and kill him with his claws.

People say: a stone knows one thing but not the other, and it is appropriate to die. If Shi lives in seclusion in the north of Mingshan Mountain, a tiger often squats outside his fence to peep.

Ruoshi leads his family to be vigilant day and night: ring pheasants at sunrise, light bonfires at sunset, and ring the death knell at night. Plant thorns and shrubs and build walls in the valley to defend them.

A year passed and the tiger found nothing. One day, the tiger died, and Ruoshi was overjoyed, thinking that the tiger was dead and there were no animals threatening him.

So I let my guard down and let my guard down. If the wall is broken, it will not be repaired.

Soon, there will be. Hear the sound of his cattle, sheep and pigs, and go in and eat. If Si Tong doesn't know what it is? Oh, scold. It won't run away. Stand up like a man and kill him with your claws.

People think that if a child only knows one thing and doesn't know two things, he should end up like this. 44. Duke Lu is in charge of the prison. Lu Gong's original text is a prison order (middle-aged and old county order), which emphasizes morality and does not punish.

Yuan An (a senior North Korean official) heard about it, and his suspicion was untrue, which made people look at it. The man walked across the field with Lu and sat in the mulberry tree.

There are pheasants (commonly known as pheasants) and children beside them. The man said, "Why don't you take it?" ? "The child said, a pheasant, a pheasant can't catch.

The man was taken aback and said to Gong, "I've come to see your achievements. This locust does not invade the territory, and this difference is also; Love and birds and beasts are different; Children are kind, and so are these three differences.

If you stay too long and disturb the ears of the sage, I will react quickly to form a Bai An. Duke Lu served as the county magistrate of Zhongmou, paying attention to moral education without punishment.

He Nanyin heard about it, but he suspected that it was not true, so he asked his subordinate Fei Qin to go to zhongmou county to have a look. Fat relatives entered Zhongmou County. During the inspection, they came to rest under a mulberry tree.

Suddenly, a pheasant flew from a distance and landed beside them. There is a child beside the pheasant. The fat man asked the child, "Why don't you catch it?" The child said, "this season is the time for pheasants to cultivate chickens." If it is caught, the chicks will not live. "

Hearing this, Fat pro said to Duke Lu, "The purpose of my coming here is to check your achievements. Locusts don't commit crimes in county towns. This is the first phenomenon I have seen. " The second phenomenon is that the grace of enlightenment is given to birds and beasts; Children are also kind, which is the third phenomenon. That's enough. I won't stay here for long. I have stayed here for a long time, and I can only play the role of disturbing the sages. "

Then he went back to report to Yuan An. 45. When a rich man suddenly fell ill at night, he ordered his servant to drill a fire.

The night is cloudy (dark), and knives and stones are not allowed. The rich are in a hurry.

The servant said angrily, "Your Majesty is unreasonable. Black as paint. Why don't you shine the fire on me? I have to find a fire drill, and then I can easily get my ears. " The rich man said, "I have a fire. Why should I?" "When people hear it, they will say: noble people should also stand on their side (the truth of justice)! A rich man suddenly became seriously ill at night and asked his servant to throw stones at him to make a fire.

It was so dark that I couldn't find knives and stones. The rich are in a hurry.

The servant said angrily, "it is unreasonable for you to blame others." Now the night is as black as paint. Why don't you bring me a lamp? " You must be able to find the tools to drill the fire, and then you can get the fire easily. The rich man said, "I have a fire." Do you need lighting? Kong Wenju said this afterwards: "Blame people should pay attention to methods." . "

46. Zheng Shao survived when Yang Di was in central Fujian (now Fujian).

4. What are the 1 books for "writing" in classical Chinese?

2. Headless: the meaning of handwriting

writing

Put a pen

Step 5: Write in calligraphy.

writing

Classical Chinese: refers to the popular written Chinese based on ancient Chinese before the May 4th Movement.

Classical Chinese: An article written in classical Chinese

Therefore, it is obvious that classical Chinese is an ancient Chinese written language different from vernacular Chinese. What is emphasized here is written language, which is only used for writing, not for oral communication.

The spoken language of the ancients is different from the classical Chinese, but it is similar to the spoken language we use today.

For example, Peacock Flying Southeast is a folk song widely sung in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, so the language in it is very close to the spoken language at that time. Please look at the first sentence: "Peacock flies southeast, falling in five miles" is relatively simple, although it is not quite the same as today's spoken language, but it is not big. This can reflect the characteristics of spoken English.

Besides, Four Great Classical Novels's other three novels, except A Dream of Red Mansions, are all created on the basis of folk stories or stories told by storytellers, and their language features also have certain oral nature, which is what we call "half writing and half writing". After the May 4th Movement, written language and spoken language were basically the same, so we can judge that the spoken language in modern China is similar to our spoken language today from the written language today or before liberation. Therefore, ancient people used a language similar to our spoken language in daily communication, and only used those classical Chinese when writing articles to show that they were very knowledgeable, which was different from ordinary people who had never read books.

5. Did the ancients usually speak in classical Chinese? Classical Chinese: refers to the written language used as a norm in China before the May 4th Movement.

Classical Chinese: An article written in classical Chinese

Therefore, it is obvious that classical Chinese is an ancient Chinese written language different from vernacular Chinese. What is emphasized here is written language, which is only used for writing, not for oral communication.

The spoken language of the ancients is different from the classical Chinese, but it is similar to the spoken language we use today.

For example, Peacock Flying Southeast is a folk song widely sung in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, so the language in it is very close to the spoken language at that time. Please look at the first sentence: "Peacock flies southeast, falling in five miles" is relatively simple, although it is not quite the same as today's spoken language, but it is not big. This can reflect the characteristics of spoken English.

Besides, Four Great Classical Novels's other three novels, except A Dream of Red Mansions, are all created on the basis of folk stories or stories told by storytellers, and their language features also have certain oral nature, which is what we call "half writing and half writing".

After the May 4th Movement, written language and spoken language were basically the same, so we can judge that the spoken language in modern China is similar to our spoken language today from the written language today or before liberation.

Therefore, ancient people used a language similar to our spoken language in daily communication, and only used those classical Chinese when writing articles to show that they were very knowledgeable, which was different from ordinary people who had never read books.

6. What is the classical Chinese before the May 4th Movement (generally excluding "parallel prose")? (2) The official script was popular in Han Dynasty, so the fonts before Qin Dynasty were called ancient prose, especially the ancient prose in Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi.

Detailed comments

Ancient prose refers to the characters in the Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period and previous ancient books. Xu Shen said in "Shuo Wen Jie Zi Xu": "Mrs. Zhou wrote fifteen pieces of Da Zhuan, which is different from ancient Chinese." Compare the ancient prose with the big seal script, saying that the ancient prose is a general term for the characters before the Book of Poetry. Because the ancients had no pen and ink, they used bamboo sticks to draw and write on bamboo tubes. This is called book deed, also called bamboo slips. Because bamboo is hard and greasy, writing is not smooth, and the words written are thick and thin, like tadpoles, so it is called tadpole book or tadpole essay. The lacquer books on bamboo slips can all be called tadpoles, not necessarily books written by him or tadpoles. Ancient prose mainly refers to the characters in ancient books, such as the Book of Changes, The Analects of Confucius, Chunqiu, Shangshu, Zhou Li, Shilu Chunqiu and Xiaojing. This is an early writing style.