Who can provide me with a paper on the development of human timing tools? Everybody help quickly.

Division of Time and Timer Invention in History

20000 BC: Prehistoric people measured time by carving marks on sticks and bones.

8000 BC: Egyptians made a calendar of 12 months every year, with 30 days in each month.

3000 BC: Sumerians in the two river basins divide a year into 12 months, 30 days per month, 360 cycles per day, and each cycle lasts for 4 minutes.

2000 BC: Babylonians used a calendar of 354 days a year, with 29 days and 30 days rotating every month. At the same time, the Mayans created a calendar with two Indian days, 365 days a year.

BC 1500: Egypt invented the first mobile sundial, which divided a day into 12 cycles. Then I invented a timer called Missing Sculpture.

700 BC: The Babylonians divided the day into 12 equal parts.

BC 100: Mechanical sculpture based on 24 hours a day appeared in Athens. A.D. 200: The concept of week began to be introduced in the West.

AD 400: China developed mechanical sculpture.

AD 1 100: The sundial was developed in Europe.

AD 1350: German watchmaker invents the first mechanical alarm clock.

AD 1500: The mechanical bells of Italian churches ring.

A.D. 15 10: A pocket watch with clockwork appeared in Nuremberg, Germany.

AD 1583: The Gregorian calendar was adopted in Rome, Spain, Portugal, France and parts of the Netherlands.

AD 1656: A Dutch astronomer invented the pendulum clock.

AD 1700: In addition to the hour hand, a minute hand was added to the clock.

AD 1800: the timing accuracy reaches1100 second.

AD 1840: Greenwich Mean Time was established.

AD 1850: The timing is accurate to11000 second.

A.D. 1884: The Washington Conference drew up a global time zone table.

AD 1928: The quartz clock was invented.

A.D. 1949: The first atomic clock was invented.

AD 1950: the timing is accurate to microseconds.

AD 1965: the timing is accurate to nanosecond.

AD 1970: the timing is accurate to picoseconds.

AD 1972: Time of establishment of coordinated global time.

AD 1990: accurate to femtosecond.

A.D. 1998: The ultra-cold cesium atomic clock is established, which is 65438+ million times more accurate than picoseconds.

sun clock

In the long river of history, astronomy and timing have developed together. It can be said that with astronomy, there is time. Timekeeping instruments, like astronomical instruments, are gradually improved after a long development process. The oldest timekeeping instruments are earth gauges, gauges and sundials, whose principle is to time by the projection and orientation of the sun, commonly known as sun clock.

1. 1 terrapin

Earth gauge is the oldest timing instrument. It is a simple pole standing upright on the ground to observe the shadow of the sun. The winter solstice and summer solstice can be determined by the movement law and the length of the shadow. The earth rules recorded in Shangshu Yaodian began in Yao Di period, that is, 2357-2258 BC. Historians believe that Yaodian was not written by Shi Yao, but was compiled by Zhou historians according to rumors, supplemented by Confucianism during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (7th-2nd century BC). Therefore, we can think that at the latest in the 7th century BC, officials in charge of the four seasons of heaven and earth had divided heaven and earth into two parts with earth rules, and determined that a year was 366 days. By the Shang Dynasty (BC 1520~ BC 1030), the time measurement had reached a very high accuracy, and its method of recording the sun with the main branch has continued to this day.

1.2 standard table

Because of its simple structure and difficult to master, the soil gauge has gradually developed into a standard table. Sui Shu Tianwenzhi traced the creation of the watch back to the 6th century AD: during the period of Tian Jian in Liang Wudi in the Northern and Southern Dynasties (503~5 19), the ancestor (the son of Zu Chongzhi) made an eight-foot-high bronze watch, observed the length of the shadow on the watch and measured the time. However, in 1965, a bronze standard was unearthed from the Eastern Han Tomb in Yizheng, Jiangsu Province (AD 25-220), indicating that the standard was created and used hundreds of years earlier than recorded. It was not until Yuan Shi Tian Wen Zhi that the shape, structure and materials of standard watches were described in detail.

At the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, according to the principle of standard watch, Guo Shoujing set up a towering stargazing platform in Dengfeng, Henan Province, and set up a standard watch in Dadu (now Beijing). From the second year to the seventh year of Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1437~ 1442), the standard watch was built in Beijing Ancient Observatory, and was rebuilt and improved in the ninth year of Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1744). The ancient standards used to judge the direction, determine the seasons, divide the four seasons and calculate the calendar played an important role in the development of agricultural production.

1.3 sundial

The sundial, also known as the sundial instrument, is also an instrument for observing the time of the sun shadow. The difference between it and a standard watch is that the standard watch determines the season, the number of days in the whole year, the winter solstice and the summer solstice, and calculates the calendar according to the length of the sun shadow. The application of sundials is mainly to specify the time or the number of minutes at that time according to the position of the sun's shadow. It is a kind of timing instrument commonly used in ancient China, but it is rarely recorded in history books. At present, the earliest record in historical materials is the section of "History of Han Dynasty, Chronology of Han Dynasty, Making the Calendar of Han Dynasty": "Taishiling" Sima Qian put forward that "it is to decide the event, master the instrument and make the next one."

Sui Shu Tian Wenzhi recorded Geng Xun's achievements. "Observing the leakage of the sundial is the foundation of measuring the image of heaven and earth." Shi Ming Tian Wenzhi recorded the shape and timing of the sundial in detail. Compared with the standard watch, it is much more complicated and can be said to be a real instrument. By the Qing Dynasty, it could not only be used for timing, but also the sundial itself became a decorative work of art. ..

In the history of sun clock, China, the discovery of the indicator or pointer can be traced back to the 4th century BC, and the 12 time system between Zhou and Han dynasties was very advanced, and it had become a constant time system before the 4th century BC.

The equatorial sundial in the Tang Dynasty was the most accurate among all the sundials. Later, it was introduced to the west by Araks or Jews. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, the equatorial sundial was popular in Europe, and people called it the "dichotomy sundial". After the end of the Ming Dynasty, Chinese and Western sundials were widely used in the society, and the variety was unprecedented. Yao from Shaanxi Province was a famous producer of sundials in the18th century, and his sundials were widely circulated in Guangdong.

In a word, sun clock has spanned thousands of years of human history, and has made continuous development and progress in its use, which has promoted social development and scientific and technological progress. It can not only measure time, but also obtain standard time, and even proofread modern clocks and watches.

The sundial measures apparent solar time or apparent solar time. Due to the eccentricity of the earth's orbit and the inclination of the earth, the apparent solar time is inconsistent with the average solar time. So it is more important to measure time without relying on the sun. /kloc-At the beginning of the 4th century, before the appearance of mechanical clocks in Europe, time was mainly measured by sundials, while China attached great importance to water clocks or engraved leaks, which developed into a culture and reached its peak. It made scientific and technical preparations for the birth of mechanical clocks and watches.

2. 1 water clock

In China, water clocks are also called "Carving Leak" and "Leaking Pot". According to the principle of isochronism, there are two ways to record the dripping time. One is to use a special container (drainage type) to record the time when water completely leaks, the other is a container with no opening at the bottom, and the other is a container with no opening at the bottom to record the time when water is filled (receiving type). China's water clock is first of all a drainage type, and later it is a combination of drainage type and water receiving type or both. From about 85 A.D., water-catching leaky pots with leaking arrows on floats gradually became popular and even were used everywhere.

From the era of Zhang Heng in the second century to the era of Geng Xu in the sixth century, the water clock technology that made the performance armillary sphere and celestial sphere rotate gave birth to the emergence of early mechanical clocks. In AD 25, Yi Hang and Liang Lingzan invented the escapement, which was essentially an early mechanical clock, six centuries earlier than Europe. In the long-term development process, China's armillary sphere is often an astronomical observation instrument in form, but in essence it is a clock device, because since the era of Zhang Heng, astronomical technicians have always wanted to make a slowly placed gear to keep pace with the Sunday visual movement in the sky.

In 725 AD, Liang Lingzan essentially solved this problem. So it is not surprising that the royal family is interested in the celestial sphere (astronomical clock) kept in the palace.

From A.D. 1088 to 1090, Su Song and his colleagues built a water-borne instrument platform in Kaifeng, which was a perfect combination of a mechanical clock and an observation armillary sphere and was successful in principle. Therefore, it can be said that he was six centuries earlier than Robert and Hooke, for example, seven and a half centuries earlier than Philip.

2.2 Hunan College

Although the water clock has a bright future, the ancients are still exploring in a wide range of fields. In some cases, there may be other more accurate timing methods than water clocks. According to the textual research of Xue, a scholar in Song Dynasty, besides the light leakage of sundials, there is also a kind of seal clock, which was popular in China in the middle of12nd century. According to the book The Legend of the Trial of Di Renjie written by Gao Luopei in the Netherlands, the seal clock used for timing in the Tang Palace is a plum blossom-shaped brass plate with five petals of plum blossoms wrapped in a circle of incense, which is called "Five Pregnant Xiangyun".

2.3 hourglass