20 17 summary of common sense of ancient culture in China: common sense of astronomical calendar.

Constellation was called constellation in ancient times. Fan Jinzhong Residence: "Now I am the master, the stars in the sky." "The stars in the sky can't beat it." It is a superstition that the ancients thought that all the people with fame in the world were born of stars.

Twenty-eight Hostels, also known as Twenty-eight Houses or Twenty-eight Stars, is a 28-star area divided by the ancients to observe the movement of the sun, the moon and the five stars, which is used to explain the position of the sun, the moon and the five stars. There are several stars every night. The names of the Twenty-eight Hostels are arranged from west to east as follows: Black Dragon Seven Hostels (Jiao, Kangkang, Fang, Xin, Wei and Ji); Seven nights in North Xuanwu (barrels, cows, women, emptiness, danger, houses and walls); Seven nights in West White Tiger (Wei Xiao, Lou, Wei, Chang Mao, Bi, Gou Zite, Shen); South Suzaku seven nights (well, ghost, willow, star, Zhang, wing, Zhen). Tang Dynasty poem "Taiye Pool Song": "Communicate with Bailiang in the middle of the night, and arrive at Yutang in the 28th night." Exaggerated description of the stars shining in the palace. Wang Bo's preface to Wang Teng-ting: "Things are treasures, and the dragon light shoots the bull market." In other words, the products are gorgeous, and there are natural treasures. Longquan sword light shines directly on Dousu and NiuSu Xing. Liu Yuxi's poem: "The geese are startled at night, and the flags flutter and touch the stars." Describe an earth-shattering scene in which a soldier sets out. The stars are the night.

See four pictures of the article "Twenty-eight Hostels". The ancients imagined seven nights in the east, west, north and south as four animal images, called four elephants. Seven nights in the east, like a flying dragon in the air at the end of spring and early summer, is called the black dragon and the east official. The seven nights in the north appear as snakes and turtles in the night sky in summer and early autumn, so it is called Beiguan Xuanwu; The seven-night tiger in the west jumps out of the night sky in late autumn and early winter, so it is called Xiguan White Tiger. Seven nights in Nanguan is like a suzaku spreading its wings and flying, appearing in the night sky in winter and early spring, so it is called Nanguan suzaku.

In order to predict the good or bad of the world with the change of astronomical phenomena, ancient astrologers corresponded the starry sky area with the countries and states on the ground, which was called the dividing line. Specifically, it is to regard a star as the dividing line of a country, a star as the dividing line of a state, or conversely, regard a country as the dividing line of a star and a state as the dividing line of a star. For example, Wang Bo's Preface to Wang Tengting: "Zhang Yu is the old county, and Hongdu is the new house. The stars spread their wings and meet Lu Heng. " In other words, Nanchang, Jiangxi is located on the dividing line between Yisu and Suye. Li Bai's Shu Dao Nan: Panting, we brushed Orion and crossed the well star. Then, we held our chest with our hands and groaned, and collapsed to the ground. Betelgeuse is the dividing line between Yizhou (now Sichuan) and Yongzhou (now most of Shaanxi and Gansu), and the Shu Road spans Yizhou and Yongzheng. Visiting a well means that Shu Dao is on the extremely high mountains of Yi and Yong countries, and people have to raise their heads and touch the stars in the sky to reach it.

Twenty-eight hostels and China are divided as follows:

Star horn, room, heart, tail, dustpan, bullfighting, female virtual danger, room wall, kui building, stomach, ghost Liu Xing, Zhang Yi.

Zheng Guo Song Yan wuyue Qi Luwei Zhao Wei Zhou Qinchu

Star horn, room, heart, tail, bucket, cow and girl, empty and dangerous house wall, stone floor, stomach, ghost Liu Xing, Zhang Yi.

Yanzhou Yanzhou Jianghu Yangzhou Qingzhou Bingzhou Xuzhou Jizhou Yizhou Yongzhou Sanhe Jingzhou

The fourth of the seven nights in the Pleiades, the Western White Tiger, consists of seven stars, also known as the flag head. Li Heshi's poem "Autumn Quiet, See Lotus Head" in Tang Dynasty refers to the Pleiades. In the Tang Dynasty, Wei Xiang's poem "Liaodong veteran has snow on his temples, but he still looks at his head every night" also refers to the Pleiades. This poem shows a veteran's high vigilance and careful defense.

The quotient refers to the night in the seven nights of Xiguan White Tiger, and the quotient refers to the night in the seven nights of Dongguan Black Dragon, which is another name for night. The betel nut in the west, the heart in the east, and two in the starry sky, one for this and the other for this, are often used to mean that people can't meet each other when they are separated. For example, Cao Zhi's poem "When friends meet, it is as difficult as the stars in the morning and evening".

Wall lodge refers to the seventh of the seven nights in Beiguan Xuanwu, which consists of two stars. Because it is in the east of the bedroom, it looks like the wall of the bedroom, also called the east wall. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang said that the poem "East Wall Bookstore, West Garden Hanmo Forest" described the wall house as a library in the sky.

Filariasis, falling; Fire refers to Mars, which is the heart of the Black Dragon Dongguan for seven nights. "The Book of Songs. July: "July is full of fire, and September gives clothes." July is equivalent to August in the Gregorian calendar, and filariasis refers to the gradual decline of the position of the fire star from the sky to the west, indicating that the summer heat has receded.

The Big Dipper, also known as the Big Dipper, refers to seven bright stars arranged in a bucket (or spoon) shape in the northern sky. The names of these seven stars are: Shu Tian, Tian Xuan, Tianji, Tianquan, Yuheng, Kaiyang and Yaoguang. Arranged like a bucket, it is called "Beidou". According to the Big Dipper, the North Star can be found, so it is also called "Pointing Star". Qu Yuan's "Nine Songs": "If you hold an arc, you will fall. Help Beidou to drink cinnamon pulp." Nineteen ancient poems: "Yuheng refers to Meng Dong, and the stars are vivid." Yuheng is the fifth star in the Big Dipper. In the story of Xiaoshitang, "snake hunting" is used to describe it as winding as the curve of the Big Dipper.

The name Polaris is a symbol of the northern sky. Ancient astronomers admired Polaris very much, thinking that it was fixed and all the stars revolved around it. In fact, due to precession, Polaris is also changing. Three thousand years ago, Emperor Star was the North Star of the Zhou Dynasty, and Shu Tian was the North Star of the Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. In 12,000 years, Vega will become the North Star.

Comet hits the moon. Comet is commonly known as broom star. When a comet hits the moon, it means that the light of the comet sweeps across the moon. According to superstition, this is a sign of catastrophe. For example, "Tang drama does not disgrace the mission": "Zhuan Xu stabbed Liao Wang, and the comet hit the moon."

Bai Hongguan's "rainbow" is actually a kind of "halo" and an optical phenomenon in the atmosphere. The appearance of this phenomenon is often a sign that the weather will change, but the ancients regarded this natural phenomenon as a sign that abnormal things will happen on the earth. For example, "Tang Drama Live Up to its Mission": "Nie stabbed Han Yu, Bai Hong penetrated his grandson." Zou Yang's "Han Shu Liang Wang in Prison": "The meaning of Mu Yandan in Jing Ke in the past, Bai Hongguan, the prince feared it." Yan Taizi Dan raised Jing Ke thick and let him stab the king of Qin. The elephant appeared the day before yesterday, but Taizi Dan was afraid.

Jiao Yun Gaihua Gaihua, constellation name, * * * sixteen stars, is located in the seat of the Five Emperors and now belongs to Cassiopeia. I used to be superstitious and thought it was unlucky to be a canopy star in people's destiny. Lu Xun's poem "Self-mockery": "What does a canopy want? You dare not turn it over, you have already met it. "

The nickname of the moon is the most prominent description object of natural objects mentioned in ancient poems. Its nicknames can be divided into:

(1) Because the first month is like a hook, it is called a silver hook and a jade hook.

(2) Because the string moon is like a bow, it is called jade bow and bow moon.

(3) The full moon is called golden wheel, jade wheel, silver plate, jade plate, golden mirror and jade mirror because it is like a wheel, a plate and a mirror.

(4) It is said that there are rabbits and toads on the moon, so they are called silver rabbits, jade rabbits, golden toads, silver toads and the moon.

(5) According to legend, there are laurel trees in the middle of the month, so they are called Gui Yue, Guilun, Guigong and Guiling.

(6) According to legend, there are two palaces in the middle of the month, namely Guanghan Palace and Qingxu Palace, so they are called Guanghan Palace and Qingxu Palace.

(7) Because it is said that the moon drives the gods, it is called Wang Shu.

It is said that Chang 'e lives in the middle of the month, so the moon is called Chang 'e.

(9) Because people often compare beautiful women to the moon, they call the moon Chanjuan.

According to ancient myths, the name of the sun god is Xihe, and he is flying in the sky with a hexagonal dragon car. Things refer to the rising sun. "Promoting weaving": "Dong Jia, lying stiff and worrying for a long time." "Xi in the east is driving" means that the sun in the east has come out.

Sirius is the brightest star in the whole sky. Su Shi's poem Jiangchengzi said: "I can bow like a full moon, look at the northwest and shoot Sirius." Among them, the allusion comes from the stars, the bow carving refers to the vector star, and Sirius is Sirius. Qu Yuan's "Nine Songs" also includes "Shooting Sirius with a long arrow", and a long arrow is a vector star.

Laonian Star is the second brightest star in the whole sky and the brightest star in the Antarctic constellation. People call it the birthday girl. If northerners can see it, it will be auspicious and safe. In Du Fu's poem, he said, "Tonight, outside the Antarctic, I would like to be an old gentleman star."

Morning glory weaver "Morning glory", also known as Altair, is the brightest star in the night sky in summer and autumn, located in the east of the Milky Way. "Vega", Vega, is in the west of the Milky Way, opposite Altair. Nineteen ancient poems: "Far away, Altair, Hehan girl." Cao Tang, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote "Weaver Girl with Petunia": "The beauty of Beidou cries, but her eyes are broken."

The Milky Way, also known as Han Yin, Tianhe, Tianhan, Xinghan and Han Yun, is a milky bright belt across the sky, which consists of more than 1000 billion stars. Cao Cao's "Watching the Sea": "Star Han is brilliant, if it is out of its territory." Chen Ziang bid farewell to his friends in the spring night: "The bright moon hides tall trees, but the long river is unknown." Su Shi's "Yangguan Qu": "The twilight clouds are all cold, and the silver and the Han silently turn to the jade plate." Qin Guan's "Queqiao Fairy" said: "Thin clouds are clever, flying stars spread grievances, and silver is far from Han."

One of the names of Wenquxing. In the old superstition, Wen Quxing was the star in charge of literary movement, and the person who was hired as a big official by the court was Wen Quxing. For example, Wu's Fan Jinzhong Residence: "These masters of Chinese studies are all satellites in the sky."

The ancient star name of Gang Gang refers to the handle of the Big Dipper. Taoism believes that there are thirty-six highest sun stars and seventy-two earth stars in the Big Dipper. Influenced by this superstition, the novel Water Margin attached 108 uprising leaders to the water margin, forming the highest day star and the earth star.

According to the ancient superstition of clouds and qi, dragons rise to produce clouds, and tigers roar to produce wind, which is the so-called "cloud dragons and wind tigers". He also said that where the real dragon emperor was born, there were strange clouds in the sky, which the fortune teller could see. For example, The Hongmen Banquet said, "I am very popular. Everyone is a dragon and a tiger, and this son of heaven is angry."

Lunar calendar is a traditional calendar that has been used for a long time in China. It sets the month according to the cycle of the sun, and makes the average length of a year close to the year when the sun returns by placing leap. Because this calendar arranges 24 solar terms to guide agricultural production activities, it is called lunar calendar, also known as China calendar and summer calendar, commonly known as lunar calendar. The ancients wrote articles based on the lunar calendar. For example, "You Baochan" refers to July of the first year, "Shi Zhongshan" refers to Ding Chou in June of the seventh year of Yuanfeng, and June and July of the lunar calendar are equivalent to July and August of the Gregorian calendar.

Twenty-four solar terms are an important part of China's ancient calendar. According to the position change of the sun in a year and the evolution sequence of the ground climate caused by it, the ancients divided 365 1/4 days in a year into 24 segments, and each segment was divided into 12 months to reflect the four seasons, temperature and phenology. This is the twenty-four solar terms. Every month is divided into two sections, the first section is called "solar terms" and the middle section is called "qi". The name and order of the twenty-four solar terms are:

Beginning of spring in the first month, rain in February, and the vernal equinox.

It's clear in March, and it's long in summer in Grain Rain in April, with light rain.

May awning, summer solstice, June light heat, great heat.

Beginning of autumn in July, Millennium in August, autumnal equinox.

Cold dew in September, frost in beginning of winter and light snow in early October.

Winter solstice, 1 1 month heavy snow,1February slight cold and severe cold.

In order to facilitate memory, people have compiled a ballad: "Spring rains startle spring and clear valleys, summer is full and summer is hot, autumn is cold and frost falls, and winter snow is raining." Twenty-four solar terms are often used in ancient poetry, such as "Yangzhou Slow": "Xi Chun Shen Bing went to Japan and gave it to Weiyang." Summer solstice has the longest day and winter solstice has the shortest day, so the ancients called summer solstice and winter solstice, which means winter solstice here.

Chuyang is in November of the lunar calendar, after the winter solstice and before beginning of spring. At this time, the yang is the first to move, so it is called "Chu Yang". Peacock flies southeast: "In the past, Chu Yang was old, and Xie Jia came to the door."

Four seasons refer to four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. The lunar calendar takes the first month, February and March as spring, which are called Meng Chun, Zhongchun and Ji Chun respectively. April, May and June are summer. They are called Xia Meng, Midsummer and the last month of summer respectively. Autumn, winter and so on. Ouyang Xiu's Preface to the Drunk Pavilion: "The wind and frost are noble and clean, and the water comes out, and it is also in the mountains at four seasons."

In Sheri, the festival of ancient farmers offering sacrifices to the land gods was around the vernal equinox. Happy forever: "Looking back, there is a crow club drum under the Beaver Temple." The social drum refers to the drum that worships the land god on social days.

On the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, there is a custom of begging for cleverness on Tanabata. Legend has it that this is the night when morning glory and Weaver Girl get together. Peacock flies southeast: "On the seventh and ninth day of the seventh lunar month, don't forget each other when playing."

The first19th day of the ninth lunar month is the day when women get together.

The collective name of heavenly stems and earthly branches. Tiangan: A, B, C, D, E, Ji, G, Xin, Ren and Gui; Dizhi: Zi, Ugly, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu and Hai. Ten branches and twelve branches are matched in turn to form sixty basic units. The ancients used this as the serial number of year, month, day and time, which is called "the discipline of branches and branches". Such as "Feng Wanzhen": "Xianfeng Gengshen, British and French Coalition forces invaded the White Sea." Xianfeng, the year of the emperor; Geng Shen, the year of dry support. "Sixty Jia Zi" is:

Jia Chubing Yin Dingmao Wu Renshen Gui You

Jia Haibing Zi Ding Chou Mao Xin Si Ren Wu Guiwei

Shen Jia Yi Youbing Xu Ding Wu Haizi ugly Geng Yin Xin Mao Renchen ghost silk

Wu Jia translated Shen Dingyou, the Reform Movement of 1898, and Ji Haigeng rewarded Ren Yin Guimao.

Chen Jia, Bess, Bing Wuding, Wu Shen, Ji You, Geng Xu, Xin Hai, Ren Zi, Gui Chou.

Jia Yin, Yi Mao, Chen Bing, Ding Si, Wu Wu and Xin You have not applied for this position, and they have all failed.

There are four main chronologies in ancient China:

(1) Chronology of Maharaja Ascension to Heaven. Count the years according to the years of the prince's reign. For example, Zuo Zhuan. The Battle of Dice: "In the spring of thirty-three years, the Qin Dynasty crossed the North Gate of Zhou Dynasty." I stayed in Lu Xigong for thirty-three years. Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru: "In the sixteenth year of Huiwen, Lian Po was General Zhao."

(2) the number of years and the method of years. There has been a title since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Since then, every emperor has to change the throne and mark the year with the year number. For example, The Story of Yueyang Tower, Spring of Celebrating Four Years, Pipa Play, Ten Years of Yuanhe, You Bao Chan Shan, July of the First Year of Yuanhe, Shi Zhongshan, Seven Years of Yuanfeng, Meihualing, Two Years of Shunzhi, and Guide to Southern Tour >: Preface Deyou Er.

(3) chronology of major branches. Such as "Five Tombstones": "In memory of the arrest of Duke Zhou, I hope Ding Mao will be in March." "Ding Mao" refers to AD1627; The preface to the story of the seventy-two martyrs in Huanghuagang: "The worst death was the siege of Guangdong and Guangxi on March 29th,191." Xinhai refers to the year1911; "Letter to Wife" "Xin Wei reads six nights and four drums in March" and "Xin Wei" should be Xinhai. In modern times, chronicles of cadres and branches are often used to represent major historical events, such as the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Reform Movement of 1898, the boxer indemnity, the Sino-Japanese Treaty and the Revolution of 1911.

(4) The year number should be both a stem and a branch. When the year is numbered, the emperor's year is put in front, and the cadres and branches are listed behind. For example, Yangzhou Slow, "Xichun Shen Bing", "Xichun" is the year number of Zhao Shen, Song Xiaozong, and "Shen Bing" is the year number of the main branch; In the story of Nuclear Ship, "Apocalypse is the autumn day in Ren Xu", "Apocalypse" is the year number of Zhu Youxiao, and "Ren Xu" is the dry year. "The Memorial to Sister Wen Kuangganlong Ding Haidong", "Gan Long" is the title of Hongli of Qing Emperor Aisingiorro, and "Ding Hai" is the year of Ganzhi; Ji Ling, a plum blossom, is in April of the second year of Shunzhi. Shunzhi is the title of Aisingiorro Fu Lin, the ancestor of the Qing Dynasty, and Yiyou is the year of dry.

There were three lunar calendar methods in ancient China:

(1) ordinal calendar method. For example, "Herb Picking": "March flowers in the flat land, April flowers in the deep mountains." Preface to the South Guide February of the second year was the fifth summer in a year, and the fifth was May. In April this year, "Tan Sitong" ordered the rule of the country, "summoned Yuan Shikai on the first day of August" and "cut the city on August 13th".

(2) the method of the earth supporting the moon. The ancients often called twelve months by twelve earthly branches, and each earthly branch was preceded by a specific word "sword". For example, Du Fu's poem "Caotang is a thing" said: "A deserted village builds a moon, and an old woman's family is alone." "Zhuziyue" refers to the November of the lunar calendar according to the method of Zhou Dynasty. Yu Xin's "Jiangnan Fu": "In the year of Chen Wu, the moon of the sea was built and Jinling collapsed." "Building the sea" means October of the lunar calendar.

(3) seasonal calendar method. Such as "Nineteen Ancient Poems": "When Meng Dong is cold, why is the north wind sad?" "Meng Dong" stands for October of the lunar calendar; Tao Yuanming's nine quasi-ancient poems "Midspring Strikes Rain", and "Midspring" stands for February of the lunar calendar.

There were four kinds of calendars in ancient China:

(1) ordinal date method. For example, "Meihualing": "On the 25th, the city fell, and the valiant soldier drew his sword and committed suicide." "Ji Xiang Xuanzhi": "On the night of March 5th, the moon is half full. "35" refers to the first15th day of the lunar calendar. Preface to the story of the July 12th Martyr in Huanghuagang: "The worst death was the siege of Guangdong and Guangxi on March 29th,191. "

(2) the method of recording the day. For example, The Battle of Dishes: "In summer and April, Xin Si defeated Qin Jun with vegetables." "Xin Si in April" refers to the 13th day of April in the lunar calendar; "Shi Zhongshan Ji" "Ding Chou in June of the seventh year of Yuanfeng", that is, "Climbing Mount Tai on June 9th of the lunar calendar" refers to this month18th. The ancients also used heavenly stems or earthly branches to represent specific days. For example, "Zi Mao is unhappy" in the Book of Rites, which refers to an evil day or a taboo day.

(3) Moon phase and date method. Refers to the use of "new moon, non-,prosperous, both prosperous and beneficial" to mark the day. The first day of each month is called the new moon, the third day of each month is called the moon, and the middle of the month is called the moon (the fifteenth day of a small month and the sixteenth day of a big month). The day after the moon is called hope, and the last day of each month is called cloudy. For example, "Sacrificing Sister" and "Looking at the Sun in July"; "Five Tombstones" and "Looking at Ding Mao in March"; "Red Cliff Fu" is "endless in autumn, looking forward to July"; "Book with Wife" "Three or four months after the first marriage, looking around at the winter".

(4) Both the trunk and the moon should be used. Before the dry support is placed, after the moon phase is arranged. Such as "Climbing Mount Tai": "Wu Shenhui, five drums, sitting in the pavilion with Zi Ying."

There are two main timing methods in ancient China:

(1) chronology of the sky. The ancients originally divided a day and night into twelve hours according to the change of the sky. Their names are: Midnight, Crow, Pingdan, Sunrise, Food Time, Horn (Yu), Sun, Sun (Death), Sun (Divination), Sunrise, Dusk, and Man's Decision.

(2) Geochronological method. The twelve earthly branches represent the change of twelve o'clock in a day and night. See the attached table for the corresponding relationship among paleo-age, geological age and present ordinal age.

At midnight, the rooster crows at midnight. At sunrise, it's time to eat. During the day, it is time for people to decide when it is dusk.

During the imperial period, my son was ugly and didn't apply in the afternoon.

The modern era is 23-1-3,3-5,5-7,7-9,9-1,1-13,65438+.

Heaven-drying method and earth-supporting method are two common timing methods in ancient poetry. For example, "Peacock flies southeast": "Chickens crow into the weaving and can't rest every night." "After dusk, lonely people will settle down." "Li Su enters Cai Zhou on a snowy night": "The snowing in the middle of the night, the more urgent it is, the more you get to the gate, the crow stops and the door is broken." "Farewell to Furong Inn and Xin Qiji": "It's cold and rainy at night, and Chushan sees the guests off." Pingming is another name for Pingdan. Another example is "Lost Street Pavilion": "Wei Bing has been sleepy since morning." Jingyanggang: "You can teach guests to help in the afternoon, at noon, not three hours." "Sister-in-law": "When you return home, you will die." Heroes Will Be Recruited by Jiang Gan: "From the time you die to the time you are not dead."

In ancient China, the night was divided into five periods, and the time was told by drums, so it was called the Five Watches, Five Drums or Five Nights. For example, "Peacock flies southeast": "Raise your head and sing to each other, reaching five shifts every night." Heroes will be recruited by Jiang Gan: "When you are listening to the pillow, the army will play the second watch." "Li Su enters Cai Zhou on a snowy night": "Four drums, forgive the city, no one knows." "Climbing Mount Tai": "Wu Shenhui, five drums, sitting in the pavilion with Ziying." Book with Wife: "Xin Wei reads six nights and four drums in March, which means calligraphy."

Five nights at night, five drums and five nights. Modern.

At dusk, it is 19-2 1 point.

They set up two more drums at 2 1-23 o'clock for two nights.

Three drums and three nights at midnight 23- 1 point.

Cock crow, four more and four drums, 1-3 o'clock.

Pingwu Dangengwu Guye Dance 3-5 points