How to operate a passenger plane?

First of all, we must pass the examination of the National Aviation Administration and get a passenger plane driver's license. Only when it is difficult can the pilot's plane be accurately piloted.

Step 1: Turn on the power supply, connect the ground power supply, and turn on the dashboard and external lights. That is to say, the instrument lights and wing lights should be on, so that the tower and other planes can know that you are connected to the power supply. Make sure that the parking brake is set to supply power from the ground. ? The battery and backup power supply are set in the on position. At this time, the dashboard and position lamp light up, indicating that the aircraft has power. Turn the GRD PWR switch to the ON position. At this time, the aircraft is powered by the ground power unit (GPU).

The second step is the fire test. Enter the throttle panel (that is, the thrust handle panel, T) and rotate the test switch to the left and then to the right, and the test is completed. All three fire alarm handles should be lit, namely "Engine 1 Overheating", "Engine 2 Overheating" and "Wheel well"; In addition, the fire alarm should sound and the warning button fire alarm light on the main panel (M) will light up. As long as you press the fire light, the alarm will be lifted naturally. Fire extinguishing test should also be carried out. Turn the EXT TEST switch to the left and right, and all three green lights should be lit. That's what happens when there is a fire on the plane.

The third step is to turn on the auxiliary power unit (APU), which can supply power and refuel the aircraft. It is impossible to turn on the air conditioning system and start the engine without bleeding. ? It is impossible to turn on the air conditioning system and start the engine without bleeding. ?

1. Turn on the left front fuel pump to allow the APU to pump fuel. If you use APU for a long time, you must turn on the left central pump to prevent fuel imbalance. (Note: the use of APU fuel is not simulated on the plane)?

2. Set the APU switch to the starting position-it will reset to the on position and start the APU. Wait for the exhaust temperature (EGT) to rise and stabilize before proceeding to the next step. ?

3. when the APU GEN light is on, turn on two apugens. After the lights go out, power is supplied by APU. ?

The fourth step is to set the roof, which should follow the setting method from top to bottom and from left to right?

1. Open the yaw damper. Yaw damper can prevent Dutch roll effect and reduce the use and calculation of rudder. ?

2.CAB/UTIL and IFE/PASS are turned on (as the kitchen power supply), which will provide electronic entertainment equipment for the kitchen and passengers during the flight. ?

3. Emergency exit preparation?

4. Turn on "No Smoking" and "Fasten Seat Belt". ?

As it is the first flight today, turn the ignition switch to "IGN R". Use "ign l" for the rest of the flight ―― don't use "BOTH". ?

6. Set the window heating switch to ON. The cockpit glass will be heated to prevent problems in ice and snow weather and cruising. Do not drive the probe heating switch for the time being! ?

7. Turn on the electric hydraulic pump ("ELEC 1" and "ELEC 2"). ?

8. The isolation valve and apubbled are opened. The APU can now introduce air into the air conditioning and supercharging system and start the engine. ?

9. Set the cruising altitude and landing altitude on the booster panel. The plane will automatically pressurize according to the set altitude. The typical cruising altitude is 36,000 feet, and Galleo Airport is 50 feet above sea level. ?

Enter the airport code. Open FMC(F), select the "Initial Reference" page, and click

Set the frequency. Open the radio stack (R) and adjust the ATIS frequency (127.80) in any communication window. You can set four frequencies, listen to two at the same time, and then only talk to 1 of them. ATIS provides airport and weather information, runways used, altitude settings, weather conditions, visibility and so on. Write down important information, which will be useful in the future. ?

Step 7: Test TCAS. After listening to ATIS, write down important information and adjust the frequency to the delivery frequency (12 1.00). Set the TCAS (Collision Avoidance System) mode to (a) above, and set the control switch to "Test"-you can hear "TCAS System Test ok", indicating that TCAS is available. Do not set TCAS to TA/RA for the time being, because antenna radiation has an impact on ground personnel. (Note: TCAS is only applicable to 737-800/900)?

Step 8 review the flight plan: SBBR (departure airport)->; Luz 3 Luz 4(SID)-& gt； ALINA-& gt； KUNOS-& gt； Jiangye-> Orion->; FREIO-& gt； ACNEL->； NOAL(STAR)-& gt； ILS 28 Charlie 7 (app)-> SBGL (arriving at the airport)?

Step 9: Set flight information. Now that you know which runway and SID are available, select the "RTE" page in FMC and fill in your destination airport, as well as the runway and flight number of the departure airport.

Step 10: Set the route. We will input the route bit by bit in FMC and correct the discontinuity before taking off. ? You can choose two different ways to enter the route (we use 1)?

1. Manual mode: Select the "flight segment" page and enter all waypoints yourself-it is most suitable for short flights. On the LEGS page, enter all waypoints after ALINA and before STAR, including KUNOS, ESANO, ORION, FREIO and ACNEL. When the first page is full, turn the page and continue to input. After all the points are entered, return to the "DEP/ARR" page. This time, select ARR> on the right, and the stars and methods will appear. Finally, NOAL star and arena transition, and ILS 28 Charlie 7 approach and EUJE transition are selected. It's basically done. Now you just haven't corrected the discontinuity of the route. When two fixed points in FMC are not connected with each other, we call it discontinuity. To correct the discontinuity, please select the waypoint under the discontinuity line and enter. If there is no continuity, the autopilot cannot complete such a flight. Check your Legs page to see if there are any discontinuities ― all discontinuities must be corrected now. ?

2. Route method: Another method is to choose a high altitude route. On page 2 of "RTE", you can enter a route and its final location-FMC will automatically output all points from the starting point to the end point of the route. This saves a lot of time during the long flight. You only need to enter VIA's airport ID and the last fixed point you want to pass on this route, and FMC will automatically output all stopovers. Because this flight has only a few points, let's use the method of 1. ?

The eleventh step is to determine the route. After checking the route continuity, select the "Initial Reference" page. Here, enter some flight information, so that you can calculate the takeoff speed, the maximum/optimal flight level and many other things. (Note: All oil quantity parameters are in LBS* 1000)?

1. Zero fuel weight (ZFW)/ gross weight (GW) has been calculated correctly, and it will be displayed automatically when you click the button on the left. ?

2. Input the fuel reserve, but it cannot be output automatically, so fill in an estimated value of 5000lbs?

3. Enter the cost index. The cost index changes with the oil price, which helps FMC to calculate the most economical speed/altitude of the voyage. It is more practical to take the cost index as 25. (Note: FMC data is not based on the cost index, so this function is not simulated) (even if oil is rising so fast now, the simulation is in vain)?

4. Enter the cruising altitude, average cruising wind (if relevant information is available), climbing peak temperature and transition altitude (18000 in the United States and 6000 in this flight). Typical cruising altitude is FL360?

Step 12 Set the takeoff parameters. Now select N 1Limit > on the right. Entering N 1 thrust limit mode, "SEL" has assumed that the temperature has been set, so choose a value higher than the current real temperature to "fool" the engine. This can reduce thrust takeoff, reduce engine loss, and save electricity and money. In fact, the duration of SEL depends on many factors, such as weather and airport conditions. 36 is a reasonable value. ?

Select takeoff & gt. On the "takeoff reference" page, we need to input the flap position and calculate the takeoff speed and trim?

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Enter a degree in the FLAPS line. For 737NG, it is usually removed with flap 5. Then click the buttons of V 1, VR and V2, and the value will be displayed automatically. Write down the takeoff speed and trim for future use. ? Set the climb performance below and select the CLB page.

For this flight, we used a typical cruising speed of Mach 0.785. The item "Maximum Climb Rate" shows the maximum climb rate. The "maximum angle" is to use the maximum climbing speed in the shortest distance in order to reach the cruising altitude. choose

On the MCP, set the course for VOR navigation. The autopilot will fly according to the navigation. In order to avoid autopilot failure, you'd better adjust VOR frequency/heading frequently. Turn on the flight director (F/D) at the same time-this is good for vertical and lateral navigation. In the speed selector, type V2 speed; ; In the heading selector, select the heading of the runway; In the altitude selector, enter the initial climb altitude suggested by ATC. With the V2 speed setting in the speed selector, you can climb at V2+20 knots under the guidance of flight directo. When automatic driving is selected, the speed is automatically increased by 20. ? Set the automatic brake to RTO position. Because the automatic braking is in RTO position, when the taxiing speed of the aircraft exceeds 60 knots, the aircraft will automatically brake after the thrust handle is placed in the idle parking space. ? Open the throttle panel (T), and let's set the stabbing level? The panel should look like this. Adjust the panel parameters according to the "take-off" page of FMC. At the same time, you should make sure that the thrust handle is in the idle position. ?

Step 13 Start the engine. Before starting the engine, turn off the components to reduce the workload of APU, set the fuel system and turn on the anti-collision lights. Before starting the engine, make the following final changes on the roof:

1. Turn OFF the left and right components to reduce the burden on APU and provide more air for starting the engine. Keep it off until the engine is started. ?

2. Turn on all four wing fuel pumps-close the central fuel tank because there is only a small amount of fuel. ?

3. Turn on the anti-collision light. These lights indicate that the engine is running or starting. All the above processes are carried out on the roof?

When ready, turn the right engine start knob to GRD position, wait for N2 to reach 2 1~22%, and then pull the cut-off lever. The engine start knob will automatically return to the off position. When the right engine is stable, start the left engine in exactly the same way. When both engines are stable, do one last job on the roof before taxiing:

1. Turn on two engine generators ("Gen 1" and "Gen2"). The engine can be powered and refueled now.

2. Turn on the probe and heat it. The heating of the probe can prevent ice and snow from accumulating in the pitot tube, so it can prevent many important equipment from failing. ?

3. Open the engine to bleed air. At this time, engine bleed air is provided to the aircraft. ?

4. Open the package. Now that the engine has been started and deflated, it is beneficial to open the assembly to pressurize the aircraft. ?

5. Set the isolation valve to the automatic position. The plane will automatically decide whether the isolation valve is open or closed. ?

6. Turn off the APU bleed air and APU. Now that the engine has started, the APU should pull over. ?

Slide on the runway. Now that the pre-takeoff settings have been completed and the engine has started, we can taxi to the runway. When taxiing, make the final correction before taking off. Because of the wind direction, we used runway 1 1 to take off. ?

In the case of ice (obviously wet and rainy and the temperature is between 10&; # 186; c ~-40 & amp； # 186; C) De-icing is required. If deicing is needed, start two engines for anti-icing and wing anti-icing. Note that in order to increase engine efficiency, the wing anti-icing will be automatically turned off after the aircraft leaves the ground. We don't need to deice this voyage. We take the following steps:

1. Release the parking brake and turn on the taxi light. ?

To begin taxiing, gently push the thrust handle forward and press it steadily. The plane may react slowly to this force, so wait until it reacts before applying pressure. Taxi speed: 8 turns, 15 straight lines. ?

2. There is a recall area next to the fire alarm button on the main panel (M). Press it to test whether there is a problem with the system. When pressed, these system lights should go out by themselves. If it stays on, it means there is a problem. Please check its corresponding settings. ?

3. Set the take-off flap, which is generally set to 5. ?

Before requesting to enter the runway, quickly set the autopilot/throttle and TCAS, and turn on the flash.

take off

1. Turn on the flash and landing light (before entering the runway). This shows that the plane is entering the runway.

2. Turn the engine start switch to the CONT position. Do this during take-off, landing, heavy rain, anti-icing and any situation that may lead to engine failure! ?

3. Pre-position the automatic throttle. In this way, the take-off/go-around function (to/ga) mode can be used, and the automatic throttle can be started to control the speed. ?

4. Put LNAV on the ground. So you can sail as scheduled after take-off. ?

5. Set TCAS to "Above" mode and set the control knob to TA/RA. This will activate the TCAS system-other aircraft can be displayed on the screen, and the suggestion system can also work. ?

1. Apply NI to 40% force on the thrust handle to see if the engine parameters are normal. ?

2. Activate TO/GA (CTRL+SHIFT+G), and check whether there is N 1 | TO/GA display on the flight mode annunciator (FMA). The autopilot will automatically push the thrust handle to the takeoff force. ?

3. At 80 knots, check whether THHRLD appears on the FMA. The truth is that the A/T will stop moving the thrust handle at this time, so you can easily pull the handle back to the idle position when you need to stop taking off. ?

4. When the rotation speed (VR) is reached, raise the plane slightly about 8 degrees and fly to the AGL for 20 ~ 30 feet (20 ~ 30 feet from the ground) to avoid rubbing the ground. Take off the wheel, adjust the inclination angle, and keep the speed of V2+20. The guidance of the flight director is of great use now. Just follow the purple horizontal bar. ?

5. At 400 feet AGL, open CMD A, so that n 1/lvlchg (automatically add 20 knots) and LNAV can be preset. When the A/T makes the thrust handle and climb rate effective, the autopilot will now fly according to the trajectory set by FMC.

6. At the altitude of 1000, turn the speed selection knob and place the speed lever at the rising mark. When it exceeds the "white bug", the flap is retracted to 1 degree. Now we are receiving flaps, and the speed/climb rate is controlled by A/T. Determine the height of the flap according to the aircraft operation and airport procedures. 1000 feet AGL is a reasonable height. ?

Cruise. When the altitude of the aircraft reaches 10000 feet, the working load of the aircraft is the minimum. Now all we have to do is make some small changes. ?

1. Turn off the landing lights and taxi lights?

2. Set the seat belt switch to OFF when appropriate.

Remember to turn on the anti-ice system as soon as there is snow and ice. If anti-icing is turned on, put the engine start knob in CONT position and remember to turn it off after deicing. After reaching cruising altitude, put TCAS in neutral (N) position. Always check the flight segment page on FMC and correct all discontinuities. ?

Finally, there are only landing steps, determine the route and determine the landing airport settings. After landing at 30 feet, maintain the approach speed until 30 feet AGL is at this height. You should gently close the handle to the idle position and start burning. Turn the nose platform to an angle of 4 degrees-this will reduce the descent rate, but not too far. See if you can increase or decrease the descent rate to adjust the height. When pulling and floating, control the thrust handle to ensure that the local train is in place. Everything comes quickly at this time, so now you must pay close attention and react quickly! ? After grounding, ensure that the brake of the automatic braking system is effective and the brake handle should be released. Hold down F2 key at the same time to open the reverse thrust? At 80 knots, reduce the thrust reverser, so that the thrust handle can return to the idle position correctly during taxiing. At 60 knots, turn off the automatic brake and brake manually. At taxiing speed, press F 1 to set the handle and push it forward to the idle position, release the brake and turn to the taxiway below. You have landed successfully! ?

The last step, turn off the fire. When the plane taxies to the parking stand, it needs to be turned off.

1. Set the parking brake. Let you park in the parking space.

2. Set two cut-OFF handles (T on the thrust handle panel) to the cut-off position, and set the anti-collision light to the off position. This completely shut down the engine. ?

3. Turn on the ground power supply. After the engine is turned off, only the power supply can be used. ?

All the pumps are closed. We don't need fuel. ?

5. set CAB/UTIL and IFE/PASS and cabin lights to OFF?

6. Turn off seat belts and no smoking signs?

7. Set the window heating to OFF. There is no need to heat the glass. ?

8. Turn off the electro-hydraulic system ("ELEC 1" and "ELEC 2").

9. Set the assembly to close and the isolation valve to close. The cabin is no longer pressurized. ?

10. Rearrange the emergency exit lights. Which means the plane is completely dead. ?

1 1. Turn off the battery and ground power. In this way, the aircraft is completely completed and returned to the refrigerated state.

Relevant information and pictures are all from the Internet: through Baidu search.

Relevant reference sources are as follows:

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