Please help me analyze the influence of literati landscape painting on the art of gardening in Jiangnan

In the historical heritage of Chinese culture, China's classical garden art is unique in the world's cultural heritage with its unique cultural connotation. This is attributed to a large number of literati and painters in the Tang and Song dynasties, who were directly involved in the gardening at that time, and skillfully integrated their own aesthetic ideas of painting into the art of gardening, thus forming an oriental garden art style with Chinese characteristics, and playing a role in promoting the establishment of the Chinese gardening system of the Ming and Qing dynasties, which is a precedent and a driving force.

China's classical garden art with its unique national cultural connotations and beautiful and peculiar layout, chapter and verse, unique in the world cultural heritage. The Song Dynasty is the most intense cultural atmosphere in the history of Chinese culture, especially in painting, architecture and other arts with high achievements. At that time, a large number of literati, painters wrote books, under the guidance of this "theory", gradually began to "real landscape" empathy in the art of garden; and in the empathy and creation of the "painting theory", "painting", "painting", "painting", "painting", "painting", "painting", "painting", "painting", "painting", "painting", "painting", "painting", "painting" and "painting". ", "scrolls" in the ideas, aesthetic interest and the intention of the landscape combined to create and develop a profound cultural context of Chinese gardens.

The world of the literati and the rise of literati gardens

In 960 A.D., Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin to implement the state policy of the rule of literature since the social status of the literati unprecedentedly high. To the Song Huizong Zhao Ji reign, it is the literary style. The whole society of literati attached to elegance, many important officials were the most outstanding literati, painters and calligraphers, social aesthetic consciousness gradually moved to the expression of nature, the pursuit of extraordinary landscape garden, a large number of famous painters have emerged. Literati were keen to go back to the "construct the world's resorts in a landscape, the beauty of the mountains and rivers in a garden" in the realm of landscape painting, so the construction of gardens, landscaping gardens of the gardening style, began to flourish. From Emperor Huizong presided over the design of the Imperial Garden "Burgundy", to the folk Suzhou and Hangzhou around the many gardens in the South, on the imitation of the next to show their skills, will be transplanted in the landscape painting mood and interest in the reproduction of the real landscape, not carefully designed, skillfully arranged. In horticultural theory, building techniques and other aspects of the literati "painting theory" of the impact, so the art of gardening to reach a very mature situation, and gradually formed the south and north of the distinctive style of gardening.

Jiangnan gardens are the most distinctive, it is adapted to the local conditions, exquisite, make full use of the deep historical and humanistic, geographic background, and is committed to the use of exquisite and transparent Taihu Lake stone, gnarled dragon bells of the Huangshan Pine, bonsai, plum, orchids, bamboo, chrysanthemum "Four Gentlemen" and other props are combined together, into a "Tropic of Life", the "Tropic of Life". "The combination of props such as plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum enters a stage of imagination. Extremely beautiful natural materials, coupled with the Jiangnan folk many skilled craftsmen, painters and artists skills, prompted by the natural environment, landscape construction and humanistic architecture of the three highly condensed combination of the development and utilization of the Jiangnan gardens so as to form a clear-cut hierarchy, the changes in an orderly manner, meandering and subtle but harmonious and unified style, which set Chinese landscape painting "mood" and the essence of Chinese culture, and the Chinese culture. "and the essence of Chinese culture in one of the characteristics of the Song Dynasty literati painting development achievements of the inevitable result.

The influence of literati landscape painting on gardening

The Song Dynasty painters were famous, painting and book writing style flourished, from the emperor down to the common people, the pursuit of aesthetic excellence permeates all corners of society. Scholars in the landscape between birds and flowers, they naturally transfer the aesthetics of the scroll from the paper to the three-dimensional real gardens to go, will be melted in the construction of garden villas in the pursuit of hedonism, in order to escape from worldly disputes. This period of painting emphasized the truthfulness of details and poetic expression, which was in line with the aesthetics of what was ostensibly a peaceful and prosperous world at that time. As Guo Xi in the "Linquan Gaozhi" in the description of his heart "painting and garden" said: "landscape can walk, there can be viewed, there can live in the ...... but feasible to look at, not as good as can live and can travel, can live in, ten no three or four, and must take can live and can travel to the product. Must take can live can swim the goods, gentleman so thirsty for Linquan, is called this good place." Here, can look forward to, feasible, swimmable, livable is the ideal realm of the literati, the scholarly mind, a profound reflection of the literati's "garden point of view". Livable and swimmable is the heart of the "paradise" in order to get its desire, smooth its heart, painting the blueprints on the roll is only on paper, and create a garden can be more "fast, really get my heart". Therefore, the Song Dynasty gardening activities have been built from purely mountain residence, but in the city according to the realm of the literati to create the kind of gardens that can be lived in and traveled by the mountains on the streams into man-made gullies, so a large number of artificial water, superimposed on the mountain, and then constructed the building, the Song gardening and one of the characteristics.

"Yuyu huwenya" aesthetic interest in the late Northern Song Dynasty has been formed, this style of literature to the Southern Song Dynasty reached a new height. One of the landscape painting also appeared and the Northern Song Dynasty "big landscape", "big scene" is different from another kind of "small beauty", "spirit show "Secondly, this style also appears in the "small landscape" of Jiangnan water towns; Thirdly, the four great artists of the Southern Song Dynasty, such as Li Tang, Liu Songnian, Ma Yuan, Xia Gui, etc., are mostly from Jiangnan, and focus on depicting the fresh and sparse natural environment of Jiangnan, and they are enamored with the idyllic scenery and the small scenes of the plains, and love to use simple and clear picture compositions to create a beautiful landscape. They were fascinated by idyllic landscapes and small scenes, and loved to write about a part of nature with simple and clear pictures, which were true to the commonplace and hid the sky and water in a single color, simple and concise, half hidden and half present, and winning more with less. Often starting from a unique point of view, generalizing the whole with less, and making good use of the technique of drawing the eye to achieve a fine and subtle painting of the scene, and the proposition is extremely poetic. This easy to understand, and people live in mutual support of the painting style, also naturally become the basis for gardening.

It is reported that the Southern Song Dynasty moved the capital to Hangzhou, the palace Phoenix Hill area "garden", "garden" is prevalent, officials, government offices to build hundreds of gardens, the West Lake area has become the largest public "garden". The West Lake area became the largest public "garden". In this piece of "fairyland" on earth in the gardening style is very prevalent, the Royal Garden, temple gardens, private gardens and even tea houses and restaurants are attached to the garden, the inner court is also set "flowers and bamboo hostage sparsely" small courtyards to attract customers. To this day, when we stand on the top of Chenghuang Mountain, Ziyang Road, Phoenix Ridge, we can still vaguely perceive and identify the remnants of the walls of the gardens of that year show the momentum of the style. "Water brimming with sunshine is good, mountain color empty rain is also strange. I want to compare the West Lake to Xizi, and the light makeup is always appropriate." Su Dongpo's ancient masterpieces describing the West Lake have been popular. They wrote the garden, gardening, promote the development of the garden of Jiangnan, coupled with the human landscape of the West Lake, folk legend circulated many, many legends, make it more Chu Chu touching extremely rich in sentiment. "Spring Dawn on the Su Causeway", "Willow Wave", "Fish Watching in Flower Harbor", "Wind Lotus in the Courtyard", "Autumn Moon on Pinghu Lake", "Broken Bridge", "Sunset at Leifeng", "Evening Bells at Nanping", "Twin Peaks in the clouds", "Three Pools and the Moon" and other attractions have been passed down to the present day, these and the Song literati poetry, painting propositions expressed in the subject matter of the mood is the same lineage.

This inheritance is the combination of the landscape of the extreme carving, in the skills, the structure of the disposition, without losing rigor and wisdom of the style, the rocks, platforms, pavilions on the layout of the concept are very artisanal, to the lush forests and bamboos, mountains and beautiful water for the depiction of the lakes and mountains, presenting the peach and plum, mountains, mountains, mountains, water ripples of the garden scene. Therefore, most of the gardens in the south of the Yangtze River by the influence of this style, in the garden on the extremely stingy "ink", are in the limited space within the painstaking management of the lingering feelings from a corner of the red building, bridges and water, trees in the green revealed to the landscape as a blueprint for the mood for the theme, to create a landscape painting, landscape into the painting of the mutual infiltration, mutual dissolution of the garden of a mountain, a stone, a pavilion are detailed, and a landscape, a stone, a pavilion, a mountain, a stone, a pavilion, a pavilion are detailed. A mountain, a stone and a pavilion in the garden are all carefully carved, with "curved", "hidden", "obvious" and other techniques to express the infinite in the limited space. The form of the cloth garden absorbed the essence of landscape painting, the connotation of the connotation of the meaning of the composition of the refined, so that the aesthetic in the garden stored more thought-provoking information, as Mr. Liu Dunzhen edited the "History of Ancient Chinese Architecture," talking about the Sung Dynasty Jiangnan gardens, pointed out that: "At this time, the Jiangnan gardens there are a lot of literati painters to participate in the design of gardens, and thus the garden and literature, Landscape painting is more closely combined, forming an important stage in the development of Chinese gardens."

If the style and cause of literati painting is the result of the literati's participation in painting, then the formation of literati gardens and style is also the result of the literati's extensive participation in gardening activities. It is reported that Sima Guang, Ouyang Xiu, Su Dongpo, Wang Anshi, etc. all actively participated in the gardening at that time. It is necessary to put forward is, Song Huizong Zhao Ji had a painter and literati identity specific questions, participated in the design of the famous Song Royal Garden "Burgundy" of the garden, it is rumored that this mountain around 40 miles, the four sides of the strange bamboo and strange stone all gathered in the Si, platforms, pavilions and pavilions can not be counted. From a side note at the time the emperor headed by a group of painters, literati is so keen to create a "poetry and painting with the garden" of man-made natural space garden.

Creating a garden of "literati interest" is the Chinese literati gardening art of construction features. The core of this feature is "love of nature's emotions, distillation of nature, condensed nature"; in the means of expression is often a garden in the garden, stacking mountains and stones, chiseled pools and gardens, planting trees and flowers, with the type of shape, according to the shape of the building, sent things to feelings, the garden to put the fish, birds, as far as possible all the beauties in the nature in the form of a painting introduced into the living space of the people, the intention in the first place, the craftsmanship is the first, and the art of gardening. The garden is unique in terms of its intention and craftsmanship. Beyond the limitations of time and space, to express their own feelings, through a certain scene of "intention" to develop the layout, with a small view of the big, big to see the small, from the fragment to show the deep "mood", which is the characteristics of Chinese gardens. This kind of connection is extensive, a kind of "radial" connection. The poetic and pictorial meaning of the garden is the reproduction of the poetic and pictorial style of the literati at that time, and the "mood of the garden" is the same as the "mood of landscape painting", which is the same as the "landscape painting".

Inheritance of the garden is the same as the "landscape painting mood", poetry, painting to the garden as a depiction of the object is common, these are enough to show that the synchronization of poetry, painting and calligraphy and the rise of the garden, is no accident.

Inheritance and development

"Literati landscape gardens" in the Song Dynasty, contributed to the rise of a major sublimation of the art of gardening. Song culture reached a peak in Chinese history, both painting and literary art, for the Ming and Qing dynasties left a theory and facsimile of the great development of garden art.

The gardens of the Ming and Qing dynasties were in the same vein as those of the Song Dynasty and the Song Dynasty, but the art of gardening was more mature in theory and technique, and the theme was more far-reaching, which resulted in a number of "classic" gardens, such as the Humble Administrator's Garden in Suzhou, the Liouyuan Garden, the Nets Garden, the Lion's Woods, and the Send Changyuan Garden, the Yuyuan Garden in Shanghai, the Guozhuang Garden in Hangzhou, the Xiao Lianzhuang in Huzhou, the Summer Resort and the Royal Palace of the Imperial City in the north, and the Royal Palace of the Forbidden City. The Summer Resort, the Royal Garden of the Forbidden City and a large number of classic garden works. They inherited the characteristics of Song literati landscape paintings in seeking mood and form in their gardening techniques, so that the "landscape painting mood" and "garden mood" are organically combined, and the kind of painting that seeks for curiosity, danger, and strangeness is introduced into stacking mountains, drawing water, chiseling rocks, waterfalls, and setting up pavilions, with twists and turns, appropriate, and suitable. The garden is characterized by twists and turns, appropriate, borrowed scenery, etc., so that the garden is like a three-dimensional landscape scrolls become a gallery to show the nature.

The Ming and Qing gardens summed up the achievements of the previous generation, opened the later generations of the precedent, the garden landscape is also from the simple macro macro, and gradually developed into a delicate micro-based, the creative method from the purely realistic, the transition to a combination of landscape and writing, with borrowed titles, plaques, couplets embellish the garden, the conveyance of these moods thanks to the poems and paintings. Context of the expression of a variety of methods, writing, sentiments, than attached, symbols, allegory, title, etc., the garden has become more closely than ever before the integration of poetry, painting in nature, so that the natural landscape and the literati interest is mixed into one, more rich artistic interest and humanistic charm in the garden.

At this time there are more literati, painters, folk artists, craftsmen, etc. involved in the garden design and gardening practice, which are well-known and unknown, such as Ji Cheng, Zhang Nanyang, Zhang Lian, Ye Tao and other figures, their theory and practice greatly contributed to the development of the Jiangnan gardens, so that the art of garden in the space and the environment to achieve the perfect unity of the beauty of natural beauty, architectural beauty, the perfect unity of the beauty of the paintings, and to become a "reproduction of nature," "reproduction of nature" and "reproduce nature" in a perfect unity of the beauty of the natural landscape and painting. "Reproduce nature" and "above nature" of a comprehensive environmental art, thus marking the arrival of the mature period of Chinese ancient gardens of a hundred flowers competing for the situation.