The residence of ancient Japanese architecture

Early Japanese houses mostly used wooden frames and grass roofs, and the lower part was overhead, such as dry film buildings. After the introduction of Buddhism, the residence also changed obviously. During the reign of Emperor Shengwu (724 ~ 748), the court encouraged his deputies to build a mansion painted in red and white (the columns and beams were painted in red and the walls were painted in white). The only example of residence left in Nara era is a five-bay wooden frame building that was transformed into the Dharma Hall of Horyuji East Hospital. It was originally the residence of Lady Orange, the mother of Queen Emperor Shengwu. The aristocratic residence in Heian period adopts the style of "bedroom hall", with the owner's bedroom hall in the middle, the left and right sides as "opposite rooms" where family members live, and there is a corridor connecting the bedroom hall and the opposite room. There is a garden pool in the south of the sleeping hall, with pavilions and pavilions beside it, which are connected to the opposite room by cloisters for viewing and entertainment. In order to defend the samurai residence in Kamakura era, the plane form and internal separation are very complicated, and the layout and appearance are varied. Monks set up a small room next to the living room as a study because they needed to read the scriptures. This is the sprout of a house built by an academy. During the Muromachi (1338 ~ 1573) and Taoshan (1573 ~ 1600) periods, academies flourished. This kind of house is open, simple and flexible. There are "academy" (a small space for reading) and "bed room" (places for hanging calligraphy and painting, arranging flowers and inserting incense. , shaped like a niche) and "illegal shed" (shelf for placing stationery books) and other furnishings and indoor treatment, full of characteristics. Due to the prosperity of commerce, the "Xiading" (market town) with the castle as the center where the local lords are located has sprung up, and secular buildings such as city houses and businesses have developed; The popularity of tea ceremony among warriors and literati has promoted the development of teahouse architecture, among which the most distinctive feature is Cao An Teahouse with peasant flavor. This architectural style is called "Gigi House" (meaning elegant house). From the end of16th century to the beginning of17th century, there was a wind of building castles and watchtowers-"Tianshouge". This is a wooden shelf, which has both the practical purpose of defense and the means of political display and deterrence. There are famous Tianshou pavilions, such as Keshan, Himeji, Matsumoto, Kumamoto and Nagoya. At the beginning of Edo (16 15), a ban was issued to restrict the construction of cities. Later, this trend gradually disappeared.

Japanese gardens

Since the Han Dynasty, Japanese culture has been deeply influenced by China. Japanese gardens with Japanese characteristics and aesthetic feeling are also very representative of ancient Japanese architecture. Japanese gardens, while integrating the characteristics of China in the prosperous Tang and Song Dynasties, also formed their own unique style due to their own natural conditions and cultural background. Japanese nation's delicate and sensitive pursuit of life and beauty makes Japanese gardens very poetic and philosophical. Among them, the most representative dry landscape is the unique gardening technique in Japan, which embodies the essence of Japanese gardens. The later representative building of Zhao Ti Temple in Tang Dynasty (759) Jintang was built by the disciples of Jian Zhen, China, which reflected the architectural style of China in Tang Dynasty. During the Heian period (794 ~ 1 192), the nobles yearned for the pure land of the west, which promoted the development of the magnificent Mituo Hall. Outstanding examples are the Pingting Phoenix Hall in Uchi (1053) and the Amitabha Hall in Jingliuli Temple in Kyoto Prefecture. Among them, the Phoenix Hall is a collection of exquisite paintings, sculptures, handicrafts and buildings. In the Kamakura era (1 192 ~ 1333), the emerging samurai forces replaced the aristocratic groups in power, and the Zen Buddhism introduced from China in the Song Dynasty gained the appreciation and belief of the samurai, thus the Zen temple rose, with examples of Buddhist temples such as Yuanjue Temple in Kamakura. This kind of temple is often modeled after China's Song Dynasty architecture and is called "tang style". The old-fashioned architecture in peacetime is called "He"; Other Buddhist temples influenced by the architectural style in the southeast coast of China are called "Buddha style" or "Tianzhu style". Typical examples are the South Gate of Todo Temple in Nara and the Pure Land Hall of Pure Land Temple in Hyogo Prefecture. During the Muromachi shogunate period (1338 ~ 1573), Zen continued to develop. In Kyoto and Kamakura, the Wuyue Temple was established in imitation of the Wuyue Ten Temple of China Zen in the Southern Song Dynasty.