What are the traditional festivals of Manchu?

What are the traditional festivals of Manchu? What are the special festivals of Manchu?

Golden festival

It is the National Day of Manchu. 1635 Lunar New Year+10 On March 3rd, Huang Taiji issued an imperial edict, officially changing the surname "Nuzhen" to "Manchuria", which marked the formation of a new nation. 1989 10, at the first Manchu culture seminar in Dandong, the annual 12.3 was officially designated as the "Golden Festival". Manchu compatriots all over the country spontaneously held commemorative activities on the Manchu naming day on October 13 of the lunar calendar to commemorate the birth of Manchu. However, the names used in the activities are different, such as "naming day", "birth day" or "anniversary day".

the Lantern Festival

That is, the fifteenth day of the first month, commonly known as Lantern Festival. Manchu, like Han nationality, also has the custom of hanging lanterns and eating Yuanxiao.

Walking sickness

Festivals for Manchu women. Usually on the twentieth day of the first month. That night, women in groups of three or five traveled far away, or went roller skating, or had fun, and were called "peers with all diseases."

Tim Cang Festival

Every year on the 25th day of the first month, every household in Manchu rural areas pays attention to cooking sticky sorghum rice, putting it in the warehouse, weaving it into ponies with straw sticks and inserting it into rice bowls, which means that horses carry food home and have plenty of food and clothing. Add new rice on the first day and add it three times in a row. Some people also use sorghum stalks to make two hoes and put them in their rice. This festival has been preserved in the rural areas of northeast China.

The second day of the second lunar month

Commonly known as "Dragon Rise Day". On the morning of the same day, Manchu people scattered kitchen ashes in the courtyard, and the ash road was curved like a dragon, so it was called "Zhao Long". Then a ceremony was held in the yard to pray for good weather. The whole family will eat "Longxu Noodles" and "Longlin cake". Women can't do needlework on this day.

Insect king festival

June is prone to insect disasters. Manchu people living in Xiuyan, Fengcheng and other places in Liaoning are used to going to the Insect King Temple to sacrifice and kill pigs on the sixth day of June, hoping to avoid disasters and ensure a good harvest in the fields. At present, there is no activity of the king of insects offering sacrifices to sweep, but every household should dry clothes on this day to prevent insects from eating. Mid-Autumn Festival: The Manchu people take July 15 as the Mid-Autumn Festival, which is also regarded as a "ghost festival" to turn over the dead.

At that time, temples all over the country will set up Dojo, burn lamps to chant Buddhist scriptures and hold various ceremony of crossing over. There are wooden screens in the west and east of the courtyard, including cockscomb flowers, soybean branches and fresh lotus roots. Hang it on the screen for the moon rabbit to see. There is a square table in front of the screen with a big moon cake on it. When offering sacrifices, women worship first, and men worship later.

Ghosts'Festival

The Manchu people take July 15 as the Mid-Autumn Festival, which is also regarded as a "ghost festival" to turn over the dead. At that time, temples all over the country will set up Dojo, burn lamps to chant Buddhist scriptures and hold various ceremony of crossing over. There are wooden screens in the west and east of the courtyard, including cockscomb flowers, soybean branches and fresh lotus roots. Hang it on the screen for the moon rabbit to see. There is a square table in front of the screen with a big moon cake on it. When offering sacrifices, women worship first, and men worship later.

Mountain opening festival

Every year, after the Mid-Autumn Festival, or in the middle of September of the lunar calendar (the exact time is uncertain), Manchu people gather herbs to pray for a bumper harvest. In the past, Manchu villages in Northeast China prayed for blessings to Changbai Mountain every year, thanking the mountain gods for their generous gifts to herb gatherers, and the ginseng collected during this period should also be enshrined in their own shrines.

Laba Festival

Manchu people want to soak "Laba vinegar" and cook "Laba meat" on the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month. In addition to the food for the whole family, it should also be distributed to relatives and friends.

Little new year

Manchu people have the same custom of Chinese New Year as Han people. The 23rd of the twelfth lunar month is a "small year". At that time, every household would sacrifice to the kitchen god, commonly known as "sending the kitchen god"

Meat festival

Ancient Manchu had no calendar, which was consistent with the Central Plains Dynasty since ancient times, so many festivals were the same as the Central Plains, but they formed their own characteristics due to regional and cultural differences. February 1 day is the Zhonghe Festival of the Han nationality. I ate the sun egg cake made of rice flour, and the golden rooster was printed on the cake to worship the sun. Historically, Manchu people called the first day of February the Minzi Festival, which is a very grand festival for Manchu people in old Beijing.

Na Tong's diary records that in the thirty-third year of Guangxu (1907), "On the first day of February, at some time, Kunning Palace ate meat, and from the beginning of the ceremony, Xiyuanmen class was on duty." Jin Yi and Shen Yiling's Notes on Maids also recorded the meat-eating festival. The protagonist of this day is the Empress, who will lead Fujin of each palace to offer sacrifices to Tangzi, and be responsible for presiding over the sacrifice ceremony of Kitchen God in Kunning Palace.

Different from the Han nationality, Manchu people come from the Heishui area of Baishan in Northeast China, where the spring phenology does not appear until February of the lunar calendar, so the Zhonghe Festival on the first day of February is regarded as beginning of spring, commonly known as "Minzi Festival". In addition, the Han nationality is "men don't Yue Bai, women don't offer sacrifices to stoves", while Manchu women can not only attend the activities of offering sacrifices to stoves on the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month, but also participate in the sacrificial ceremony of Minji Festival. As the saying goes, "everything in the family is decided by one person", so both the queen and the housewife in the palace think it is their unshirkable responsibility.

The sacrificial activities of the palace are held in Kunning Palace, and the solemn palace will set up a slaughterhouse here on this day. In the palace, a rectangular wooden box is placed on the west side of the main hall, covered with iron sheet. After the case, there are two deep pits with two half-height stoves and two large iron pots, which can hold the whole fat pig. There are two large wooden boxes on both sides of the box, which are used to shave and cut pigs.

After the pig is slaughtered, except for a handful of pig hair left on the pig's head and tied with red rope, all the rest are drained, cooked in a pot, then led by the steward and carried to the stove in front of the magic pole by the handyman. This kind of ceremony was paid more attention to in Shenyang Palace before entering the customs, and so were the soldiers of the Eight Banners.

Bath Buddha Festival

The eighth day of the fourth lunar month is a Buddhist bathing festival, which has been particularly popular since the Jin Dynasty. From the Yellow Emperor, nobles to ordinary people, they all worship Buddha. (Daikin Guozhi. Futu) Volume 36 "Futu's teaching, though noble, contains many men and women monks and nuns." There are still many gold pagodas in Beijing, such as Zhengang Pagoda on the east hill of Yungang Village, Changxindian Town, Fengtai. The Deling Pagoda of Yandaxing in Xiganchi, Changgou Township, Fangshan District, and the Yinshan Tallinn in Haizi Village, Changping District all illustrate the worship of Buddhism by ancient Manchu people. The Buddha's birthday of Han Buddhism is on the eighth day of the fourth lunar month, and that of Tibetan Buddhism is on April 15th, so April is an auspicious month.

In April of the lunar calendar, Huaiyin in in Beijing turns green and pomegranate bloom. In addition to all kinds of religious activities, there are ceremonies such as abstaining from beans, releasing animals, holding charity meetings, worshipping Buddha and teeth, and dying before crossing over. Folk customs mainly include Pushe Yuan Dou. Manchu people take pleasure in kindness. On the eighth day of April, many people distribute beans to passers-by on street corners for free, and Wang Fu is no exception.

In the book A Record of Life in Wang Fu, Mr. Jin Jishui talked about the beans of Prince Rui's family: before the Buddha Bath Festival, raw materials such as mung beans, soybeans, Chinese toons and salted carrots were prepared. Then, wash the beans first, cut the carrots into cubes, cut the Toona sinensis into sections, add pepper and salt and cook until the eighth morning. Give the beans to the Buddha while they are still hot. After the confession was withdrawn, the younger generation took a small dustpan full of beans and sent it to each room, so that the elders could take a mung bean and a soybean respectively. Servants are no exception. The other two eunuchs went out to give alms with a big basket of beans. When she came back from school, she pleaded in court and said as usual, "If you go back to Taifujin, people will become attached!" This is a job.

The apotheosis section of "Beijing Tong" contains Mr. Jin Shoushen's wonderful account of "Sheyuan Bean", which is very vivid. After Buddha's birthday, Bi Xia Yuan Jun's birthday came. There are four Niangniang temples in Beijing: Ding Dong, Xiding, Nanding, Beiding and Zhong Ding, as well as Jinding Niangniang Temple in Miao Feng in the west of Beijing, Jiya in Pinggu and Tianxian Niangniang Temple outside Chongwenmen.

Mr. Jin Qi _ said in the book "Manchu in the Suburbs of Beiping", "In the eyes of people in the military camp, sissy is second only to Master Guan. They also know the relationship between nuns in these temples. It is said that they are all fleshy fetuses, teenage girls and sisters born to one mother. One day, my mother took her three daughters to visit Nanding (outside Zuo 'anmen). The older girl insisted on sitting on the incense table in the main hall, and her mother couldn't stop her. The monk in the temple advised, "If she wants to go up, she must have a foundation. There is no need to stop her. " Who knows that as soon as the girl sat in the golden Buddha's niche, she immediately became a physical empress.

In grief, the mother took the remaining two girls to Beiding (outside Anding Gate), and the two girls sat in the Buddhist shrine and became the queens of Beiding. The mother had to take her three daughters home, but on the way home, the three girls clamored to visit Xiding Temple, and the mother agreed. As a result, the third girl became the physical goddess of Xiding Temple. "This Xiding Temple is in Landianchang Street outside the south gate of Waihuoyingmen, and there is a temple fair on April 18.

Manchu introduction

Manchu, a minority in northern China, is scattered all over China. From nuzhen. 16 16 nuerhachi unified the ministries of nuzhen and established the post-Jin regime. 1635, Huang taiji changed the nuzhen nationality to the dew of longevity.

Manchu originally had its own language and writing. Manchu was founded at the end of 16, borrowing Mongolian letters. 17 In the 1940s, after a large number of Manchu entered the customs, Chinese was widely used.

Manchu once believed in Shamanism, worshipped ancestors and had the custom of offering sacrifices to heaven and ancestors. Later, influenced by Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism, the objects of worship became diversified. Manchu is a nation that pays great attention to etiquette.

Before Manchu entered the customs, folk literature was very rich, which was handed down from generation to generation in the form of myths, legends and ballads. After entering the customs, it absorbed the essence of China culture, and many famous writers, poets and painters appeared. For example, Nalan Xingde, a poet in Qing Dynasty, Cao Xueqin, Lao She and Duanmu Hongliang, authors of A Dream of Red Mansions, etc.

Ethnic profile: Manchu, formerly known as Manchu, also known as Manchu, Manchu, etc. It is a minority in China. Manchu people are scattered all over China, most of them live in Liaoning, and others are scattered in Jilin, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu, Shandong and other large and medium-sized cities such as Beijing, Tianjin, Chengdu, Xi, Guangzhou and Yinchuan. The formation of large dispersion is characterized by small sedimentation. At present, Xiuyan, Fengcheng, Xinbin, Qinglong, Fengning and other Manchu autonomous counties and several Manchu townships have been established in major inhabited areas. In 2000, the Manchu population was1068,000.