79. Ancient soccer is called

Respondent: zzzzzzz0818 - Level 5 2008-8-13 12:43

First, the pre-Song cuju brief

"Cuju" word, the earliest contained in the "Records of the Grand Historian - Su Qin biography", Su Qin traveled to the king of Qi Xuan Wang described the Linmiao: "Linmiao is very rich and real, the people are not blowing the rod, drums, stepping on the jiu person.""" The word "stepping" means "cu", kicking." Jiu", ball, that is, the ancient soccer ball.

There are records of cuju in the Han Dynasty's Xijing Miscellany, Salt and Iron Theory, Cuju Xinshu, and Liu Xiang Bielu.

The Three Kingdoms, two Jin Dynasty and the North and South Dynasties, the practice of cuju is still popular.

The Tang Dynasty, cuju is still a very common sport, Du Fu said in a poem: "ten years of overlooking the bow will be far away, thousands of miles of the same customs of the autumn and the thousand". However, there has been a great development. There are three main:

(1) with an inflatable ball: "Song Dynasty Facts Class Court" in: "Yan Shigu note Huo Zhaodi bud domains kicking bow cloud: 'Bow to the skin for the real hair, cu cu and play.' Yan said that the bow is so, to the late Tang has been different." Xu Jian, "the beginning of learning": "today's cuju is said to play cones. Ancient with hair fiber knot, today with skin, to cell for the inside of hush gas closed and cu."

(2) Establishment of the goal: "Cuju began in the Tang Dynasty, with the planting of two bamboos, several zhang high, and the netting of the two bamboos on top of the gate to measure the ball; the ball was divided into two parts and the left and right ponies were used to win or lose by the angle, which is the first thing to be said of the change of cuju.

(3) Various kicking styles: Double-goal kicking style: It was recorded in the "Balloon Fugue" by Zhong Wuyan of the Tang Dynasty. Single-goal kick: This can be seen in the "Atlas of Cuju". No goal kicking: a person or a few people kicking alone, known as playing the bow; two people against the kick is called the white fight; more than three people **** kicking is called the field house, such as three people field house, four people field house.

Two, the new characteristics of the Song Dynasty Cuju

Song Dynasty Cuju in the Tang Dynasty Cuju on the basis of a great development, reflecting the characteristics of the Song Dynasty. The main features are as follows:

1. The production process of the bow ball has developed greatly

Song Dynasty Facts Class Court recorded: "the return of the children mocked the Pi Rixiu cloud: - eight pieces of the tip of the diagonal as a ball, fire in the water rubbed a packet of free air as usual, kicking and punching pawns have not yet rested'" Indirectly recounted the Tang dynasty's bow ball. It is not synthesized by two pieces of the previous ball shell, but by six or eight pieces of sharp pieces sewn together.

The Song Dynasty Facts Class Court also recorded: "Now made of cow and pig cells, natty and open, it is happy to jump, but there are also different." In the Song Dynasty, the ball is sewn with 10 or 12 cowhides." Kicking a big balloon made of 10 pieces of cowhide" was a common metaphor used by officials at that time when they wanted to make their official duties easier. Chen Yuanliang once said, "Twelve fragrant skins, cut into round brocade." Cuju Spectrum" said its process "dense masonry sewn into the invasion does not reveal the corner of the line, embedded in the deep nest, the pear can play, the tiger's paw can be viewed, the side of the money is short and difficult to sew, the six leaves of the peaches to envy." Song Dynasty bowls this change, make the ball easier to kick, thus attracting a large number of people to kick. At the same time, it also reflects the improvement of production technology level in Song Dynasty.

2. The Song Dynasty canceled the double goal kick

The double goal of the Tang Dynasty was more confrontational. Song Dynasty only retained single and no goal kicking. Confrontation is weakened, which is a regression of the cuju movement, but it is more performative, so that the Song Dynasty cuju gradually to the direction of vaudeville.

3. The ball skills of the Song Dynasty were enhanced and developed towards skill and accuracy.

Meng Yuanlao "Tokyo Dreaming Records" contains: "the left and right army to build the ball. In front of the temple, the ball gate was set up, about three feet high, mixed colors and knots, leaving the door one foot. The left nodo, Su Shu, had a long foot and a red jacket, and all of them had rolled up their heads, and there were also more than ten people with red jackets. The right nodo leader Yu Xuan and more than ten other people, all in green brocade coats, have a musical whistle, a flute, a staff and a drum. The left army first turns the cones to the crowd for several times, and there are a pair of nodules, which are built for several times, and when they are upright, the cones are offered to the nodules and the nodules, and the right army gets the cones and turns the crowd for several times again. The next nodule will be played by the nodule head according to the previous offering and the nodule head, and the winner will be the one who plays the nodule with a big moon and passes through the nodule gate. The winner is awarded with a silver compass and a gold color. Worship dance to thank you, to give brocade **** Phi and worship also, do not win the head of the ball to eat whip, then add wipe gun."

The Tang Dynasty used "hold" to receive the opponent's ball, the Song Dynasty used "kick" to receive, which is more advanced. It is not easy to kick the ball accurately through the high and small goal, which shows the high skill.

Song Dynasty Cuju home summarized the shoulder (shoulder such as holding a heavy object in the hands), back (with the back of the slow down fast back), abduction (abduction to control the knee crouching waist to take), ride (with the waist not to get up the head), control (control shall be used to both eyes Gu), hold down (with the tip of the shoulder micro-fingered high), drag (when and with the body first down), knee (right knee and the left hand is slightly higher), beat (chest beat made a low look at the), the moon and (why ask the green poplar frequently). This "ten kicks". Such a kicking technique, has been close to modern soccer technology.

4. Song Dynasty appeared specialized cuju organization, and there are strict social regulations.

Southern Song Zhou Mi "old story of Wulin" folk ball will be called "Qiyundu" or "round society"." Qi Yun She" until the Ming Dynasty Shi Nai-an wrote "Legend of the Water Runes" is still mentioned. Chen Yuanliang, a Southern Song Dynasty historian, once said, "If we talk about the flow, no more than the round society," "Qiyun a society, the three brocade alone to compete first."

The ball society, one because cuju technology is difficult to master, need to specialize in learning and long-term exercises, so specializing in research, teaching kicking technology of the citizens' associations came into being. Secondly, the city's economic and cultural development, the number of people playing football is increasing, requiring cuju sports industry, organized.

In the Qiyun society, there are strict social rules, such as the "Qiyun Du rules" on athletes to cultivate their bodies and make strict requirements: to be clear teacher, to the mouth decision ......, while promoting sports hygiene. This makes the Song Dynasty party bow movement increasingly standardized, organized, scientific.

5. Specialized in singing cuju works appeared.

In the "matter Lin Guangji" in the "round society city language", it *** with the Lu Gong "Zisu Maru", "wisps of gold", "good daughter", "Dafu Maiden", "good children", "earn", "the better", "falcon fight rabbit", "the end of the song" nine songs to sing Cuju sports. Cuju was celebrated as a popular musical style in Song Dynasty cities, which shows its influence in the lives of citizens.

6. Cuju was popularized by the whole society in Song Dynasty.

The entire social class of the Song Dynasty, from the emperor, the palace, down to the city people, are happy to do, which is visible from the Song notes, the present Song Dynasty remains.

"Song History - Taizong Benji": Taiping Xingguo five years in March wuzi, will be Prince, Prime Minister, King of Huaihai and courtiers cuju Daming Hall.

"Song History - Li Bangyan biography" "Bangyan handsome, ...... can cuju ...... self-titled Li Langzi"

"Three Dynasties of the Northern League will be edited" (Bangyan) "tasted self-tested that the world to enjoy all the flowers, kick the world毬..."

"The three dynasties of the Northern League will be compiled. ..."

Tokyo Meng Hua Lu (Tokyo Dreaming Records) - The Feast Hall of Gao Xin Bao Jin Lu (The Feast Hall of Gao Xin Bao Jin Lu) "South of the Feast Hall of the Qiong Lin Yuan there is a cross-street and a willow path, which is a place for the people of the capital to play cones."

West Lake Old Man's Record of Prosperous Victories: "Kicking balls in a wide place."

Mengliangluo-Society: "There are Cuju, ball playing, and water crossbow shooting societies, which are not for the officials and eunuchs, but for the first-class rich and wealthy, and the children of the wind and stream, and the people of leisure."

"Capitol City Chronicle - society" "and cuju playing ball society ......"

"Old Martial Arts - all colors of artists" in "cuju confectionery", lists the names of five masters, such as Fan Lao'er.

Two identical bronze mirrors with cuju motifs from the Song Dynasty are now in the Hunan Provincial Museum and the Chinese Museum of History.

A Song Dynasty white porcelain pillow unearthed in Xingtai, Hebei province, is depicted with children cuju.

A ceramic pillow with a woman playing soccer in the Song Dynasty exists.

The above list is only a reflection of the life of the Song people, but it also shows to some extent the popularity of cuju in the Song Dynasty.

7. Cuju in the Song Dynasty is attached to the commercial flavor.

Because cuju was very popular, many merchants took advantage of the article. A merchant named Huang Jianzui, opened a "cuju tea house". An oil seller called his store "Cuju store", which is a promotional tool, but also reflects the public's preference for Cuju.

Because of the Cuju kicking method is diverse, ornamental, some businessmen to adapt to the needs of the development of the city's commodity economy, it will be introduced into the commercial mechanism to attract tourists, such as the "Old Story of Wulin - put spring" "will be the Court so that there is a small nursery is not less than two acres, but the flowers and trees together turn, Pavilion tree is very clever, the spring are all the books and paintings. Stubborn ware crown flower ware to get the thing, listing full of front. And set up a standard pole shooting stacks and swing shuttle door door chicken cuju the play things to entertain visitors,"

Third, the popularity of cuju in the Song Dynasty

Certain social phenomena can not be separated from the social context, there must be the reason for its generation. Now on the Song Dynasty Cuju's prosperity, try to do the following brief analysis:

1. Cuju has the function of fitness

Cuju can be strong body, sports historians say that it is "the movement of the limbs and knuckles, and good to make the blood and the harmonization of the body's work, better than the Warren five birds of the play." So it is easy for people to accept.

2. Cuju has the function of the excitement

Song dynasty harem held banquets, often Cuju show to help the excitement. When the game, often the emperor, the consort to eat while watching, the ministers on the sidelines to accompany.

3. Cuju has the function of the ladder

Talked about being rewarded for the skill of the ball. And soaring to fame, people will think of Gao Zizi, "Wave of dust record": "(Wang Jinqing] to the evening to send Zizi Jia to, the value of the king in the garden Cuju, Zizi waiting for the occasion, out of the corner of the eye not to say. The king called the order to cu, y cozy king, great joy, called the subordinate generation cloud: 'can pass the word to the lieutenant, both thank you castor knife bestowal, and sent people are dropped out of prison.' By the day to see the pro-confidence. More than a month the king of the throne, the favor is very thick, not times to move to worship, its peers awarded to pray for grace, on the said: 'you Cao fight as good as his footsteps that! A few buckets between the construction of the festival, looking to make the phase, think of the fortunate beyond compare."

Not coincidentally, in the "Song Dynasty Facts Class Court" in: "State dynasty scholar Liu Sanfu most able to, Ding Jin Gong is also good at ......, the first Liu as a scholar, want to see the Jin Gong Yuan by, will Jin Gong cu after the country, Liu to wait for, cone fruit and out, Liu is hostage to take. The left and right to tell, Jin Gong also heard the name of Liu. That is to call the, Liu since we Huai Suye, the first wearing cone to people, see the Duke of Jin again worship three, out of the arms of the book, and again worship, every worship always turn to the back direction brawn both up again on the head, the Duke of Jin, a great curiosity, and stayed as a guest under the door." (Liu Gongfather poetry)

4. Cuju has the function of liaison

Song dynasty from the emperor to the ministers have many good kicking, "Song Dazu Cuju Figure" is painted with the rest of the five people Cuju game scene. The emperor, who was the most powerful man in the world, stepped down from his throne; the ministers, who were respectful and not disobedient, temporarily put aside the rituals of kings and ministers, which played a role in the cuju.

5. Improvements in the ball-making process and changes in the kicking method have made the ball easier to kick.

Inflated with cow swine cells, the shell of the ball by 12 pieces sewn together, etc., increased the elasticity of the ball, single-goal or goal-less kicking, not subject to the venue, the number of restrictions. So this kind of free entertainment is quite popular among the public.

6. The promotion of the Song Dynasty commodity economy

The Song Dynasty commodity economy boom, the prosperity of the city, for the public to produce a new spiritual life needs to provide a new material basis. Cuju adapted to this trend of the times, and injected new content into the unique cultural life of the citizens of the Song Dynasty.

"Sitting on the head of a thousand palace flower bushes again, the imperial incense smoke on the purple cloud building.

Ten thousand people look to the green sky together, the sound of drums and flutes in the colorful ball."

This is a wonderful depiction of Song Dynasty Cuju. Although after the Song Dynasty (especially in the Ming and Qing dynasties) to accept the influence of learning, cuju sports gradually to silence. But the Song Dynasty when the bow still has a place in the history of Chinese sports, it is the history of Chinese soccer capitalized.