Please elaborate on various western literary schools.

/kloc-a literary trend of thought or school that was popular in Europe during the autocratic monarchy in the 0/7th century and the first half of the 0/8th century. Its representative figures regard the literature and art of ancient Greece and Rome as a lofty model that must be imitated in creative practice and literary theory, draw lessons from the aspects of theme, plot, image and creative experience, and give it new historical content. The word classicism got its name from this.

France is the center of European classical literature and art. Since the17th century, French poet Mahleber and others have done a lot of work to oppose all dialects and slang and establish the norms of French classical literature language. In the tragedy "The Bay of Sophocles", the poet Mele realized for the first time the principle of three unifications put forward by Italian scholars, that is, a plot clue, a time of day and a place. This is the basic principle of classical playwrights' creation. The Art of Poetry written by boileau, a French literary theorist, is an important treatise with the nature of a declaration of classical literature. It summarizes the practice of French classical creation for decades, and requires literature and art to "imitate nature" (including the essence of human nature), "study palaces" and "know cities". Divide genres (epic, tragedy, comedy, etc.). ) divided into different levels with clear boundaries, and strictly regulated each genre; According to Descartes' rationalism, the aesthetic principle of rationality is put forward. The representatives of classicism in French literature are Gao Naiyi, Racine, boileau, Moliere and La Fontaine. Representative figures in painting include Pu Sang, LeBron and David. Representatives of architecture include Mansard and Lenotel. They supported the monarchy politically, and their works had a distinct political tendency. Advocating national unity and opposing national division; Advocating that individual interests are subordinate to the overall interests of the state; Shaped a typical figure who served the lofty social ideal; Their works basically serve the court and take a contemptuous attitude towards folk literature. Because classicism overemphasizes rationalism, universality and centralization, and the simplicity of plot, it often ignores individuality and highlights types, and many works tend to be formulaic and conceptual.

David's Oath of Horace Brothers is a masterpiece of classical painting.

Since the 181920s, classicism has spread almost all over Europe. The representative figures in Britain are john dryden, a poet of the Restoration Dynasty, and Pope, a poet deeply influenced by boileau. The representative of Germany is John Gottschede, who wrote a poetic paper based on Horace and boileau's Criticism for Germans. Russian classicism occupies a special position, with prominent irony and weakening tendency. Its literary representatives are Su marov, lomonosov and Kandemir, and its architectural representatives are Kazakov and Voronisin.

romanticism

romanticism

A basic method and style of literary and artistic creation, together with realism, are two major ideological trends in the history of literature and art. Romanticism (English Romanticism) originated from the language and literature of some ancient Roman capitals in southern Europe. The different dialects in these areas were originally a mixture of Latin and local dialects, and later developed into Romance. 11~12nd century, a large number of legendary stories and ballads in local languages and literature were written in Roman language. These works mainly describe the magical deeds, chivalry and mystery of medieval knights, and stories with such characteristics are gradually called legends, that is, knight stories or legendary stories. Romantic thought is embodied in literature, art, architecture, music and other artistic fields.

Romanticism, as a creative method and style, emphasizes subjectivity and subjectivity, focuses on the ideal world, puts emotion and imagination in the first place, and often uses passionate language, imagination beyond reality and exaggeration to shape the ideal image. Literary and artistic creation, ancient and modern, at home and abroad, has this feature from the beginning. For example, the poems of Qu Yuan and Li Bai in China and The Journey to the West in Wu Cheng'en, Goethe and Schiller in Germany, Hugo and George Shah in France, Byron and Shelley in Britain all have distinct romantic features.

As a literary trend of thought, Romanticism rose and prevailed in Europe from the end of18th century to the beginning of19th century. At that time, it was the era of bourgeois revolution, and the bourgeoisie was on the rise, demanding individual liberation and emotional freedom, resisting the rule of feudalism in politics and the bondage of classicism in literature and art. In order to meet this need, the romantic trend of thought came into being.

Romantic literature The romantic spirit first appeared in literature. In France, the pioneer of romanticism is Rousseau, who preaches that emotion is supreme and human nature is good. A group of writers responded to his slogan of "returning to nature", expressing their feelings about nature, depicting the charm of nature, and expressing their love, pursuit and attachment to beautiful things, freedom and ideals, and their homeland. The representative of early French romanticism was chateaubriand. His works cherish the memory of past ideals, preach the power of religion, and show strong negative thoughts and emotions. 1800, Mrs Starr published a book on literature, introducing her views on romanticism. In this book and another on Germany, she raised the issue of romantic nationalism, which laid the theoretical foundation of French romanticism. The successful performances of Hugo's Preface to Cromwell and Ernane marked the victory of romanticism over classicism. Hugo's works are magnificent and full of idealism, showing deep sympathy for the middle and lower classes. They are masterpieces of French and European romantic literature. George sand's novels expressing utopian socialist ideals and revealing that money is omnipotent are also excellent works in French romantic literature. However, strictly speaking, romanticism still originated in Germany and Britain. The earliest manifestation of romanticism was the German charge period. The schlegel brothers became the leaders of German romanticism in the last decades of the18th century. The publication "The Temple of Athena" edited by schlegel Brothers has played an important role in promoting the propaganda and theoretical construction of the romantic movement, and is called Jena Romanticism. They demand the liberation of individuality, advocate the freedom of creation, and advocate breaking the boundaries of various arts. However, their romanticism theory is full of subjective idealism and religious mysticism. Another school of German romanticism is Heidelberg School. The representative figures are Anim, brentano and Brothers Grimm, who attach importance to folk literature and collect folk songs and fairy tales in depth, which has played a positive role in the development of romantic literature. In addition, the works of Hoffman, Holderlin, Heine, Goethe and Schiller also occupy an important position in German romantic literature. The main representatives of English romanticism are Hunan poets Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey. Wordsworth regarded poetry as a "natural expression of strong feelings" in the preface to the second edition of Lyric Ballads, which later became the declaration of English romantic poets. Byron, Shelley, Keats and others are the representatives of English romantic literature in the early19th century. They criticized the feudal church forces, showed a democratic tendency to strive for freedom and progress, and developed and enriched the form and rhythm of romantic poetry in art. Scott, the representative of the novel, is good at combining historical events with bold imagination to create colorful pictures. Russian poet zhukovsky, influenced and promoted by western European romanticism, broke the classical norms in the early19th century and created many beautiful lyric poems and narrative poems, which played an important role in the rise of Russian romanticism. The Decemberists poets Pushkin and lermontov's early romantic creations are full of revolutionary passion, eulogizing the thoughts of anti-autocracy and striving for freedom, and they are outstanding representatives of Russian romantic literature. Romantic literature in Eastern Europe is represented by Polish revolutionary poet A Mizz Kevic and Hungarian revolutionary poet S Petofi, whose works have distinctive patriotism and strong national characteristics. /kloc-After the middle of the 0/9th century, romantic literature in Europe was gradually replaced by realistic literature.

Romantic Art 18 In the 1960s and 1970s, some painters in Rome explored various possible ways beyond the strict academic principles of neoclassical art ... Among them, Henry Fuselli, a Swiss, was the most prominent because his paintings were strange and unusual, and his painting incubus focused on depicting the irrational power of thought. On the basis of Christian mythology, British painter and poet Blake developed his own fine view of the world, and his watercolor painting skills were exquisite. In the later generation of painters, constable and Tanner combined the vividness of watercolor painting techniques with oil painting. Constable described the rural scenery in Britain and explored the complexity of light and color in the atmosphere. Tanner played the natural effect of light and created a dynamic composition, which made the audience seem to swim with the picture. In Germany, the landscape painter Long Greto symbolically described personal spiritual temperament as a part of ordinary natural spirituality. Friedrich is a devout religious person. He used the image of a lonely tree or a towering cross to imply reverence and awe for nature and mind. In France, the main romantic painter who uses historical and literary themes is Delacroix. In addition to experimenting with color and light, he also showed his feelings with energetic brushstrokes. He is fascinated by exotic themes, especially nomadic life in the desert of North Africa. His works describing animal life enthusiastically reflect his similar interests with Jericho, who is very revolutionary in choosing contemporary events as his creative theme.

Greece on the Ruins of Misorenko by Delacroix (oil painting)

Romantic architecture romanticism is manifested in the pursuit of ultra-dust and refined taste and exotic atmosphere in architecture. 65438+60s ~ 65438+30s is the first stage of the development of romantic architecture, also known as pre-romanticism. Castle-like mansions in the Middle Ages and even sketches of oriental architecture have appeared. The 1930s and 1970s of 19 were the second stage of romantic architecture, which has developed into a trend of architectural creation. Because of the pursuit of medieval Gothic architectural style, it is also called Gothic Renaissance architecture. Romantic architecture is mainly limited to churches, universities, town halls and other medieval architectural types. Its development in different countries is different. Britain is the birthplace of romantic architecture, and the most famous architectural works include the British Parliament Building in London, St. Giles Church, Manchester City Hall and so on.

Romantic music In music, no matter composing or playing, romanticism is characterized by emphasizing individuality and emotional expression. This change is partly due to the change of musicians' social status. /kloc-composers in the 0/7th century were entrusted to create works for noble protectors, while composers in the 0/8th century relied on the audience of city concerts. In this sense, Beethoven inherited the classicism period and inspired The Romantic Period, because his musical skills were basically classical, but he regarded his music above all else as a means of self-expression, thus setting an important example for composers in the19th century. It is generally believed that C.M. von Weber is the beginning of a truly romantic composer. He established the position of German romantic opera with The Magical Bomber, followed by Schubert, Berlioz, Mendelssohn, Chopin, Liszt, Wagner and many other composers. They have made great achievements in the creation of new romantic genres such as art songs, title symphonies, piano sketches, symphonic poems and operas. The romantic spirit in music, whether it is romance or instrumental music, often draws inspiration from poems, fairy tales and folk stories. Romantic music works are more free in form and structure, subject to emotional needs, and consciously characterized by fragmentation or improvisation. The exploration of the relationship between long-distance harmony and tonality has greatly expanded the harmony language. The ideal of romanticism is vividly reflected in the grand opera of19th century. Strong nationalism, reverence for heroes, strange scenery and costumes, and exquisite skills in descriptive music, symphony and vocal music all constitute romantic music.

realism

realism

65438+dominant literary thoughts and schools in European literature and art after 1930s; It also refers to a principle and method of literary and artistic creation.

In the history of development, the German poet Schiller used the word "realism" in the aesthetic sense for the first time in his letter to Goethe on April 27th, 1789. On September 2 1 65438, the French writer Champfleury published an article "Realism in Art", commenting on the French painter Courbet's "Order". The World Expo was held in Paris from 65438 to 0855. Two paintings by Courbet were devalued by the organizers and failed to be selected. Courbet held a solo exhibition next to the Expo. Later, Champfleury and novelist and critic Dulanty founded a publication called Realism (6 issues). 1857, Champfleury said Balzac was one of the founders of realistic method in the preface of Collected Works of Realism. At the same time, it lists the names of some British and Russian writers, such as Dickens, Thackeray, C Bronte, Nikolai Nikolai Gogol and Turgenev, trying to put forward some programmatic things for realism. A literary school and literary trend of thought in Europe officially named after "realism" came from this.

Realism took the place of romanticism in 1930s and 40s of 19, which has profound social history and the development of literature and art itself. Facing the reality, progressive writers reflect some real social conditions in their own creations. In addition, the three major discoveries in the field of natural science and the spread of utopian socialism in the19th century prompted progressive writers to observe the world with objective and critical eyes. They are no longer satisfied with the subjective ideal of romantic literature and art, the rebellious spirit of individuals, the ideal world of extraordinary events and extraordinary figures, but look to the realistic tradition of the Renaissance and Enlightenment and the ironic tendency of classical literature. Merimee and Balzac in France, Hoffman in Germany and Pushkin in Russia all turned to realism and became pioneers of realism in various countries.

As a literary trend of thought and creative principle, characteristic realism has some common basic characteristics: ① It emphasizes the objective, concrete and historical description of reality and the realistic relationship between characters and the environment. ② Typical is the core of realistic creation. Typicality and individuality are inseparable, and each model is "this one". Balzac said in the preface of Human Comedy: "Not only the characters, but also the main events in life are represented by typical examples. There are all kinds of situations in life, and there are typical stages, and this is a criterion that I deliberately pursue. " Belinsky thinks that Nicholas Nikolai Gogol's novels are "true reappearance". Here, the key is typicality. (3) It is strongly critical or revealing, and pays special attention to describing the darkness and ugliness of society, as well as the tragic experiences of the lower classes and "little people". ④ In terms of artistic form and expression, the basic form reflects life in the form of life itself, but it is not limited to this form. It has a wide range of aesthetic possibilities, and does not rule out the use of assumptions, exaggeration, absurdity, deformation, stream of consciousness and other techniques. It attaches importance to social analysis, including psychological analysis. Exploring the psychological description of people's complex inner world is one of its artistic characteristics. ⑤ The ideological basis is generally bourgeois humanism. Condemn the social darkness and sympathize with the sufferings and unequal status of the lower classes, but generally do not touch the real source of social contradictions and realistic relations.

Achievements Due to the unbalanced political and economic development, different social and historical conditions and national cultural traditions in European countries, realistic literature also has its own characteristics in European countries. France is the birthplace of realism. The novel Red and Black is Stendhal's early masterpiece, which truly depicts the life picture of France from other provinces to the capital, from the bottom of society to the upper class, and profoundly reveals the complex realistic relationship of social contradictions in France. It is the first masterpiece of French realism. Balzac's masterpiece "Human Comedy" created 2000 characters from all social strata in the historical period from Napoleon Empire to Restoration Dynasty to July Dynasty, and provided an outstanding history of French society, especially the upper class in Paris. Since then, French realism has developed further, and a number of outstanding writers such as Flaubert and Mo Bosang have appeared. In the novel Madame Bovary and other works, Flaubert sharply exposed the evil deeds of the church, nobles, landlords and bourgeoisie, and vividly described the social outlook of the Second Empire. Mo Bosang's creation effectively lashed the decay and darkness of French society, and made a profound spiritual exploration of the complex contradictions of bourgeois intellectuals. 19 British realism developed rapidly in the thirties and forties. Dickens' novels describe the increasingly sharp contradiction between labor and capital in British capitalist society, and reveal the tragic fate of the lower class and the hypocrisy of the bourgeoisie. Thackeray's Vanity Fair and other novels vividly exposed the ugly behavior of British society in the early 9th century. Mary Baden by Lady Gaskell, Jane Eyre by C Bronte and Tess of the D 'Urbervilles by Hardy are all masterpieces of English realism. After 1970s and 1980s, writers such as Bernard Shaw and John Galsworthy used social psychological novels and social satires to expose and criticize the politics, morality, religion and culture of British society. Germany is a new capitalist country, and its realistic literature has its own characteristics. The sharp edge of early realism represented by Heine mainly points to feudal separatism and absolute monarchy. The later works of Heinrich Mann, thomas mann and other writers reflect the historical process of the development of German capitalism and satirize the greed and shameless of the big bourgeoisie and its agents. After France, Britain and Germany, the realism of Nordic countries began to take shape in the middle of19th century. Ibsen's social drama in Norway and Andersen's works in Denmark play an important role in the historical development of world realism. Russian realistic literature was formed in the 1930s of 19. Its main feature is to describe the dark reality under tsarist autocracy and serfdom, which has been closely linked with the Russian liberation movement. Pushkin, Nikolai Nikolai Gogol, herzen, Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Necrasov, Goncharov, Shedelin, Ya ostrovsky and other writers with different styles have reflected the major problems in the development of Russian society from different aspects, mercilessly exposed and sharply criticized the reality, and at the same time showed "a ray of light in dark kingdom" and "new people" among ordinary intellectuals. In 1970s and 1980s, when the critical power of realism in Western Europe weakened, realism continued to develop and deepen in the works of Tolstoy, Chekhov and korolenko. American realistic literature was formed in the 1980s and 1990s of19th century, half a century later than Europe. Howells was the first person to advocate realistic creation. After him, Garland and Norris began to turn to realism. The main representative is Mark Twain.

Realism, as a creative method and principle, is still developing in the 20th century. It not only inherited the tradition of19th century, but also absorbed and created many new forms and techniques, thus artistically revealing the new process and new features of the 20th century, and a number of outstanding realistic writers such as R Roland, France, Hemingway and Dreiser appeared.

impressionism

impressionism

/kloc-an art school and literary trend of thought popular in France, Europe, America and even the world from the second half of the 9th century to the beginning of the 20th century.

As a school of painting, Impressionism appeared in France. 1on March 25th, 874, a group of young French painters, such as C. Monet, P.-A. Renoir, C. pissarro, A. Sisley, E. Degas, P. Cezanne and B. Mo Lisuo, held an exhibition of works by unknown painters, sculptors and printmakers in Paris. Inmonet exhibited a painting called.

From the artistic point of view, impressionist painters opposed the classical academic school that occupied the orthodox position at that time, and opposed the romantic painting that was increasingly stuck in the stereotype and affectation. But under the impetus of the realistic painting styles of C. Koro, barbizon school and Courbet, it absorbed the nutrition of paintings from Holland, Britain, Spain, Japan, China and other countries, and was inspired by modern science, especially optics, thinking that all colors are produced by light, so it was based on the red spectrum. Because light is changing rapidly, they think that only by grasping the flash of light can we uncover the mystery of nature. Therefore, in painting, we pay attention to the study and expression of external light, advocate going outdoors and painting under the sun according to the observation of the eyes and the direct feeling of the scene, so as to show the subtle changes of the color of the object under the light. As a result, impressionist painting changed the black of traditional painting into bright blue and purple in the treatment of shadows. Impressionist painters are divided into two types because of their different personal interests: emphasizing light and color, emphasizing modeling and sketching. The former is represented by Monet and Renoir, the latter is represented by Degas, and pissarro is in between.

Because of the pursuit of external light and color, impressionist painters mainly take trivial things around them and direct experiences as their themes, and describe more people and natural scenery in reality. In composition, more fragments or scenes of objective images are intercepted to deal with the picture, which breaks the boundary between sketching and creation.

Impressionist painters have held eight exhibitions, the first two of which were severely criticized by the media at that time, and later gradually became an influential art school and expanded to other art fields. Impressionist painting was supported and encouraged by Manet in its formation and development.

Impressionist painting, as an artistic trend of thought, occupies an important position in the history of world art, which has promoted the innovation of artistic techniques and the change of ideas in the future, and has exerted great or small influence on painters in Europe, America, Japan and even China.

Impressionist Music Impressionist music was originally created by French composer Debussy. The word impressionism first appeared in the music of 1887. The judges of the French Academy of Fine Arts accused Debussy of the unclear structure of the second symphony suite "Spring" when he was studying in Rome, and asked him to "be wary of vague impressionism". When his string quartet premiered in Brussels in 1894, critics began to praise it with "impressionist music". In the future, this word is often used to summarize Debussy and his music with similar styles, and it is no longer derogatory.

Impressionist music evolved from late romanticism and folk music, and also absorbed the nourishment of oriental music. Its artistic expression is as follows: ① A novel motivational vocabulary is composed of short-tuned cells. ② In rhythm, I like the complicated beat and polyrhythm, and the irregular subdivision of the beat weakens the driving force, showing a state of scattered flow. ③ Pay attention to the expressive force of the mode, and adopt the corresponding mode according to the image requirements. Expanding the concept of tonality often avoids obvious convergence. The use of diatonic scale makes every tone in the mode occupy the same position, weakens the sense of center of the tone, and causes polytonality. Harmony is the most important means of expression, because I like to juxtapose different colors and sounds by plane and painting. By increasing the possibility of chord structure and weakening the functionality of harmonic progression, we can get extremely rich harmony colors. ⑤ The timbre is rich, unique and novel. In vocal music works, bass areas lacking brilliance and dramatic power are often used. The extensive application of color means in various musical instruments. ⑥ The arrangement of orchestration and texture is novel. ⑦ The structure is often loose and fuzzy, but the outline of trilogy can still be seen in many works.

After Debussy, although it is difficult to classify a composer as impressionism, the practical influence of impressionism music style and techniques has spread throughout the whole music world.

Impressionist literary historians believe that impressionism entered literature after the 1970s of 19. However, there are different opinions on how impressionism is expressed in literature and which writers and poets belong to impressionism. To be sure, some western European writers did have creative methods similar to impressionist painting and music at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, that is, they devoted themselves to capturing vague and fleeting feelings and impressions. Due to the particularity of literary creation, impressionism in literature pays more attention to how this instant feeling experience can be transformed into an emotional state. Just like the Impressionists in painting and music, they are also opposed to the logical or rational refinement of the relationship between the things described, so they themselves have become the intermediary between conveying external stimuli and instinctive reactions.

Impressionism literature and symbolism literature are similar, both of which are formalistic literary schools; But there are also differences between them, mainly because Impressionists are opposed to expressing ideas by symbolic means and tend to describe feelings. Some poets, usually regarded as symbolism, are actually more inclined to impressionism. For example, the poem The Art of Poetry by Paul Welland, one of the leaders of symbolism, is not so much about symbolism as an impressionist declaration.

French literary historians regard the Gongur brothers as the representatives of impressionism novels, while pierre loti, another French poet and novelist who is regarded as the representative of impressionism, indeed, some of his poems "capture the instant feelings and impressions" like impressionism painters, but not all of his works are like this. Some French writers in the 20th century were seriously influenced by Impressionism, and in some novels, only the vague pursuit of feeling and impression was left.

In some works by Wilde and others at the end of UK 19, impressionism tends to be obvious. 1912 ~1918 the imagist school composed of some British and American poets in London, like impressionism, emphasizes the description of sensory impressions, but they claim to pursue a "clear and tough" image. They think that the ambiguity and ambiguity of the image are the remnants of romanticism, so they attack with all their strength. However, the theoretical differences are sometimes difficult to detect in creative practice. For example, many works of American poets such as Imagist Ai Lowell, Xi doolittle and John Gauld Fletcher are inseparable from impressionist poetry.

The situation of German literature is similar, and literary historians can't confirm the impressionism schools with clear boundaries. Headed by Detlef von Lilinkeren, including Richard Daimer, Gustav Falk and others, they are considered to be the most obvious impressionism in Germany, but they emphasize on truthfully recording the poet's feelings and experiences of things, so they are close to naturalism. In addition, many poems, such as Hugo von Hofmannsthal and Arnold Holtz, have different degrees of impressionism.

Impressionism also refers to a kind of literary criticism, which is called impressionist criticism, that is, perceptual criticism. This criticism refuses to make a rational and scientific analysis of the works, but emphasizes the aesthetic intuition of the critics. It believes that the best criticism is only to record the process of critics' feeling beauty, and at most to point out how and under what conditions the impression of beauty is produced. Therefore, impressionism criticism is a vague criticism of "interpreting poetry with poetry", and it is often written in the form of prose poetry, so literary criticism has become an artistic category that is not essentially different from literary creation, and the person who writes this criticism is often a poet or writer himself.

fauvism

Animalism

1905 is an art school that originated in France. In 1905 Paris Autumn Salon, the works of a group of young artists headed by H. Matisse were exhibited, and their wild and uninhibited forms shocked the conservatives. Among these shoddy works, the critic l·w· Cerise found a Florence-style figurine and called it "Donatello among Beasts", so he nicknamed it "Beast". As a painting trend, Fauvism follows the artistic road pioneered by V Van Gogh and P Gauguin, strongly opposes the traditional realism imitating nature, emphasizes subjective feelings, pays attention to the exaggerated expression method of combining deformation, large color blocks and thick lines, pursues flat decorative taste, and tries to create an aesthetic realm of "simplicity, tranquility, balance and harmony". The main representatives are Matisse, Dylan, Duffy and Flemish. Barbarism has no declaration and program, and it has only existed for two or three years. However, it played an important role in the western art movement in the early 20th century. It was a major rebellion against the western traditional artistic concepts and laws, and opened a breakthrough for many modernist artists who dared to explore later, so it was called the first artistic revolution in the 20th century.

cubism

cubism

1907, French Institute of Modern Art. The founders are Picasso and Braque. 1907 Picasso's oil painting The Maiden of avignon marked the beginning of cubism. 1908, Braque painted the oil painting "The House of Estaque", and critic L. Walter Cerise once described it like this: "Braque reduced everything to geometry and three dimensions ..." The word Cubism was established from then on. The main feature of his creation is to destroy and dismember all the object images on the screen, and then subjectively put them together to show different sides of the object in a so-called three-dimensional way. It is to show two-dimensional and three-dimensional space on the plane, and even show the structure and time (four-dimensional space) invisible to the naked eye. It can be seen that cubist painters accepted P Cezanne's idea of creating visual stereoscopic images, and then turned to a pursuit of psychological stereoscopic images. Other representatives are J. Grice, F. Leger, R. Delaune, etc. Although the cubist art movement reached its peak only seven years ago, it has had a very wide influence, especially in architecture, decoration and practical arts and crafts in this century.

expressionism

expressionism

Literary schools prevailing in some European and American countries from the early 20th century to the 1930s. Germany and Austria were the most popular after World War I. It first appeared in the art world, and then made great progress in music, literature, drama, film and other fields. The word expressionism was originally a general term for a group of oil paintings at the Matisse Art Exhibition held by Julian August Hervey in Paris, France in 190 1. 19 1 1 year, hillel published an article in Storm magazine, and used the word "expressionism" to refer to avant-garde writers in Berlin for the first time. After 19 14, the word expressionism was gradually recognized and adopted by people.

Expressionism has never been a completely unified and coordinated movement, and its members have great differences in political beliefs and philosophical views. However, most of them are influenced by Kant's philosophy, Bergson's intuitionism and Freud's psychoanalysis, emphasizing anti-tradition, dissatisfied with the social status quo and demanding reform and "revolution". In creation, they are not satisfied with the imitation of objective things, but demand to express the inner essence of things; It is required to break through the description of human behavior and environment and reveal human soul; It is required to show eternal quality, not just to describe temporary and accidental phenomena. It has produced a group of influential figures in the fields of poetry, novels and drama? /TD & gt；