Who invented the power engine? Come on, everybody, 3Q.

Otto (1832— 189 1) years have passed. In a blink of an eye, mankind has set foot on the threshold of another new millennium. While lamenting that "the deceased is like a husband", the "historical mystery" of how human history develops and evolves, which has been tortured by countless philosophers and sages for thousands of times, seems to show its inner depth and breadth more and more. There are various answers to this question. However, people at least have a basic understanding that the development of human history cannot be separated from science and technology. Science and technology play an important role in the development of human history. And how is this role possible? Most people may say that it depends on the invention and creation of scientists, while careful people will also point out that it depends on invention and creation to embark on the road of industrialization. Indeed, the emergence and industrialization of invention and creation are two inseparable aspects of the important role of science and technology in human society. But in human history, few people can accomplish these two aspects alone. But at least one person is an exception. He not only developed a new technology-four-stroke internal combustion engine with extraordinary wisdom, but also turned this new technology into a "sunrise industry" with extraordinary courage, thus greatly changing the face of human history. This man is Otto. When I was a child, NikolausAugustOtto was a famous mechanical engineer in modern Germany, the inventor and promoter of four-stroke internal combustion engine. 1June, 83214th, Otto was born in a craftsman's family in Hoxhausen, Germany. His father is a watchmaker and his mother is an ordinary farmer. The family's income is not high, and the family lives a poor and peaceful life. Otto is the eldest son of six children, perhaps because his father is a watchmaker. He has been interested in machinery since he was sensible. When I was a child, Otto often hid in the corner alone to watch his father work. A pile of gears, large and small, and the belt passed through his father's hand, which made him feel incredible. That is, from then on, little Otto became fascinated with mechanical manufacturing. Just as Otto was preparing to study hard and make great achievements in the future, his father fell ill because of overwork. According to the tradition of Germany at that time, the burden of family suddenly fell on the eldest son Otto. He had to interrupt his studies and went to Cologne, where the economy was prosperous. A small craftsman settled down to earn some money to support his family. 1000 is 10 years. During his stay in Cologne, he did not give up his research on books because of his busy work. He works hard during the day and hides in the quilt at night to read books on machinery. After a long time, he gained more and deeper understanding of the basic knowledge of mechanical manufacturing, which strengthened his interest in childhood. This hard study, work and life left a deep memory for him, and also cultivated his indomitable spirit of struggle, which laid a good foundation for him to overcome one difficulty after another in the future. 1854, when Otto was 22 years old, a critical article about the steam engine that was on fire at that time caught his attention. It was from this year that Otto became interested in the transformation of steam engines. A series of shortcomings in the manufacture of steam engines made him determined to invent a new type of power equipment to replace the old steam engines? Since then, Otto has embarked on a road of no return to change his own destiny and the destiny of human history. As a powerful power machine, the steam engine appeared in the second half of18th century. At that time, it was very big and needed to install boilers. It was a troublesome behemoth. At the same time, because the technology of manufacturing boilers at that time was still relatively rough, boilers were in danger of explosion, and boilers needed to consume a lot of energy, and a series of complex problems such as flue gas emission caused by energy combustion needed to be solved. Therefore, on the one hand, people have to continue to use the steam engine, on the other hand, they strongly hope to have a small, convenient, safe and reliable power device to replace it. 1860, which initially realized this hope. Lionel, a French engineer, built an internal combustion engine that used gas as fuel. Compared with the old steam engine, this new gas internal combustion engine is simple and safe to use, but the fly in the ointment is that the thermal efficiency is not high, because the air is not compressed in the casing. However, after all, this has stepped out of the old steam engine model and started the first step in the development of internal combustion engines. Later, in 1862, French engineer Rorschach proposed that the power mode of internal combustion engine should be four strokes, that is, one working cycle of air intake, compression, combustion expansion and exhaust should be completed in four strokes, and obtained an invention patent for this design mode of internal combustion engine. This is a very creative idea. If put into practice, it will greatly improve the working thermal energy efficiency of the internal combustion engine, thus making up for the deficiency of the Leno internal combustion engine. But Rorschach only put forward such an idea, but didn't really turn it into reality and build a prototype, thus making this idea unknown for a long time, and he himself missed the goddess of success. The goddess of success tends to favor those who persevere and work hard. Although Otto didn't know much about Rorschach's ideas, many people's explorations pointed out the direction for Otto, and Otto was hesitant on the road of internal combustion engine development. Under the circumstances that the surrounding environment and conditions are not very good, he studied and studied independently, and finally put forward the four-stroke idea of internal combustion engine power mode. Because Otto's idea is aimed at practical application from the beginning, his design thought is more detailed and mature than Rorschach's. Otto wrote in his diary: "All commercially successful internal combustion engines have the following characteristics: 1. Air compression; 2. Fuel burns in the air with rising pressure, so that the air is compressed and the air temperature rises; 3. The heated air expands to the initial pressure and starts to do work; 4. Exhaust to complete the whole cycle. " Specifically, this principle is as follows: before gas enters the cylinder, it is mixed with air to form combustible mixed gas, then it enters the cylinder, is compressed in the cylinder, and burns in the air with increased pressure, so as to raise the temperature in the cylinder, and then the expanded air is gradually depressurized to atmospheric pressure in the initial state, driving the air valve to move, and the energy generated by the air valve movement drives the locomotive to move, and finally the cylinder is exhausted completely. This is the first simple and clear summary of the principle and characteristics of the four-stroke internal combustion engine. Therefore, people affectionately call the four-stroke cycle of internal combustion engine "Otto cycle". The internal combustion engine using this cycle principle uses steam, liquid or gas as fuel and consists of two reversible adiabatic processes between two equal volume processes. The load adjustment of this internal combustion engine, that is, the amount of energy generated, is usually completed by controlling the amount of combustible gas entering the cylinder, and the ignition method is also special, that is, the ignition is realized by using external flame or electric spark, so the ignition time can be controlled. These constitute the most basic characteristics of the four-stroke cycle, which is called "ideal cycle" because it maximizes the utilization rate of fuel. Because the four-stroke cycle principle of internal combustion engine is well designed and practical, Otto designed and manufactured the world's first four-stroke cycle internal combustion engine prototype in a little time after completing the preliminary design of this principle. This internal combustion engine has reliable performance, high thermal efficiency and low noise, and is much better than Lenore internal combustion engine in many aspects such as fuel consumption. Therefore, although the initial model of this internal combustion engine still has some defects in appearance, once it came out, it immediately won high praise from people. The thermal efficiency of Otto internal combustion engine is twice that of the previous four-stroke cycle engine (about 14%) and four times that of Lenore engine. It can be said that Otto's engine has achieved very practical value. Otto cycle is the basic thermal cycle mode that all internal combustion engines in the world must follow in design and manufacture. Its appearance has brought unprecedented opportunities for the vigorous development of human power engineering. The invention of ships, the manufacture of automobiles, and even the appearance of airplanes have a lot to do with this. This is a pioneering work in the history of human power science. If Otto opened a new page in the history of human power engineering with his invention of internal combustion engine, then his efforts to industrialize his invention later wrote more and more exciting content for this page. Like many successful inventors, he continued to explore and strive for perfection after his initial success, and considered more carefully how to further develop and improve his invention to make this new internal combustion engine more effective, safe and convenient in use. He took out the money accumulated after selling the prototype of the four-stroke cycle internal combustion engine, expanded the research room, acquired many new experimental equipment, invited more research experts, and began to bury himself in the work of making a more perfect internal combustion engine. In the short three years from 186 1 to 1864, Otto has successively invented various internal combustion engine manufacturing technologies, and has successively obtained invention patents in Germany and other countries and regions. All this made Otto famous, and many governments and companies sent representatives to visit and study in Otto's laboratory. On the one hand, they asked him for advice, on the other hand, they discussed cooperation intentions with him. Driven by this situation, Otto began to consider further expanding his laboratory into a production unit and customizing the original one. Small-batch internal combustion engine manufacturing is upgraded to modern factory production. However, for Otto, who lacks experience and funds at this time, the industrialization of internal combustion engine is too difficult. Ambitious but powerless, he had to wander between ideal and reality. For the ideal, he can only expect, but dare not expect. Just then, the famous German industrialist Langen extended a generous helping hand. He provided most of the funds, and Otto provided the main technical support. The Otto Chamber of Commerce named after Otto was formally established in September 1564. As a result, Otto embarked on the road of internal combustion engine industrialization. Since then, the four-stroke cycle internal combustion engine has not only changed from theoretical design to reality, but also changed from laboratory model to socialized product. 1872, in order to expand the production of internal combustion engines, Otto took another step on the road of industrialization, and continued to cooperate with Langen to establish the German Gas Internal Combustion Engine Co., Ltd., with Langen as the first manager and deputy manager. Business took up a lot of research time for Otto, which made him feel quite uncomfortable at first. He began to recruit a large number of talents. With Dem, a famous German enterprise management scientist, joining Otto's company with a large number of young engineering and technical experts, the situation has improved. Otto is more energetic in his busy management and R&D work. After years of hard and intense efforts, by 1875, Otto's company finally completed the complete design of the four-stroke internal combustion engine, which became more exquisite, durable, efficient and reliable. 1877 On August 4th, Otto obtained the patent right of this epoch-making internal combustion engine technology. In the same year, at the World Expo held in Paris, France, Otto's four-stroke cycle internal combustion engine won a recognized gold medal. Let people really feel the coming of a new era power! In the next ten years, this kind of internal combustion engine almost monopolized the whole European internal combustion engine market. According to statistics, in the 1960s, there were only about 100 sets of Lionel internal combustion engines, and the application scope was limited, while Otto internal combustion engines were widely used, with as many as 1000 sets in the European continent alone. In the next 10 years, the number of various internal combustion engines produced by this method is as high as more than 50,000, and the total horsepower exceeds 200,000. This has largely established Otto's pioneering position in the internal combustion engine industry. Otto's efforts won him many honors. In recognition of his outstanding contribution to the development of internal combustion engines, Berlin University awarded him an honorary doctorate in engineering. This greatly made up for his regret that he didn't study much when he was young, and strengthened his determination to forge ahead. Confidence and determination to keep improving. Otto was not intoxicated with his achievements, but locked his honor in the deepest part of his memory, and his desire for innovation became stronger than ever. 1877, after manufacturing a four-stroke internal combustion engine, Otto made a series of improvements to the internal combustion engine and obtained a number of patents related to it. These include multi-expansion gas internal combustion engines, and special pumps installed to completely exhaust the remaining gas in the cylinders, which have continued until today's invention. 189165438+1On October 26th, Otto died in Cologne, Germany, at the age of 59. The Cologne citizens who loved Otto held a grand funeral for him. To win the understanding and support of so many people, he should smile in Jiuquan! Yong Zhen remembers the memory that Otto ended his short life. However, he left too many memories for people, among which his spiritual quality is the most unforgettable. Although Otto has an extraordinary engineer mind, his work creed is not based on his own ability. He always believes in determining his research topic according to science and people's needs. The need of reality is the fundamental starting point of all his thoughts. The reason why Otto is so persistent in developing internal combustion engines lies in the development of the times, the progress of science and technology, the rise of industrial revolution in europe and people's thirst for power. In his later years, he recalled the road he had traveled: "Others think that I have made great contributions to the development of internal combustion engines, but I don't think so. If I have such a contribution, it is also given by the land under my feet. " From these modest words, we can easily understand Otto's character. Because of Otto's noble quality and great contribution to human history, many enterprises and individuals invited him to give a speech and introduce his research results, research methods, experiences and experiences: Otto always readily agreed. In his view, as long as it is beneficial to human beings and within his power, he should try his best to meet this requirement-it is precisely because of this belief that Otto always asks himself questions and answers other people's questions through his own efforts and thinking. Even though his health was threatened later, he continued to study various issues of significance to the world. Otto is another great power engineer after Watt. The four-stroke cycle internal combustion engine invented by him is another great contribution in the field of power engineering after the appearance of steam engine in the history of human machinery. Otto has greatly promoted the pace of human civilization with his persistent pursuit for many years, especially his efforts to industrialize his invention. Although his career and life path are full of ups and downs, he has achieved leaps and bounds for himself and science again and again at the expense of his own life and the happiness of the world. In the process of the rapid development of contemporary human civilization and machinery industry, no achievements and progress can be separated from Otto's name. It was he who initiated a new era of human civilization. Further, we continued to cooperate with Langen and established the German Gas Internal Combustion Engine Co., Ltd., with Langen as the first manager and Langen as the deputy manager. Business took up a lot of research time for Otto, which made him feel quite uncomfortable at first. He began to recruit a large number of talents. With Dem, a famous German enterprise management scientist, joining Otto's company with a large number of young engineering and technical experts, the situation has improved. Otto is more energetic in his busy management and R&D work. After years of hard and intense efforts, by 1875, Otto's company finally completed the complete design of the four-stroke internal combustion engine, which became more exquisite, durable, efficient and reliable. 1877 On August 4th, Otto obtained the patent right of this epoch-making internal combustion engine technology. In the same year, at the World Expo held in Paris, France, Otto's four-stroke cycle internal combustion engine won a recognized gold medal. Let people really feel the coming of a new era power! In the next ten years, this kind of internal combustion engine almost monopolized the whole European internal combustion engine market. According to statistics, in the 1960s, there were only about 100 sets of Lionel internal combustion engines, and the application scope was limited, while Otto internal combustion engines were widely used, with as many as 1000 sets in the European continent alone. In the next 10 years, the number of various internal combustion engines produced by this method is as high as more than 50,000, and the total horsepower exceeds 200,000. This has largely established Otto's pioneering position in the internal combustion engine industry. Otto's efforts won him many honors. In recognition of his outstanding contribution to the development of internal combustion engines, Berlin University awarded him an honorary doctorate in engineering. This greatly made up for his regret that he didn't study much when he was young, and strengthened his determination to forge ahead. Confidence and determination to keep improving. Otto was not intoxicated with his achievements, but locked his honor in the deepest part of his memory, and his desire for innovation became stronger than ever. 1877, after manufacturing a four-stroke internal combustion engine, Otto made a series of improvements to the internal combustion engine and obtained a number of patents related to it. These include multi-expansion gas internal combustion engines, and special pumps installed to completely exhaust the remaining gas in the cylinders, which have continued until today's invention. 189165438+1On October 26th, Otto died in Cologne, Germany, at the age of 59. The Cologne citizens who loved Otto held a grand funeral for him. To win the understanding and support of so many people, he should smile in Jiuquan! Yong Zhen remembers the memory that Otto ended his short life. However, he left too many memories for people, among which his spiritual quality is the most unforgettable. Although Otto has an extraordinary engineer mind, his work creed is not based on his own ability. He always believes in determining his research topic according to science and people's needs. The need of reality is the fundamental starting point of all his thoughts. The reason why Otto is so persistent in developing internal combustion engines lies in the development of the times, the progress of science and technology, the rise of industrial revolution in europe and people's thirst for power. In his later years, he recalled the road he had traveled: "Others think that I have made great contributions to the development of internal combustion engines, but I don't think so. If I have such a contribution, it is also given by the land under my feet. " From these modest words, we can easily understand Otto's character. Because of Otto's noble quality and great contribution to human history, many enterprises and individuals invited him to give a speech and introduce his research results, research methods, experiences and experiences: Otto always readily agreed. In his view, as long as it is beneficial to human beings and within his power, he should try his best to meet this requirement-it is precisely because of this belief that Otto always asks himself questions and answers other people's questions through his own efforts and thinking. Even though his health was threatened later, he continued to study various issues of significance to the world. Otto is another great power engineer after Watt. The four-stroke cycle internal combustion engine invented by him is another great contribution in the field of power engineering after the appearance of steam engine in the history of human machinery. Otto has greatly promoted the pace of human civilization with his persistent pursuit for many years, especially his efforts to industrialize his invention. Although his career and life path are full of ups and downs, he has achieved leaps and bounds for himself and science again and again at the expense of his own life and the happiness of the world. In the process of the rapid development of contemporary human civilization and machinery industry, there is no achievement, and progress can be separated from Otto's name. It was he who initiated a new era of human civilization. Further, we continued to cooperate with Langen and established the German Gas Internal Combustion Engine Co., Ltd., with Langen as the first manager and Langen as the deputy manager. Business took up a lot of research time for Otto, which made him feel quite uncomfortable at first. He began to recruit a large number of talents. With Dem, a famous German enterprise management scientist, joining Otto's company with a large number of young engineering and technical experts, the situation has improved. Otto is more energetic in his busy management and R&D work. After years of hard and intense efforts, by 1875, Otto's company finally completed the complete design of the four-stroke internal combustion engine, which became more exquisite, durable, efficient and reliable. 1877 On August 4th, Otto obtained the patent right of this epoch-making internal combustion engine technology. In the same year, at the World Expo held in Paris, France, Otto's four-stroke cycle internal combustion engine won a recognized gold medal. Let people really feel the coming of a new era power! In the next ten years, this kind of internal combustion engine almost monopolized the whole European internal combustion engine market. According to statistics, in the 1960s, there were only about 100 sets of Lionel internal combustion engines, and the application scope was limited, while Otto internal combustion engines were widely used, with as many as 1000 sets in the European continent alone. In the next 10 years, the number of various internal combustion engines produced by this method is as high as more than 50,000, and the total horsepower exceeds 200,000. This has largely established Otto's pioneering position in the internal combustion engine industry. Otto's efforts won him many honors. In recognition of his outstanding contribution to the development of internal combustion engines, Berlin University awarded him an honorary doctorate in engineering. This greatly made up for his regret that he didn't study much when he was young, and strengthened his determination to forge ahead. Confidence and determination to keep improving. Otto was not intoxicated with his achievements, but locked his honor in the deepest part of his memory, and his desire for innovation became stronger than ever. 1877, after manufacturing a four-stroke internal combustion engine, Otto made a series of improvements to the internal combustion engine and obtained a number of patents related to it. These include multi-expansion gas internal combustion engines, and special pumps installed to completely exhaust the remaining gas in the cylinders, which have continued until today's invention. 189165438+1On October 26th, Otto died in Cologne, Germany, at the age of 59. The Cologne citizens who loved Otto held a grand funeral for him. To win the understanding and support of so many people, he should smile in Jiuquan! Yong Zhen remembers the memory that Otto ended his short life. However, he left too many memories for people, among which his spiritual quality is the most unforgettable. Although Otto has an extraordinary engineer mind, his work creed is not based on his own ability. He always believes in determining his research topic according to science and people's needs. The need of reality is the fundamental starting point of all his thoughts. The reason why Otto is so persistent in developing internal combustion engines lies in the development of the times, the progress of science and technology, the rise of industrial revolution in europe and people's thirst for power. In his later years, he recalled the road he had traveled: "Others think that I have made great contributions to the development of internal combustion engines, but I don't think so. If I have such a contribution, it is also given by the land under my feet. " From these modest words, we can easily understand Otto's character. Because of Otto's noble quality and great contribution to human history, many enterprises and individuals invited him to give a speech and introduce his research results, research methods, experiences and experiences: Otto always readily agreed. In his view, as long as it is beneficial to human beings and within his power, he should try his best to meet this requirement-it is precisely because of this belief that Otto always asks himself questions and answers other people's questions through his own efforts and thinking. Even though his health was threatened later, he continued to study various issues of significance to the world. Otto is another great power engineer after Watt. The four-stroke cycle internal combustion engine invented by him is another great contribution in the field of power engineering after the appearance of steam engine in the history of human machinery. Otto has greatly promoted the pace of human civilization with his persistent pursuit for many years, especially his efforts to industrialize his invention. Although his career and life path are full of ups and downs, he has achieved leaps and bounds for himself and science again and again at the expense of his own life and the happiness of the world. In the process of the rapid development of contemporary human civilization and machinery industry, there is no achievement, and progress can be separated from Otto's name. It was he who initiated a new era of human civilization.