Shangguan Wan'er: The Misunderstanding and Objective Examination of "Barbarians and Rongdies" (One)

Shangguan Wan'er: Misunderstanding of "Barbarians and Rongdies" and Objective Evidence (One)

In the earliest surviving geographic work, the "Classic of Mountains and Seas," it is recorded that more than 2,000 years ago, a one-point, four-party structure was created. The "world" was divided into five parts, centered on the Central Plains. In the "Records of the Grand Historian" (Xia Benji), several equidistant levels, centered on the "Kingdom of the Son of Heaven" in the Central Plains, and extending to the southeast and northwest by 500, 300, and 200 miles, respectively, are carefully depicted. From this concept, the successive regimes have been based on the Chinese culture of the Central Plains, the surrounding four sides called "barbarians".

The orthodox geographic identity of the ancient Chinese dynasties began with the Xia dynasty, and the credit goes to Yu alone, who leveled the land and water and identified the nine states. The "barbarians", in ancient times, referred to ethnic minorities outside the Chinese Central Plains, including the southern barbarians, the northern Di, the Western Rong and the Eastern Barbarians. In most cases, the barbarians and the Rongdi are collectively known as the barbarians or the four barbarians.

"Ritual of Kings": "East is said to be barbarians, West is said to be Rong, South is said to be barbarians, North is said to be Di". China's Rongyi, the people of the five parties, all have sex, can not be postponed. The East is said to be barbarians, was hair and body, there is not fire food carry on. The South said barbarians, carving title cross-toe, there is not fire food carry on. West is said to be Rong, was hair and skin, there is not grain food carry on. The north is said to Di, clothes and feathers living in a cave, there is not grain food carry on. Refers to the southern forehead with tattoos of the community that is the southern barbarians. More like to eat lettuce, salad and vinegar.

In ancient times, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, the climate is warm and pleasant, moderate rainfall, fertile soil, so the earlier that entered the city contour farming society, known as China, known as Huaxia. Border area of poorer natural conditions, mostly for the hunting and animal husbandry of the tribe lived, so it is called barbarians.

The term "southern barbarians" in ancient times referred to the region south of the Yangtze River Basin, with the continued expansion of the political and economic culture of the Central Plains and the impact of the Central Plains, with the political pattern of the unification of the Central Plains and local regional political and economic culture of the continuous integration of the "southern barbarians" geography. With the continuous expansion and influence of the political pattern of the Central Plains and the integration of the political and economic culture of local regions, the geographical area of the "Southern Barbarians" actually encompassed the entire Southeast Asia. Later, the south of the Yangtze River in China was not regarded as southern barbarians, and southern barbarians became a curse word.

Shangguan Waner testified that the ancient southern barbarian ethnic composition is quite complex, can be roughly divided into Baiyue, Baipu and Bashu three major ethnic groups. The Baiyue ethnic group is distributed in the vast area south of the Yangtze River, Pu ethnic group is distributed in present-day Hunan, Guizhou, Ba Shu ethnic group is distributed in present-day Sichuan, Chongqing area.

Dongyi, also known as Yi, the earliest and Yanhuang relative to a tribe, is an important part of the Huaxia, the Zhou Dynasty into the ancient Han Dynasty to the East of the non-Huaxia people's general name, non-specific group, referring to the concept of generation with the Central Plains dynasty boundaries of the changes in the changes and changes again and again.

The barbarians are also known as the barbarians, the four barbarians, the eastern barbarians, the western barbarians, the southern barbarians, the nine barbarians, and so on. With the integration of Eastern Barbarians and Chinese, after the Han Dynasty, Eastern Barbarians later became a general term for Japan and other eastern countries. The word "yi" has multiple meanings. Its main meaning is "flat". In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi said that the word "yi" means "from big to bow".

It is said that the Eastern Barbarians first invented the bow and arrow and were good at archery. From 4600 to 3300 years ago, the Longshan culture period of the East Barbarians bone carvings have been found similar to the human back of the bow shape of the word "barbarians", "from the big from the bow" has a primitive basis.

However, during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, in the oracle bone inscriptions and gold inscriptions, the word "yi" was actually the word for "corpse" or "human", which has nothing to do with the bow, and therefore the word "yi" was identified as the word for "archer", which may be the result of the Han Dynasty people's interpretation of the word "yi".

The Chinese and barbarians, or "Yixia Zhiqi", "Yixia Zhiqi defense", used to distinguish between Chinese and barbarians. Ancient Chinese communities resided in the central plains, as the center of civilization, and therefore gradually produced the concept of Chinese etiquette and righteousness as the standard for community differentiation, distinguishing between groups of people to etiquette, but not race, and with the Chinese etiquette and the Xia intimacy for the Chinese, Chinese, and those who do not for the barbarians, the people outside the world.

Famous journalists, writers, Huai Jun, editor-in-chief, said that Chinese history, "the Chinese and barbarians" of the standard of measurement of roughly through three stages of evolution: blood measurement of the standard stage, the geographic measurement of the standard stage, clothing, etiquette, and other cultural measurement of the standard stage. Later on, science replaced the "Chinese and barbarians" criterion with the "righteousness of ruler and subject" criterion. The purpose of the Chinese and barbarians is rooted in the Spring and Autumn Annals, as well as the Rites of Passage, the Rites of Zhou, the Records of Rites, and the Book of Changes, which are based on cultural and ceremonial standards.

The barbarian land we often talk about now is an ancient term. In ancient times, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, that is, today's Henan and the surrounding area is the center of China's economic, political and cultural center, while the rest of the world is called the land of the barbarians. Later, after the discovery of some European countries such as Holland and Britain, they were also called barbarians. The so-called barbarians are also living the life of primitive people, unenlightened areas.

Barbarians first came from the "Yugong", referring to the division of the surrounding area centered on the capital city.

Five hundred miles of Dianfu: one hundred miles of Fu Na total, two hundred miles of sickle, three hundred miles of straw clothing, four hundred miles of corn, five hundred miles of rice.

Five hundred miles of marquis service: one hundred miles of cai, two hundred miles of male state, three hundred miles of vassal.

Five hundred li sui: three hundred li kui wenjiao, two hundred li fenwuwei.

The five hundred miles to be served: three hundred miles to Yi, two hundred miles to Cai.

Five hundred miles of barren service: three hundred miles of barbarians, two hundred miles of streams.

Therefore, from the above, barbarians began to refer to remote areas far away from the center of domination: barbarians are located in the range of 1500 to 2000 miles from the capital city, barbarians are even further away.

During the Xia Dynasty, the nine barbarians were located in the east, southeast, northeast, north, and northwest, so the barbarians did not refer to the uncivilized peoples in the east. The same goes for barbarians. To the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, barbarians (Shang Dynasty barbarians other than East Barbarians as "so-and-so side") became a minority title, no longer according to the distance. For example, during the Zhou Dynasty, there was a barbarian country (i.e., Luhun, in Song County, Henan Province, around the area) is not far from the Zhou Luyi. Di was even closer, repeatedly violating the Eastern Zhou royal city.

During the Spring and Autumn period, the vassal states were more advanced economically and culturally, and called themselves Huaxia, and they called the more backward small countries or ministries barbarians. The distribution area of barbarians: the group of barbarians and hundreds of Pu lived in the south of Chu. When Chu and Jin fought in Yanling, the barbarians also sent troops to follow Chu. Pu is in the south of Jianghan, or in the area of present-day Yunnan. With the evolution of history, many of the Rong, Di, barbarians, barbarians and Chinese mixed, constantly fusion, *** with the composition of the Chinese nation since the Qin unification of the six.

Barbarians: 1. Also known as "barbarians and Yi". 2. 2. Ancient general term for the four sides of the remote areas of the minority. Also refers exclusively to the southern minority.

Rondi: 1. Also known as "Rongzhai". 2. 2. Ancient ethnic names. Western said Rong, northern said Di. Rong and Di are mainly distributed in the present-day Yellow River basin or further north and northwest.

The barbarians are distributed in the area of present-day Shandong, Anhui and northern Jiangsu. Lai Yi was east of Qi, and Huai Yi was distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Huai River. The Eastern Barbarians are mentioned in Zuo Zhuan and the Nine Barbarians are mentioned in the Analects of Confucius, which are about the barbarians living in the area of present-day Shandong. The Huaiyi were the most powerful of the barbarians and were in constant conflict with Lu. The Huaiyi also took part in the alliance hosted by Chu, and accompanied Chu to conquer Wu. Laiyi and Qi were feuding, and there are many records of Qi attacking Lai in Zuozhuan, which was finally destroyed by Qi.

The Beirong and Shanrong are located in present-day Hebei and Liaoning. The Jiang Rong and Lu Hunzhi Rong were originally in the area of present-day Gansu, but were later forced to migrate to the western part of present-day Henan. To the south of Zhou, there were the Rong of Yang Jian, Quan Gao, and Yiluo. There were also Rong in the western border of Lu. Rong villages could be seen from the walls of the capital city of Wei. The state of Jin was surrounded by Rong Di people, so the Zuo Zhuan said, "Jin lived in deep mountains Rong Di's with its neighbors."

The Zuo Zhuan says that the Jiang Rong "do not eat and dress the same as Hua, Zhi coins do not get through, and the language does not reach." The differences in habits, rituals, and language distinguish the Rong Di from the Chinese. However, among the Rong people, there are Jiang surname, Ji surname of the Rong, obviously they and the Zhou people originally for the same people, only for historical or cultural reasons, so that they go their separate ways. Although there is a gap between Rongdi and Huaxia in the degree of civilization, it is not a big obstacle to each other's interactions, such as the King of Zhou had married a Di woman as a queen, and the Duke of Xian and the Duke of Wen of Jin both married a Rong woman as their wives.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were many people who called themselves "barbarians" in Chu. In the early Spring and Autumn period, Chu attacked the barbarians, known as King Wu of Chu, "the great start of the group of barbarians". During the time of King Zhuang of Chu, the neighboring peoples of Chu took advantage of the time of Chu's great hunger, "Rong invaded the southwest of Chu, and then invaded the southeast of Chu; the Yong people led a group of barbarians to rebel against Chu, and the Enqi people led a hundred Pu people to gather in the election, and they would invade Chu". In the time of King Zhao of Qin, after Bai Qi attacked and destroyed Chu, he "took the barbarians and set up Qianzhong County". During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the barbarians were the largest of the three, namely, Panhou, Gangejun, and Bantate. The barbarians lived in Wuling County (present-day western Hunan, eastern Guizhou, and the fringe area of southwestern Hubei) and Changsha County (present-day central and southern Hunan), so they were also known as "Wuling Barbarians" or "Changsha Barbarians"; and there were five streams in the area, namely, Xiong, Elm, Tsen, You, and Wu. There are five streams in the area, namely Xiongmu, Chen, You, and Wu, so they are also called "Wuxi Barbarians".

The Di were divided into White Di, Red Di and Chang Di. The White Dixie is located in the area of present-day Shaanxi. The Red Diet is found in the area of present-day southeastern Jin. The name of Changdi is found in Zuozhuan, the details of which are not known. Rong and Di were mainly distributed in the present-day Yellow River basin or further north and northwest. According to the ancient books, the Rong and Di are mostly "overlapping hair".

In the early Spring and Autumn period, the Rong Di was very powerful, and the small states in the Central Plains of China and Xia were threatened by it, and even the big states such as Jin and Qi were often attacked by the Rong Di. From the middle of the Spring and Autumn period, the countries of China and Xia had a great development, especially through the hegemony and mutual union, strengthened the defense ability against the Rongdi, many of the Rongdi was gradually conquered by China and Xia. Most of the Red Dee and White Dee were annihilated by Jin, Qi annihilated Lai Yi, Qin annihilated Xirong, and Chu annexed a large number of barbarians or Pu people's small countries. Because of the various ethnic groups and the Huaxia live together for a long time, and constantly interact with each other, the differences in culture and rituals and customs are decreasing day by day. To the end of the Spring and Autumn period, the original scattered in the Central Plains of the Rongdi barbarians and almost all have been integrated with the Chinese.

The East Barbarians from the point of view of ethnology has ceased to exist, completely Sinicized. The parts of the Xirong moved westward or were annexed, and it is difficult to say who the Xirong are. As for the so-called southern barbarians of the Baiyue, almost all of the ethnic minorities in Yunnan can now be counted, as well as Vietnam. The Northern Di has long ceased to exist, and the historical Xianbei and other ethnic groups have long been integrated. However, in a broader sense, it seems that the Mongols could also fit the original meaning of the name.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period there was a chain of contempt between countries, and at the bottom of this chain was the state of Chu. The idioms about the state of Chu and the people of Chu can be seen, such as: carving a boat to seek a sword, foxes and tigers, drawing a snake to add feet, attacking a shield with a spear and so on, all of them are to show that the people of Chu are stupid, which is another side of the proof that the central lords look down on the state of Chu.

And Chu has no intention of honoring this false courtesy, they replied with a pragmatic point of view, right, you are not saying that it is barbarians, is the countryside vassals? I will barbarize you, and annex you when I say annex you, and aren't you the son of heavenly prince? I've got three sons who are all kings (the title of Chu is only a viscount), and you've said I'm a barbarian, so who am I to reason with you?

Therefore, the famous journalist and writer Huaijun, editor-in-chief, said that the lords of the Central Plains are honored by the dragon, but Chu worships the divine bird Phoenix. The popularity of the realism of the "Poetry" in the Central Plains, the people of Chu wrote a romantic and beautiful "Chu Rhetoric". The Central Plains have elegant music "Yangchunbaixue", Chu favors popular music "the people of the lower class". Such differences are numerous, but, more importantly, in the long war against the barbarians, Chu has survived the spirit of martial arts to the blood, more emphasis on the strength of the doctrine, which is more so that those who maintain the tradition of the feudal system of the vassal feel "barbaric".

There is the pioneering spirit of "Wicker and rags to open up the mountains and forests", as well as the hegemony of the Central Plains. Chu's strong period of foreign expansion, especially the expansion of the Central Plains, so that the Central Plains lords are very hostile, the Central Plains hegemony, such as the Duke of Qi Huan, Duke of Jin Wen, are united with the lords of the war against Chu, in order to curb the Chu state. To be sure, the Central Plains states are both fearful and hateful of Chu.

There is a saying that Qin was the strongest, Qi was the richest, and Chu was the biggest. At that time, the seven males stood side by side, Chu's territory is the largest. From the initial fiefdom of fifty miles to the later vast territory, Chu showed a strong desire to expand. The Chu state blood brave Mingcheng, the courage to open up, destroyed the Zhou dynasty feudal system system, give the old world the first blow, since then into the great struggle of the world, at the same time, but also more so that the central plains of the region around the region of the "barbarians and Rongdidi" thought of the understanding of the further solidification.

The three emperors and the five emperors began, Yao, Shun and Yu.

Xia, Shang and Western Zhou, and the Eastern Zhou was divided into two sections.

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Qin and Han Dynasties.

The Three Kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu, the two Jin dynasties.

The North and South Dynasties were established side by side, and the Sui and Tang dynasties were passed on.

After the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the imperial dynasty was completed.

Therefore, through so many dynasties and such a long time, "barbarians and Rongdui" concept and consciousness has long been y rooted. However, Shangguan Waner believes that there is one thing that many people have forgotten, the years of war, natural disasters, forced conscription, government relocation, free migration, etc., so that the Chinese people on the land of the East, West, South, North and South as one, like a family. Now, it can be said that it is difficult to find in a place for a thousand years without change without migration and passed down the clan population. After thousands of years of integration, it is already you in me and me in you. Therefore, we have to abandon the regional prejudice, thoughts and consciousness that still exist in some people's brains to despise and denigrate each other, and must vigorously popularize and publicize the knowledge and historical evidence in this regard, so as to make spiritual civilization go further. (Wen/Shangguan Waner, also known as Shangguan Wan, a famous calligrapher, painter, writer, connoisseur collector)