Ethnic composition

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The customs and habits of ethnic minorities

Reward score: 10- settlement time: 2008-12-411:57.

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Questioner: 87698 1657- First-class best answer Most houses in Uygur are quadrangles, and the general doors are forbidden to open to the west. The house is square, the front porch is deep, and the yard is clean with flowers, grapes and fruit trees. Indoor heatable adobe sleeping platform is built, tapestries are hung on the walls, niches are opened, and various flower patterns are decorated. In terms of diet, they take flour and rice as the staple food, and like to drink milk tea with flour baking. There are many kinds of meals, including pilaf. Porridge, Lamian Noodles, noodle soup, tissue paper bag, baked buns, oil tower, barbecue, etc. I like to eat melons, watermelons, grapes, apples, pears, apricots, pomegranates and other fruits, mainly beef and mutton, chicken, duck and fish. Fasting pork, donkey meat, carnivores and fierce birds and animals; Fasting the blood of all animals.

The traditional clothing of Uighurs is that men, women and children wear four-corner small flower hats. Men generally like to wear double-breasted "robes" with embroidered blouses inside. Women like dresses, black double-breasted vests, earrings, hand tin, rings, necklaces and other decorations, while girls wear braids. Nowadays, urban residents are generally dressed in fashion.

Uighurs are very polite to others. When you meet elders or friends, you are used to pressing your right hand in the center of your chest, then leaning forward to say hello. The tourists at home were warmly treated. Uighurs are a nation that can sing and dance well. Their dance is light and graceful, famous for its fast and changeable rotation, which embodies the optimistic and cheerful personality of Uighurs. Uighurs are mainly engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry and have a tradition of doing business. At the same time, traditional handicrafts are very developed and the artistic level is very high. The carpets, embroideries, silks, copper pots, knives and national musical instruments they made all have unique national styles.

Respecting the customs and habits of ethnic minorities is an important part of the ethnic policy of the party and the state and an important part of ethnic equality and unity. Respecting the customs and habits of ethnic minorities means respecting the equal rights of all ethnic groups according to the principle of national equality and national unity, and not discriminating or insulting them because of different customs and habits; The maintenance or reform of a nation's customs and habits should be decided by the cadres and the masses themselves, and no other nation or individual can force or interfere; No nation can judge and demand other nations by its own national customs and habits, nor can it treat national customs and habits with personal likes and dislikes, or deal with things related to customs and habits. Practice has proved that it is of great significance to respect the customs and habits of ethnic minorities.

First, it is conducive to safeguarding the equal rights and democratic rights of all ethnic groups. The Constitution of China stipulates: "The people of China and all ethnic groups are equal." All ethnic groups "have the freedom to maintain or reform their own customs and habits". This shows that all ethnic groups, whether maintaining or reforming their own customs and habits, are equal rights and democratic rights of all ethnic groups. Respecting the customs and habits of all ethnic groups is essentially a concrete manifestation of adhering to the principle of equality of all ethnic groups and developing socialist democracy. Violating national customs and habits is trampling on national equality and democratic rights. Article 147 of China's criminal law stipulates: "State functionaries who illegally deprive citizens of their legitimate freedom of religious belief and infringe upon the customs and habits of ethnic minorities, if the circumstances are serious, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than two years or criminal detention". The criminal law classifies "the crime of violating the customs and habits of ethnic minorities" as "the crime of infringing citizens' personal rights and democratic rights", and its essence is to legally protect the equal rights and democratic rights of all ethnic groups.

Second, it is conducive to maintaining national unity. Every nation has deep feelings for its own customs. They often regard other peoples' respect for their own customs as respect for their own nation, and regard their contempt for their own customs as discrimination against their own nation. Therefore, any words and deeds that do not respect the customs and habits of ethnic minorities, even if they are joking, are easy to stimulate or even hurt national feelings, which is not conducive to national unity.

Third, it is conducive to the prosperity and development of national culture. The customs and habits of ethnic minorities are an important part of national culture, and some customs and habits of various ethnic groups are expressed in the form of singing and dancing and sports. Many ethnic groups often preserve and develop their own culture and art through their own customs. For example, in the long-term social life, the ethnic minorities in China have created their own distinctive literature and art, many of which are handed down from generation to generation in the form of folk oral literature singing folk songs and telling stories, and have been continuously consolidated and developed. Some of them are manifested in their unique daily necessities, clothing, architecture, handicrafts and so on. It is precisely because of the great differences in national customs and habits that the national culture is colorful and the content and form of culture and art have distinctive national characteristics. Therefore, respecting the customs and habits of ethnic minorities is conducive to the development and prosperity of national culture and art.

Lantern Festival is one of the traditional festivals in China, which is quite prominent. Lantern Festival is named because its festival activities are held on the fifteenth night of the first month of each year. Lantern Festival is also called "Lantern Festival" and "Lantern Festival", because the main activity of this festival is to light lights at night, hence the name. In addition, the Lantern Festival is also called "Shangyuan" and "Shangyuan Festival", which is borrowed from Taoism.

There are different opinions about the formation of the Lantern Festival custom, but it was roughly formed in the Han Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty offered sacrifices to a god named Taiyi. It is said that Taiyi was a very prominent god at that time, ranking above the five emperors and owing to the Han emperor, so he was greatly worshipped. According to legend, another Emperor Wendi of the Han Dynasty was also related to the Lantern Festival. Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty was a general, Zhou Bo. He succeeded to the throne and quelled the "Zhu Lu rebellion". The day when the rebellion was quelled was the fifteenth day of the first month. Therefore, every night on the fifteenth day of the first month, Emperor Wen of Han would go out to play in the palace and have fun with the people. This day was designated as the Lantern Festival. But there is no record of lighting or setting fire on the fifteenth night of the first month, which is related to these two Han emperors. Another Han Emperor, Emperor Hanming, ordered the Lantern Festival to be lit, thus forming the custom of lighting and watching lanterns in later generations.

eat yuanxiao

No matter in the north or the south, on the fifteenth day of the first month, the whole family will get together to eat Yuanxiao. The fifteenth day of the first month is also called Shangyuan Festival. It is said that the name of the food "Yuanxiao" appeared in the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty, because people used to eat it on the night of the Lantern Festival. Yuanxiao is also called "Yuanxiao" and "Zi Yuan", and is often called "Tangyuan" and "Shui Yuan" in the south. Song people called them "floating dumplings" because they were cooked and floated in the water.

Shangyuan Night is the first full moon night of the New Year. "The full moon begins with the full moon". A full moon shines in the sky, and people get together to eat Yuanxiao, which is shaped like a full moon. There is a very subtle correspondence. "The stars and the moon are burning in the sky, and there are two yuanxiao on earth", which expresses the happy mood of family reunion.

Look at the varieties and eating methods of Yuanxiao again. Yuanxiao before the Northern Song Dynasty was solid and stuffing-free. It was put in boiling water with sugar, candied dates, sweet-scented osmanthus and longan. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there began to be a "lactose jiaozi" with sugar in the middle, probably an earlier jiaozi with stuffing. Since then, the stuffing of Yuanxiao has been divided into sweet and salty. Sweet stuffing is generally made of white sugar, brown sugar, sweet-scented osmanthus, nuts and sesame seeds. Salty stuffing is mostly meat stuffing, containing only meat or meat dishes. Yuanxiao is mostly boiled, but some are fried. The "fried awl" in Lu's Miscellanies is actually a kind of fried Yuanxiao. Nowadays, the eating methods of Yuanxiao are more abundant, and many people even start to combine Chinese and western eating methods. For example, chocolate has become one of the fillings of Yuanxiao.

Celebrate Lantern Festival

Aoshan lamppost and Huoshu Yinhua are the most prominent landscapes of the Lantern Festival, which can best summarize the activities of this festival, that is, lighting lanterns and setting fire to them. Lantern Festival and setting fire are the most important folk activities, and the rest of the lantern festival and social fire performances are directly or indirectly developed and extended from this. The original lamp is simple and static, can't move, and has few decorations, mostly single and independent. In the subsequent development and change process, the decoration took the first step, and the lamp was carved inside and outside.

Lantern Festival is a festival with a tradition of more than 2,000 years, and its festival customs are still quite popular in China today. Nowadays, before and after the Lantern Festival, it is also necessary for people to decorate lanterns, watch lanterns and enjoy lanterns and fireworks in rural areas and towns. In addition to lanterns, the most prominent activities of the contemporary Lantern Festival are all kinds of social fires, such as lion dancing, dragon lanterns, roller boating, walking on stilts, drum beating and yangko dancing. Overseas Chinese residential areas are also staged every year and are very popular. Lantern Festival can be regarded as a carnival in China.

Lantern Festival is inseparable from "excitement". The lanterns are called "colored lanterns", the social fires are called "making social fires", and the whole activity is called "making Lantern Festival". It seems that if there is no noise, it is not the Lantern Festival. In addition to fireworks and lanterns, the decoration and dyeing of various social fires, the most prominent thing about the Lantern Festival is that there are many people. From the written records of those years when the custom of Lantern Festival was formed, it can be seen that people who watched Lantern Festival at that time had forgotten to touch their shoulders and were all over the street.

If you say it, you will put on a show. The drama is noisy, and the drama is noisy. When the table is singing and dancing and the flowers are spinning, we can't help but make trouble.

Noisy has its own value. China people appreciate the ability to make trouble while making peace, so they prefer "hiding in the city" to "hiding in the mountains". In fact, Spring Festival, Lantern Festival and social fire all mean peace in the middle.

At the same time, people think it's interesting that life is so noisy. So it is a supplement to life, an additive and a colorant. With it, life is full, peaceful and colorful. It can even be said that this kind of noise is part of an ideal life.

The fifteenth day of the first lunar month is Shangyuan Festival. That night is called Yuanxiao, so it is also called "Lantern Festival", commonly known as "Fifteen Nights". Lantern Festival is one of the three traditional festivals in China, and some activities are held all over the country to celebrate it. Because the customs of a place are determined by the natural and social environment of a place, there are some interesting customs in Chaoshan area that are different from other places.

Hanging opera lamp

In the ceremony of offering sacrifices to the gods, the lamp is a symbol of light and joy. From the 11th to 18th of the first month, especially the Lantern Festival, every household in Chaoshan has the custom of playing lanterns and hanging chandeliers. Because "Deng" and "Ding" are homophonic in Chaozhou dialect, lighting and Gading are close sounds, so chaozhou people thinks that lighting is a good omen for Gading. On the Lantern Festival, people carry lanterns, prepare paper and silver incense one after another, light them in temples in the countryside, and hang them on shrines at home and bedside, which is called "hanging happy lanterns". In addition, if a boy was born after the Lantern Festival last year, on the thirteenth day of the first month, the family would poke a pair of red lanterns, write their names on the red paper under the lamp, and happily hang them on the lampstand of the ancestral hall of the clan in the countryside as a symbol of adding to the family. Every night, the family will take their children to the ancestral hall, light candles in lanterns to make them red and accept congratulations from the surrounding villagers. Midnight snack is solemn and lively.

Make a table

In Chaoshan village, families who gave birth to boys last year will also hold a supper banquet in the ancestral hall to celebrate "Ding Ding", commonly known as "making Ding Table". There are two kinds of banquets, one is called "dragon boat banquet", that is, many square tables are connected, and guests are divided into two sides to eat, just like rowing a dragon boat; The other is called a "horse-riding mat", which means that no matter how close friends or relatives are, people you know or don't know can come in for dinner, and then leave after eating, and the host will put on dishes to entertain another group of guests, one after another. The latter type of banquet is usually held by richer and more generous families. In the old society, people who follow the fashion are eager to compare with their neighbors and love face. Every family with boys attaches great importance to setting the table and is proud of doing it decently. Even poor families borrow money everywhere to lose face, resulting in heavy debts, or reluctantly sell their brothers and use the money they get to cope with heavy desk expenses. This is the origin of the saying "Give birth to a good child and sell a big one". After liberation, due to the progress of the times and ideas, although hipsters still have the custom of holding tripod tables during the Lantern Festival, they usually do it in their own homes and only entertain relatives and friends. People are rich and thrifty, and no one cares.

Seek happiness

On the Lantern Festival, there are many ancestor worship activities in the countryside. Temples and ancestral temples are brightly lit and smoky, and good men and women are scrambling to pay homage, which is extremely crowded and lively. Sacrificial products such as chicken, goose, duck, candy, rice fruit, candle and Daji (Chaozhou orange) placed in front of the altar are regarded as sacred objects. Both men and women who visit the shrine take sacrifices home, which is called "seeking happiness". People think that using these sacred objects can make their homes safe and increase their wealth. Those who bring the holy things home will return them more or less next year. So some people took advantage of the crowded opportunity to secretly take the sacrifices in front of the altar and go home to eat, which means "eat well."

Throw a happy child.

On the Lantern Festival, most people in rural areas set up colorful sheds in ancestral halls and open spaces in streets and alleys, in which a huge Maitreya Buddha was made of clay, with a bare chest and a smile. The exposed head, shoulders, navel and thighs of Maitreya are decorated with "clay-loving children" for men and women. People stood outside the bamboo railings more than ten feet away, aiming at the mud on Maitreya with copper coins. If the winner likes children, it belongs to him, but in some hard-to-hit parts, such as the top of the head and ears, the winner gets two or three gifts. Those who fail to win will belong to the owner of the tent where Maitreya Buddha is placed. This is an activity suitable for all ages. It is said that those who beat "boys like children" will have boys in the future. Therefore, young couples who just got married, or grandparents who just got married and are eager to have grandchildren, also actively participated in this activity. Once hit, the shed owner and people around him will cheer and congratulate. I even took the "boys and girls" home with joy, thinking that winning the lottery was a good sign, and I could have children earlier this year and make a fortune.

gap bridge

During the Lantern Festival, most Chaoshan people have the custom of crossing the bridge, which is also recorded in the old local chronicles. Records of Chaozhou Prefecture in Shunzhi of Qing Dynasty and Records of Jieyang County in Qianlong recorded that "women in Shangyuan crossed the bridge, which is called" crossing the bridge ". In Jieyang, Lantern Festival, men, women and children compete to cross the bridge, and the younger brother prays for a good wife in the future; The girl prayed for a good husband and a boy; The old man prayed for health and longevity; Children pray to grow up. In Puning Hongyang, there is also the custom of "walking the bridge at fifteen nights". "Touqiao" is the Taiping Bridge with a history of more than 400 years. There are two stone lions on both sides of the railing. Every midnight snack, men, women and children have to cross the Taiping Bridge. Don't look back when crossing the bridge, or it will be unlucky to look back. People crossing the bridge also have the custom of touching stone lions. Children who are studying like to touch the lion's nose, which means "touch the lion's nose and write elegant words"; Unmarried boys like to touch the lion's stomach and say, "Touch the lion's stomach and marry an elegant girl"; Only pregnant women like to touch the lion's ear, saying that it is "touching the lion's ear and giving birth to a younger brother." "

In addition, during the Lantern Festival, some places in Chaoshan will pick banyan branches and bamboo leaves and put them in lintels, stoves and poultry houses to pray for the safety of the population and the prosperity of the six livestock. In some places, newlyweds want to swing under the old banyan tree in the village and let the villagers throw feces on it, saying that the more they throw, the more boys will be born this year; In some places, farmers should pick up the gray bricks or clods outside the house or in the fields and put them in the pigsty, which is called "holding a big pig for fifteen nights" and praying for raising pigs to make a fortune; In some places, the girl sneaked into the vegetable garden and sat down with a mustard tuber (cabbage), saying that she would "sit in a cabbage and marry a good husband in the future"; The young men secretly pushed down the toilet wall, saying that they could marry an "elegant girl" in the future. In some places, pig races, duck races, goose races and chicken races were held, and there were soul wandering activities in the evening.